Hasil untuk "Oratory. Elocution, etc."

Bryce Boyer, Timothy S. Fisher

Electron transpiration cooling (ETC) offers a promising approach for thermal management of hypersonic vehicles by leveraging thermionic emission from the leading edge. While emitted electrons cool the surface, subsequent collection of flowfield electrons induces heating, limiting ETC effectiveness unless collection occurs in cooler aftbody regions. Most existing ETC studies neglect this heating contribution, assuming ideal downstream collection. This work integrates a one-dimensional collisionless plasma sheath model into a discretized leading-edge framework to predict surface potentials and charged-particle fluxes. A parametric study examines how plasma and vehicle properties affect ETC performance. Results reveal that passive ETC is susceptible to thermionic space-charge overcompensation, which can reverse the intended cooling effect and cause surface heating at high plasma densities. Flowfield electron heating can be mitigated but not eliminated by using dielectric coatings or blunt geometries. The same mechanisms that protect blunt bodies from adverse electrical conduction and flowfield heating also preclude incorporation of ETC-based cooling in those vehicle geometries.

Mario Bosincu

Lo scopo del saggio è proporre un’interpretazione di due opere di Joseph von Eichendorff: Ahnung und Gegenwart (1815) e Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts (1826). La concezione della letteratura elaborata da Francesco Orlando è utilizzata per mostrare come in questi testi il fenomeno dell’anticapitalismo romantico trovi espressione nel ritorno di contenuti repressi incarnati dai due protagonisti dei testi in esame: Friedrich, un cavaliere medievaleggiante, ed un fannullone ribelle al principio di prestazione. Entrambe le figure vivono l’esperienza di una Bildung, che, in Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts, tuttavia, si configura come un percorso di individuazione scandito dalla comparsa di immagini archetipiche e perciò ricostruibile tramite alcune categorie attinte dalla psicologia analitica. La psicoanalisi freudiana e la psicologia analitica di Jung sono impiegate, perciò, per mettere a fuoco, rispettivamente, la fisionomia antimoderna di tali personaggi e le caratteristiche che differenziano il Bildungsweg del Taugenichts dal processo di sviluppo interiore di Friedrich. Parole chiave: Joseph von Eichendorff, Ahnung und Gegenwart, Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts, Francesco Orlando, C. G. Jung.

Giovanna Cermelli

Il romanzo di Grass, pubblicato nel 1995, è stato fatto oggetto a suo tempo di una virulenta discussione soprattutto a causa delle prese di posizione dell’autore in merito alla questione dell’unificazione tedesca. Fra gli aspetti discussi emerge anche la scelta di un protagonista che si presenta come un alter-ego o un révenant di Theodor Fontane e si esprime citandone l’opera o – soprattutto - parodiandone lo stile (in particolare lo stile epistolare e, dei romanzi, il tono delle conversazioni). Questa scelta comporterebbe una banalizzazione, soprattutto a livello discorsivo, delle drammatiche vicende svoltesi nei primi anni dopo la caduta del muro. Si tratta invece di una deliberata attenuazione: nella scelta del personaggio e del suo idioletto Grass riprende una figura tipica della tradizione letteraria tedesca, il Sonderling, assegnando all’innocuo pedante della tradizione, una figura con tratti anche comici, una funzione sottilmente eversiva rispetto alla retorica dei discorsi sull’unificazione.

Piero Latino

L’hétérotopie est un concept forgé pour la première fois par Michel Foucault et représente une localisation physique de l’utopie, liée à deux autres concepts : l’hétérologie et l’hétérochronie. L’hétérologie, c’est un discours sur l’« autre », tandis que l’hétérochronie est une sorte d’utopie temporelle. La littérature offre des exemples innombrables d’hétérotopies qui donnent la possibilité de réfléchir sur l’idée d’« altérité ». Cet article montre que le concept foucauldien d’hétérotopie peut être appliqué à La Nausée de Sartre, et se concentre sur une hétérotopie particulière qui est présente dans l’œuvre de Sartre : le jardin public.

Alessandro Fambrini

Friedrich Dürrenmatt esordisce come romanziere negli anni Cinquanta con due opere poliziesche, in cui la struttura del giallo tradizionale viene sottilmente modificata da incisi, divagazioni e sviamenti che infrangono la logica del genere e ci proiettano in un mondo meno solido e meno indagabile di quello del classico romanzo a enigma. È con il romanzo successivo, tuttavia, Das Versprechen (1958), che le convenzioni vengono completamente ribaltate e la razionalità dell’investigatore non guida più a una soluzione necessaria, ma precipita nel vuoto della follia e della mancanza di senso. Ancor di più, il Requiem per un romanzo giallo (sottotitolo di Das Versprechen) trova forma nel racconto Das Sterben der Pythia (1976), in cui Dürrenmatt rielabora il mito di Edipo e ne fa l’epitome per ogni (im)possibile indagine tesa a ricostruire una (la) verità in un mondo fuor di sesto.

Minggang Luo, Junming Zhao, Linhua Liu et al.

In dense systems composed of numerous nanoparticles, direct simulations of near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) require considerable computational resources. NFRHT for the simple one-dimensional nanoparticle chains embedded in a non-absorbing host medium is investigated from the point of view of the continuum by means of an approach combining the many-body radiative heat transfer theory and the Fourier law. Effects of the phase change of the insulator-metal transition material (VO$_2$), the complex many-body interaction (MBI) and the host medium relative permittivity on the characteristic effective thermal conductivity (ETC) are analyzed. The ETC for VO$_2$ nanoparticle chains below the transition temperature can be as high as 50 times of that above the transition temperature due to the phase change effect. The strong coupling in the insulator-phase VO$_2$ nanoparticle chain accounts for its high ETC as compared to the low ETC for the chain at the metallic phase, where there is a mismatch between the characteristic thermal frequency and resonance frequency. The strong MBI is in favor of the ETC. For SiC nanoparticle chains, the MBI even can double the ETC as compared to those without considering the MBI effect. For the dense chains, a strong MBI enhances the ETC due to the strong inter-particles couplings. When the chains go more and more dilute, the MBI can be neglected safely due to negligible couplings. The host medium relative permittivity significantly affects the inter-particles couplings, which accounts for the permittivity-dependent ETC for the VO$_2$ nanoparticle chains.

Henri M. J. Boffin, Jakob Vinther, Lars K. Lundin et al.

Users of the La Silla Paranal Observatory have to rely on the ESO Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) to prepare their observations. A project has been started at ESO to modernise the ETC, based on a python backend and an angular-based front-end. The ETC 2.0 will have a programmatic interface to enable the results to be included in an automated quality control loop and to communicate with the Phase 1 proposal preparation and the Phase 2 observation preparation tools, the ESO science archive, as well as with scripts runs by external users or instruments. The first version of an ETC 2.0 has been released for the 4MOST instrument and further versions will be released over the next years for all new La Silla, VLT and ELT instruments. The ETC of the current La Silla and VLT instruments will also be migrated progressively, with improved instrument description.

Valentin D. Ivanov, Juan Carlos Beamin, Claudio Caceres et al.

Abridged: The interest towards searches for extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) was boosted by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets. We turn to the classification of ETCs for new considerations that may help to design better strategies for ETCs searches. We take a basic taxonomic approach to ETCs and investigate the implications of the new classification on ETCs observational patterns. We use as a counter-example to our qualitative classification the quantitative scheme of Kardashev. We propose a classification based on the abilities of ETCs to modify their environment and to integrate with it: Class 0 uses the environment as it is, Class 1 modifies the it to fit its needs, Class 2 modifies itself to fit the environment and Class 3 ETC is fully integrated with the environment. Combined with the classical Kardashev's scale our scheme forms a 2d scheme for interpreting ETC properties. The new framework makes it obvious that the available energy is not an unique measure of ETCs, it may not even correlate with how well that energy is used. The possibility for progress without increased energy consumption implies lower detectability, so the existence of a Kardashev Type III ETC in the Milky Way cannot be ruled out. This reasoning weakens the Fermi paradox, allowing the existence of advanced, yet not energy hungry, low detectability ETCs. The integration of ETCs with environment makes it impossible to tell apart technosignatures from natural phenomena. Thus, the most likely opportunity for SETI searches is to look for beacons, specifically set up by them for young civilizations like us (if they want to do that is a matter of speculation). The other SETI window is to search for ETCs at technological level close to ours. To rephrase the saying of A. Clarke, sufficiently advanced civilizations are indistinguishable from nature.

Kenta Iida, Hitoshi Kiya

In this paper, we propose a novel content based-image retrieval scheme allowing the mixed use of encrypted and plain images for the first time. In the proposed scheme, images are encrypted by a block-scrambling method developed for encryption-then-compression (EtC) systems. The encrypted images, referred to as EtC images, can be compressed with JPEG, as well as for plain images. Image descriptors used for the proposed retrieval is designed to avoid the effect of image encryption. As a result, the use of EtC images and the descriptors allows us to carry out retrieval of both encrypted images and plain ones. In an experiment, the proposed scheme is demonstrated to have the same performance as conventional retrieval methods with plain images, even under the mixed use of plain images and EtC ones.

Silvia Vizzardelli

Pensiamo perlopiù l’atto libero, il gesto creativo, come qualcosa di endometabolico, di aderente a una disposizione profonda e introversa, come un’azione che risponde alla volontà dell’agente, sincera, fedele. Il fantasma ci obbliga a una virata, a un cambio di prospettiva. Esso si scrive laggiù, lontano dal nostro corpo, in uno spazio separato, grazie a una telegrafia. Se balza fuori da cripte segrete, queste ultime non sono luoghi intimi, assimilati, bensì spazi mondani che della cripta condividono la latenza, il carattere inconscio, non certo la prossimità al soggetto. I fantasmi arrivano da lontano e diamo loro forma non plasmando materiali tra le mani, ma attraverso una tattilità a distanza. A mani libere.

Andrea D'Urso

Cette contribution veut montrer comment les réflexions de Ferruccio Rossi-Landi (1921-1985), dont certaines inédites et présentées pour la première fois dans cette étude, enrichissent celles de Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) sur les concepts d’idéologie, de réification et de vision du monde, permettant ainsi de comprendre l’usage possible de la sémiotique rossi-landienne à l’intérieur d’une sociologie matérialiste-dialectique de la littérature telle que Goldmann la concevait.

O. Muravskaya

Г. І. Гамова

Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific research into the basics of linguistic communication, the paper determines the theoretical principles of public speaking in all spheres of human activity: educational, scientific, political, legal, business, economic, etc., which suggests the objective of the present paper. The urgency of the problem explored in the paper is stipulated by the need for every educated person whose professional occupation is closely related to language and communicative activity to learn the notions and basic categories of scientific, pedagogical, official and business, and political discourse as a type of communication that is held on the basis of the official language, acquires different forms of manifestation (oral, written, paralingual etc.). It has been found that the said type of linguistic communication is regulated by the strategies and tactics of its participants; is brought to life as a synthesis of cognitive, linguistic, social, psychological, ethical, gender, ethnic factors; is specified by a particular range of questions; and results in forming a variety of speech genres: speeches, messages, reports at scientific conferences, political debates, business negotiations, discussions, interviews, briefings etc. It has been proved that today the efficacy of communication is geared directly to the development of the oratory skills of communicants – to their ability to suggest ideas in a logical way, correctly, conclusively, and figuratively, that is with masterly skill. The skills of eloquence are developed in the course of rhetoric training, which helps to master the verified-by-experience system of techniques, means, figures and patterns intended to achieve the communication goal – a productive cooperation. The communicants have been suggested a methodology of a quality preparation for public speaking and making reports, mastering the speech techniques, verbal and non-verbal means of communication, skillful conducting of business conversations, negotiations, professional maintaining of their own views in debates and discussions, skillful delivery of university classes. The recommendations given will be useful for teachers, lawyers, journalists, managers, politicians, business people for whom the skills of communication and public speeches make up their professional qualification features, requiring the orator’s perfect arrangement of speech, mastery of means of logical influence over the listeners, rhetoric expressive means, knowledge of language etiquette formulae. Thus, the speaker’s oratory skills are expressed through their mastery of the oratory style, the manner in front of the audience, strategies of coping with anxiety, ability to give prompt answers, appeal to the opponent in a discussion or debate.

Michela Piccin

Communication characterised and shaped modern life as well as the ancient world. An emblematic case that enables us to delve into the complexity and vastness of communication in antiquity is the ancient Mediterranean region. Focusing on its main geographical areas, Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome, this volume provides a pioneering take on this pivotal subject.1 The introduction primarily relates the discipline to Rhetoric (p. xx), tracing the evolution of the concept of communication within the modern era and how it can accordingly be applied to: (i) a variety of contexts (commercial, religious etc.); (ii) assorted means of communication (written, oral etc.); and (iii) various communicative intentions (informative or effective), as well as how these three points are intertwined with and affect one another. However, questions remain: what are ‘communications’ in the context of the ancient world? Can today’s communications terminology help explain these ancient varieties or, as Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault implied, were ancient communications part of a world that was too simple or naïve to require any terms or ideas of this kind (p. xix)? These questions go unanswered within the following pages, and equally so in the contributions that follow. Nor is a definition of ‘communication’ provided as a key to reading the entire collection. It would have been informative to provide at least a short explanation of these two points in the introduction. The editors should nonetheless be applauded for successfully making the difficult choice of what to include among the eligible topics. Conversation, literature and linguistics, oratory as well as politics, diplomacy and society – among others – all require the deployment of communication skills. Some areas, however, are more representative than others – namely cartography, gestures, numismatics, music and artistic expression. This choice of topics is one of the major strengths of the collection, as it ultimately produces a mix of the above strands (i, ii and iii) as well as various types of sources (both archaeological and textual, along with reflections on the oral channel) that can all serve as a response to the strands mentioned above.

Ariane Gudin de Vallerin, Fabien Emprin, Estelle-Esther Azogui et al.

Mariella Combi

Gli stili di scrittura dell’esperienza etnografica, il metodo antropologico classico della ricerca sul campo, sono cambiati nel corso del Novecento e hanno implicazioni importanti per la teoria e il metodo della disciplina. Il ruolo e l’importanza delle convenzioni e delle strategie narrative nella scrittura dell’esperienza sul campo sono diventati oggetto di analisi anche se erano già stati rilevati, tra gli altri, nelle prime monografie di Bronislaw Malinowski e dei suoi allievi. La scrittura etnografica pone domande sostanziali quali i rapporti tra esperienza biografica e realtà osservata; tra costruzione culturale dello sguardo antropologico e traduzione; tra romanzo etnografico e finzione; tra realtà e immaginari culturali; tra oralità e scrittura e altro ancora. Da qui l’interesse per trovare dei luoghi di incontro tra antropologia e letteratura alcuni dei quali sono brevemente presentati in questo scritto. The Twentieth Century has witnessed important changes in the field of anthropology with particular reference to its traditional field research and the ethnographic writing styles, with important implications as to the theory and method of this discipline. The role and relevance of narrative strategies and conventions in the writing of field experience are now under scrutiny even if they had been analyzed –among others – by Bronislaw Malinowski and his followers. Ethnographic writing poses substantial questions on fundamental aspects of the discipline, such as the relationship between biographic experience and observed reality, as well as that between the cultural construct of the anthropological perspective and translation; between reality and cultural imagination; between orality and literature, and more. There is thus a need to investigate areas of culture in which anthropology and literature meet and confront each other, areas that will be addressed in this contribution.

Keith Moser

This essay examines the efforts of the writer Marcel Pagnol and the philosopher Michel Serres to revive the nuanced Amerindian metaphor of “Mother Earth” in the Anthropocene epoch.  Given that faulty anthropocentric logic and the unfounded doctrine of human exceptionalism concretize the nexus of the current era of non-sustainability, Pagnol and Serres attempt to breathe life back into this often misunderstood, multifaceted concept in an effort to (re-)envision a healthier relationship with the cosmic whole that sustains the existence of all sentient and non-sentient beings.  As this study highlights, this rich Amerindian metaphor opens up into philosophical, spiritual, and scientific dimensions.  Moreover, this investigation of the common threads that exist between Pagnol’s prose and Serres’s interdisciplinary, unconventional philosophy reveals the deep symbolism of the Amerindian metaphor of “Mother Earth.  This ecocentric concept could represent an invaluable point of departure for articulating the radical paradigm shift in our homocentric thinking that is paramount in order to avert the impending, anthropogenic ecological crisis that threatens to destroy all abundant life on this planet.  Pagnol’s prose and Serres’s philosophy promote a different way of being in the world in a human-centered universe that is increasingly defined by an environmental calamity of epic proportions.

Tatsuya Chuman, Kenta Iida, Warit Sirichotedumrong et al.

Encryption-then-Compression (EtC) systems have been proposed to securely transmit images through an untrusted channel provider. In this study, EtC systems were applied to social media like Twitter that carry out image manipulations. The block scrambling-based encryption schemes used in EtC systems were evaluated in terms of their robustness against image manipulation on social media. The aim was to investigate how five social networking service (SNS) providers, Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Tumblr and Flickr, manipulate images and to determine whether the encrypted images uploaded to SNS providers can avoid being distorted by such manipulations. In an experiment, encrypted and non-encrypted JPEG images were uploaded to various SNS providers. The results show that EtC systems are applicable to the five SNS providers.

Eleonora Palychata

The teaching of the Ukrainian language involves the preparation of a competent person with an appropriate level of communicative competence, based on the system of knowledge of the language, its grammatical structure, who has a rich vocabulary, norms of literary language and is able to freely express his or her own thoughts in oral and written forms in any style of speech. The urgency of the problem of working out the rhetorical aspects of the Ukrainian language is determined by the needs of society, insufficient research and requirements of educational normative documents. Accordingly, there are conditions for the formation of speech competence, the development of oratory skills at all levels of the secondary education school (primary, basic and senior). The purpose of the article is to highlight the methodology of the formation of rhetorical skills and abilities of pupils of the basic and senior levels of the general education school in the process of learning the language-speech material. To achieve the purpose of investigation, there were used such research methods as analysis of normative educational documents on the problem of studying, generalization, systematization, comparison of linguistic and methodological materials of rhetorical direction. Formation of rhetorical skills is ensured by the mastering of the fundamental material of speech-language character about norms of the Ukrainian language; the basis of dialogical, monologue and polygonal speech, their types and structure; indicators of speech culture; paralinguistic means of speech communication; verbal etiquette formulas from the culture of speech and the rules of speech etiquette and culture of communication. From the above, there follow the rhetorical aspects of studying the Ukrainian language: linguistic, speech-label, etiquette and the aspect of logical-emotional expressiveness. Formation of a communicatively competent rhetorical person is a gradual process, with the adherence to the principles of accessibility and perspective, systematic, consistency, etc., in the lessons of studying linguistic material and the development of coherent speech. The rhetorical aspects of studying the Ukrainian language are being studied by conducting various types of dialogue lessons and lessons of public eloquence during the elaboration of elements of practical rhetoric. Acquisition of language and speech knowledge takes place using such methods as explanation; work with the textbook; visibility; technical means for getting acquainted with new material or for fixing it; a method of exercises, which is accompanied by a classification of tasks of monologic, dialogic and polylogic type. It is important to perform a system of rhetorically directed exercises – linguistic, language-speech, conditional-speech, own-speech, communicative.

T. Sumioka