Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

Masud Ramezanian Kaykanloo, Asgar Khademvatani, Hossein Ali Akhlaghi Amiri

Abstract This study investigates the optimization of condensate recovery in a retrograde gas reservoir, where production efficiency is hindered by complex interactions between subsurface and surface processes. Accurate modeling of these interactions is essential for reliable production forecasting and economic assessment. This research compares the efficacy of two simulation methodologies: (1) standalone reservoir modeling and (2) integrated modeling encompassing the reservoir, wells, pipelines, and surface facilities under various gas reinjection and production scenarios. Key economic metrics, including Net Present Value (NPV) and Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), are employed to assess scenario feasibility and identify optimal recovery strategies. The findings demonstrate that integrated modeling significantly enhances production forecasts' accuracy by capturing interdependencies often neglected in standalone models. Specifically, optimized gas reinjection in the integrated model resulted in a 15% increase in condensate recovery and improved reservoir pressure maintenance, thereby facilitating sustained productivity. Economically, integrated simulations yielded an NPV up to 10% higher than the standalone approach under optimal reinjection conditions, indicating enhanced economic resilience to market fluctuations. Through this methodology, the study provides a more comprehensive framework for evaluating technical and economic performance in gas condensate reservoir management, offering refined tools for informed decision-making in complex field operations.

NI Xiaoming, FENG Dong, HAO Shaowei, WANG Kai, SU Erlei

Determining the gas source and contribution in coal measure gas commingled production lays the foundation for developing commingled production schemes. Based on coal measure gas exploration and development data from the Wulihu mining area in the Lu’an mining area, carbon and hydrogen isotope tests of CH4 from the No. 3+4 coal measure strata and the No. 15 coal seam were conducted. Using a binary gas source model, the gas source and proportions of six commingled wells were identified. Additionally, considering factors such as gas content, permeability, and desorption capacity, the production contributions of gas from the No. 3+4 coal measure strata and the No. 15 coal seam in three commingled wells were calculated based on catastrophe theory. The results showed that when isotopic differences in carbon and hydrogen values were observed between multiple gas-producing layers, these differences could be used to determine the source and proportion of gas from each layer. When the No. 3+4 coal measure strata consistently produced gas while the No. 15 coal seam did not desorb gas, the produced gas entirely originated from the No. 3+4 coal measure strata. When both the No. 3+4 coal measure strata and the No. 15 coal seam stably produced gas, the gas productions were 42%-45% and 55%-58%, respectively. The production split coefficients calculated based on catastrophe theory closely matched experimental results, confirming the feasibility of this method. This study provides a method and reference for accurately identifying gas sources and contributions in coal measure gas commingled production for this mining area.

SANG Shuxun,HAN Sijie,ZHOU Xiaozhi,LIU Shiqi,WANG Yuejiang

Deep coalbed methane（CBM） development in East China is of great significance to ensure regional energy demand, optimize regional energy structure and realize the dual carbon goal. Based on the systematic investigation and previous works, the current situations of CBM extraction in East China were summarized, and the gas-bearing attributes and resources potential of deep CBM were analyzed. Then, the applicability of existing deep CBM exploration and development technologies in East China was discussed, and the potential favorable areas of deep CBM exploration and development in East China were discussed and predicted. Finally, the advantages and challenges of deep CBM exploration and development in East China are put forward. Previous results show that: East China has a good CBM development accumulation on the tectonically deformed coal and in the coal mine area, such as “Huainan CBM extraction model” and horizontal well staged fracturing in the roof of the tectonically deformed coal. Deep coal in East China has a high gas content（greater than10 cm3/g） and gas-bearing saturation（greater than 80 %）. The predicted geological resources of deep CBM are 8 984.69×108 m3 in the Huannan-Huanbei mining area, suggesting that Huainan and Huaibei coal field has an attractive deep CBM resources potential. Horizontal well development and hydraulic fracturing techniques for deep CBM have great application prospects in East China. Panxie mine area in Huainan coal field is expected to be a pilot area for deep CBM exploration and development in these areas. However, the overall exploration and development degree of deep CBM is low, so it is necessary to carry out the more detailed resource evaluation and analysis of deep CBM geological accumulation in the type area, like deep Panxie coal mine in Huainan coal field.

刘春晓1，王斌1，高盼1,2，胡传荣1,2，何东平1,2 LIU Chunxiao1, WANG Bin1, GAO Pan1,2, HU Chuanrong1,2, HE Dongping1,2

以精炼芝麻油为原料，采用芝麻饼、芝麻粕和芝麻渣3种底物在不同酶解液状态下基于美拉德生香源反应制备浓香芝麻油，通过感官评价确定最佳反应底物和酶解液状态，再通过单因素实验和正交实验优化浓香芝麻油的制备工艺。结果表明，美拉德生香源反应制备浓香芝麻油的最优工艺条件为：酶解pH 8.0，酶解时间3.0 h，以芝麻粕酶解上清液与酶解沉淀质量比1∶ 1为原料，还原糖添加量2.5%，不添加甘油。在最优条件下制备的浓香芝麻油符合一级成品芝麻油国家标准，与市售芝麻油相比，芝麻风味更浓郁，香味持久性更强，感官综合评分达5.5分。 With refined sesame oil as raw material, fragrant sesame oil was prepared with three substrates of sesame cake, sesame meal and sesame residue under different enzymatic hydrolysis conditions based on Maillard reaction. The optimal reaction substrate and enzymatic hydrolysis condition were obtained by sensory evaluation. Then the preparation process of fragrant sesame oil was optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal preparation process conditions of fragrant sesame oil were obtained as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis pH 8.0, enzymatic hydrolysis time 30 h, with the supernatant and enzymatic precipitation (mass ratio 1∶ 1) after enzymatic hydrolysis of sesame meal as the reaction substrates, dosage of reducing sugar 2.5%, and no glycerol added. Under these conditions, the fragrant sesame oil met the national first-level sesame oil standard. Compared with the commercial sesame oil, fragrant sesame oil had a stronger sesame flavor, stronger flavor persistence and the comprehensive sensory score could reach 5.5 points.

Zhang Min, Jin Xiaowei, Liu Jun et al.

To reduce the risk of severe wear of aluminum alloy oil casing, the 7075 aluminum alloy grinding discs and 40CrNiMo pins are used as friction pairs, and UTM friction tester is used to study the effect of sliding speed on the dry friction properties of aluminum alloy oil casing. The research results show that when the sliding speed is 50～600 mm/s, as the sliding speed increases, the friction factor decreases and fluctuates continuously. The wear rate first increases slowly and then significantly with the sliding speed. At low sliding speeds(50～100 mm/s), the main wear mechanism of 7075 aluminum alloy is slight oxidation wear. At medium sliding speeds(150 mm/s), the main wear mechanism changes to oxidation wear. When the sliding speed is 350 ～600 mm/s, the main wear mechanism of 7075 aluminum alloy changes to adhesion-delamination wear.When air drilling technology is used, under the condition of meeting the drilling requirements, making the linear velocity of the drill pipe rotation lower than 150 mm/s can effectively avoid serious wear of the aluminum alloy casing. The research results can provide certain guidance for the research on anti-wear methods of aluminum alloy casing.

Li Qian, Li Jiaojiao, Zhai Fenlou et al.

Subsea capping stack is a kind of emergency rescue device and it is used for emergency rescue after the failure of underwater well control. In order to understand the wear situations of subsea capping stack under different working conditions, its internal flow under different working conditions was numerically simulated using CFD. The severely worn positions were determined by analyzing the distribution of the wear rate inside the pipeline under five working conditions. In addition, its structure was optimized. The analysis results show that when the main vertical pipe is opened (working condition 1 and 2), the maximum wear rate is lower and the wear is mainly distributed near the diversion hole of the main vertical pipe; when the main vertical pipe is closed, the maximum wear rate is increased obviously and the severely worn positions are located on the outer side wall surface of the downstream of the right angle pipe and the inner corner of the right angle pipe; and replacing the right angle pipe structure with the blind tee can significantly reduce the wear rate there. The research results can provide a reference for the structural design and optimization of the subsea capping stack and are conducive to speed up the research progress of subsea emergency devices in China.

Xinlei SHI, Yunjiang CUI, Wankun XU et al.

Based on the measurement mechanism of mobility in pressure measurement while drilling, through analyzing a large number of mobility data, it is found that under the condition of water-based mud drilling, the product of mobility from pressure measurement while drilling and the viscosity of mud filtrate is infinitely close to the water phase permeability under the residual oil in relative permeability experiment. Based on this, a method converting the mobility from pressure measurement while drilling to core permeability is proposed, and the permeability based on Timur formula has been established. Application of this method in Penglai 19-9 oilfield of Bohai Sea shows: (1) Compared with the permeability calculated by the model of adjacent oilfields, the permeability calculated by this model is more consistent with the permeability calculated by core analysis. (2) Based on the new model, the correlation between the calculated mobility of well logging and the actual drilling specific productivity index bas been established. Compared with the relationship established by using the permeability model of an adjacent oilfield, the correlation of the new model is better. (3) Productivity of four directional wells was predicted, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual production after drilling. Key words: mobility from pressure measurement while drilling, permeability, irreducible water saturation, Timur formula, productivity prediction, Penglai 19-9 oilfield

Li Shuangpeng, Liu Youping, Peng Junwei et al.

According to the equipment requirements for shale gas development, and considering the networking control requirements for unit operation in the future, the NC5440TYL electric fracturing truck is developed. The whole vehicle integrates the electric drive device(frequency converter), high-power motor and pumping equipment(fracturing pump)on one heavy-duty chassis, which not only reduces the area of the well site, but also avoids the common mode voltage hazards to the motor stator and bearing. The control system adopts robust theory to achieve precise control of the fracturing pump. The automation of diagnosis and maintenance can shorten the abnormal downtime and reduce the labor intensity of workers. The overall structure of the electric fracturing vehicle, the damping technology, the topological structure of the main circuit of the variable frequency drive, and the cabinet protection design of the electric drive device are studied. The video network monitoring system and automatic disc pump are designed. The results of in-plant tests and field applications show that the NC5440TYL electric fracturing truck can reduce construction costs and well site area, has good transport performance, improves the efficiency of fracturing operations, and has a good application prospect.

Qin Yanbin, Yao Jie, Dai Zhengyu et al.

The collapse strength of perforating gun is one of the key concerns for perforating equipment manufacturers and users. The three-dimensional model of the perforating gun is established using SolidWorks software, and then imported into ANSYS finite element analysis software to establish its three-dimensional FEA model. Simulations are conducted to analyze the influencing factors and influence laws of perforating gun’s collapse strength. The results show that the collapse strength decreases with the increase of hole density and diameter. Under the same conditions, the collapse strength of the perforating gun is 8.71% smaller when the hole density is increased from 8 holes/m to 24 holes/m. In the common spiral hole phase angle of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 180°, the perforating gun has the highest collapse strength under the phase angle of 60°. The blind hole depth has the greatest influence on the collapse strength. With the increase of the blind hole depth, the perforating gun’s collapse strength decreases sharply. If the concentricity and cylindricity tolerance is greater than 1 mm, the perforating gun’s collapse strength will be considerably reduced. As the well temperature and the axial tensile force increase, the collapse strength of the perforating gun will also decrease.

Zhenhua XU, Shenghe WU, Zhao LIU et al.

Core, well logging and seismic data were used to investigate sandbody architectural characteristics within Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation in Neogene, Bohai BZ25 Oilfield, and to analyze the sedimentary microfacies, distribution and internal architecture characteristics of the bar finger within shoal water delta front. The branched sand body within shoal water delta front is the bar finger, consisting of the mouth bar, distributary channel over bar, and levee. The distributary channel cuts through the mouth bar, and the thin levee covers the mouth bar which is located at both sides of distributary channel. The bar finger is commonly sinuous and its sinuosity increases basinward. The distributary channel changes from deeply incising the mouth bar to shallowly incising top of the mouth bar. The aspect ratio ranges from 25 to 50 and there is a double logarithmic linear positive relationship between the width and thickness for the bar finger, which is controlled by base-level changing in study area. For the bar finger, injection and production in the same distributary channel should be avoided during water flooding development. In addition, middle–upper distributary channel and undrilled mouth bar are focus of tapping remaining oil. Key Words: shoal water delta, bar finger, sandbody architecture, Bohai BZ25 Oilfield, Neogene Minghuazhen Formation, remaining oil

Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf, Shimaa Mohmaed El-Saeed, Elsayed Gamal Zaki et al.

Two sets of hydrogel materials based on guar gum were prepared by grafting guar gum onto acrylic acid/acrylamide and acrylic acid/N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers by using persulphate radical as an initiator and N,N′ methylenebisacrylamide as a cross linker. The prepared hydrogels were denoted as AA-AcM-GG and AA-NIPAM-GG respectively. They were characterized by FTIR Spectroscopy and SEM. The effect of some composition variables on the swelling performance of PA-GG hydrogel was thoroughly studied. Furthermore, swelling behavior was monitored as a function of temperature and electrolyte concentration. A lab experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the optimum hydrogels on the growth of guava plant. Keywords: Guar gum, Acrylate, N-isopropyl acryl amide, Green hydrogels, Temperature sensitive, Salt sensitive

Li-Na Cao, Li-Ze Lu, Xiao-Ping Li et al.

Abstract The assumption of constant reservoir permeability is not strictly applicable to reservoirs where rock properties undergo changes, such as stress-sensitive porous media. Most researches on the permeability stress sensitivity mainly concentrated on experimental approach, physical modeling or pressure transient analysis, whereas rate transient analysis does not attract much attention. Based on source/sink function method, this paper develops a seepage model of multi-fractured horizontal well incorporating stress-sensitive permeability. The model is semi-analytically solved by fracture discretization, Pedrosa’s transformation, perturbation theory, and integration transformation method. Not only pressure transient analysis, but also rate transient analysis is separately performed with relevant parameters. The model presented here can provide some insights into well dynamic forecasting during exploiting such reservoirs, and contribute to establish the theoretical basic for transient analysis efficiently.

Abdel Moktader A. El Sayed, Hesham Abuseda, Nahla A. El Sayed

Results of both porosity and permeability can be used by geologists, petrophysicists, and petroleum engineers to evaluate reservoir rock, heterogeneity, and pore space history through the time of deposition and lithifaction. On the other hand, reservoir quality as well as reservoir classification could be performed based on these data correlation. The Szolnok Formation is composed mainly of turbidity elastic deposits while siltstones are intercalated by sandstone beds and streaks of marls. In the present study, 213 core samples are obtained from the Szolnok Formation of the Great Hungarian plain, Hungary. Both horizontal and vertical permeability are measured. The Szolnok Formation has two main lithologic groups: 1. clean sandstone (141 samples) and 2. siltstone – marl (72 samples), it can easily differentiate between good, intermediate or even bad reservoirs. Acoustic laboratory measurements have been carried out for only 30 sandstone rock samples parallel to the bedding plane (horizontal). This paper aims to evaluate some petrophysical relationships. On the other hand, both Wyllie and Raymer models were applied for porosity estimation from seismic velocity. It is worthy to mention that reservoir diagnosis of the Szolnok Formation was our target as well. Both the porosity and permeability variation range characterizing the detected lithologic facies of the Szolnok Formation are useful for reservoir zonation. The relationship between helium and mercury porosity for whole studied samples and sandstone samples as well, are supported by a high correlation coefficient and allow its application for prediction of porosity while it reduces costs and time of laboratory measurements. The evaluation of different calculated equations for porosity from compressional wave velocity data of the Szolnok Formation are studied and the relationship between velocity and porosity displays a clear inverse trend. The comparison between laboratory porosity and sonic derived porosity shows that the values determined by Wyllie and Raymer equations are not applicable to predict it from velocity data.

Cao Lihu, Han Lu, Cao Yinping et al.

In order to make up the theoretical calculation defect on accurately predicting the fatigue life of coiled tubing, ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software is used to establish the three-dimensional finite element mechanical model of coiled tubing at working condition. The finite element analysis steps of coiled tubing fatigue life is attained to analyze the fatigue life of coiled tubing under different internal pressures and investigate the influence of wall thickness on the fatigue life of coiled tubing, and the analysis result was compared with the experimental results obtained by the previous paper. The results of the investigation show that, the calculated results have the same trend as the experimental results of the coiled tubing with different wall thickness and under different internal pressure. The maximum error is less than 8.46% and the average error is 5.84%~7.04%, which can meet the requirement of engineering precision, verifying that finite element method could be used for coiled tubing fatigue life analysis. The increase of the wall thickness can not only increase the strength of the coiled tubing but also prolong its fatigue life.