Hasil untuk "Law"

C. Menjívar, Leisy J. Abrego

S. Piantadosi

J. Gustafson

R. Englman, J. Jortner

D. Dewees, R. Posner

T. Utsu, Y. Ogata, S. Ritsuko et al.

R. Kennicutt

E. B. Wilson

G. Becker, G. Stigler

Paul R. Milgrom, D. North, Barry R. Weingast

X. Gabaix, P. Gopikrishnan, P. Gopikrishnan et al.

L. Edelman

L. Kaplow, Steve Shavell

Lada A. Adamic, R. Lukose, Amit R. Puniyani et al.

Many communication and social networks have power-law link distributions, containing a few nodes that have a very high degree and many with low degree. The high connectivity nodes play the important role of hubs in communication and networking, a fact that can be exploited when designing efficient search algorithms. We introduce a number of local search strategies that utilize high degree nodes in power-law graphs and that have costs scaling sublinearly with the size of the graph. We also demonstrate the utility of these strategies on the GNUTELLA peer-to-peer network.

J. Cottingham

I. King

Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani, Ali Jafari-Khounigh, Hamid Sharifi et al.

Background — Travel restrictions and adhering to health protocols while traveling was among the key strategies to combat COVID-19 pandemic. Objective — The present study aims to measure and evaluate travel patterns and compliance with COVID-19 prevention protocols during traveling. Methods — In this cross-sectional study, 589 individuals from the capitals of six provinces of Iran were included in the study using the cluster sampling method. There were 40 clusters. For data analysis, the mean value of responses in each individual was calculated for each section of the questionnaire. Results — The response rate was 92% (589/640). Of all participants, 309 (52.5%) were women. The mean age of study participants was 42.84 years (SD=16.59). Among participants, 355 (60.3%) had a travel history during the COVID-19 pandemic. We revealed statistically significant relationships of the travel history with age (P<0.001), education level (P<0.001), and province (P<0.001). No statistically significant relationships of the travel history with socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and occupation subgroup were detected (P>0.05). The majority of study participants (38.5%) traveled for recreational purposes. Conclusion: According to our findings, unnecessary travel was not avoided in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the participants who traveled during the COVID-19 pandemic did not follow safety precautions. Thus, some of the most important issues such as cultural influences, different risk tolerance levels among people, law enforcement, and stricter oversight by decision makers need to be taken into account.

M. I. Desai, J. F. Drake, T. Phan et al.

We report observations of direct evidence of energetic protons being accelerated above ∼400 keV within the reconnection exhaust of a heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossing by NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) at a distance of ∼16.25 solar radii ( R _s ) from the Sun. Inside the exhaust, both the reconnection-generated plasma jet and the accelerated protons up to ∼400 keV propagated toward the Sun, unambiguously establishing their origin from HCS reconnection sites located antisunward of PSP. Within the core of the exhaust, PSP detected stably trapped energetic protons up to ∼400 keV, which is ≈1000 times greater than the available magnetic energy per particle. The differential energy spectrum of the accelerated protons behaved as a pure power law with spectral index of ∼−5. Supporting simulations using the kglobal model suggest that the trapping and acceleration of protons up to ∼400 keV in the reconnection exhaust are likely facilitated by merging magnetic islands with a guide field between ∼0.2 and 0.3 of the reconnecting magnetic field, consistent with the observations. These new results, enabled by PSP’s proximity to the Sun, demonstrate that magnetic reconnection in the HCS is a significant new source of energetic particles in the near-Sun solar wind. Our findings of in situ particle acceleration via magnetic reconnection at the HCS provide valuable insights into this fundamental process, which frequently converts the large magnetic field energy density in the near-Sun plasma environment and may be responsible for heating the Sun’s atmosphere, accelerating the solar wind, and energizing charged particles to extremely high energies in solar flares.

E. Clayton, B. Evans, J. Hazel et al.

Abstract Recent advances in technology have significantly improved the accuracy of genetic testing and analysis, and substantially reduced its cost, resulting in a dramatic increase in the amount of genetic information generated, analysed, shared, and stored by diverse individuals and entities. Given the diversity of actors and their interests, coupled with the wide variety of ways genetic data are held, it has been difficult to develop broadly applicable legal principles for genetic privacy. This article examines the current landscape of genetic privacy to identify the roles that the law does or should play, with a focus on federal statutes and regulations, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). After considering the many contexts in which issues of genetic privacy arise, the article concludes that few, if any, applicable legal doctrines or enactments provide adequate protection or meaningful control to individuals over disclosures that may affect them. The article describes why it may be time to shift attention from attempting to control access to genetic information to considering the more challenging question of how these data can be used and under what conditions, explicitly addressing trade-offs between individual and social goods in numerous applications.