AbstractThis article explores the specifics of night work under Communist rule and within the state-socialist economy that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) established after they seized power in 1948. Although the Czechoslovak communists sought to minimise night work, they achieved the opposite effect. One reason for this was the absence of economic reforms. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, they were compelled to introduce uniform bonuses for night shifts, leading to their standardisation. However, those targeted by the incentives showed little interest in night shifts; consequently, night shift workers were often drawn from marginalised groups, such as prisoners and women facing financial difficulties. The article delves into their potential motivations for accepting night shifts. Furthermore, despite the Czechoslovak communists’ efforts to differentiate their night shift policy from that of the ‘capitalist’ approach (as embodied by interwar Czechoslovakia), numerous continuities were evident. This article investigates these aspects and seeks to uncover their potential causes.
Scholars underline the persistence of gender disparities in the household division of labor. However, it remains understudied how working-class men manage family life amid the physical absence of breadwinning women. Drawing on fifty-four in-depth interviews and over 22 months of fieldwork in Indonesia, this article investigates how non-migrant fathers navigate conjugal and paternal responsibilities in families headed by migrant mothers. I argue that the reproduction of mother-away transnational families hinges on a refashioning of male conduct for the accomplishment of immobile fatherhood—a model of parenthood developed by non-migrant fathers to accommodate the migration of mothers. I examine the boundary work that men engage in to affirm their selfhood when confronted with the diminution of labor market prospects. In response to their status anxieties surrounding the mounting autonomy of transnational mothers, immobile fathers craft moral boundaries around a commitment to the family. Furthermore, immobile fathers reconstitute masculinity away from providership toward an assemblage of waged labor, childrearing, financial management, and housework that comprises the hallmarks of working-class femininities. By positioning themselves as “family men” in contradiction to irresponsible men and women, immobile fathers realize self-respect through their maintenance of transnational families.
Muhammad Salman, Salah Uddin Khan, Mansour Shrahili
Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is the most debilitating musculoskeletal condition in general population and is considered to be the third commonly encountered musculoskeltal (MSK) disorder. After getting approval from ethical review committee (ERC) of Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, this Randomized control trail was initiated at Rawal General & Dental Hospital. The duration of this study was 6 months from March 10, 2023 to August 09, 2023. Forty patients of both genders between the age of 25 and 50 years who were suffering from RC tendinopathy were included in this study. Those who had any kind of cardiac complications, neurological disorders, or diabetes mellitus were excluded from this study. Two equal groups ( n = 20 each) were formed. Group A was given kinesio tape (KT) and group B was treated with dry needling (DN). Totally six sessions of each intervention were given to each patient at the rate of two sessions per week along with 10 min of interferential therapy and 10 min of moist packs to each patient. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21 and Microsoft excel were used for the analysis of data. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age in group A was 35.30±8.07 and in group B it was 31.51 ± 2.46. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of SF-36 [quality of life (QoL)] at the baseline was 37.64 (1.75) in group A and 37.38 (1.31) in group B, respectively. Md (IQR) postinterventional improved with 91.31 (8.20) in group A, and in group B it was 90.37 (15.78) with P < 0.05. Within-group analysis showed a significant difference ( P < 0.05) in each group. Between-group analysis depicted a significant difference ( P < 0.05) on the Pain Numeric Scale score and an insignificant difference ( P > 0.05) on the basis of QoL (SF-36). It was revealed that KT is more effective in the reduction of disability in terms of pain as compared to DN whereas both interventions are equally effective in improving the QoL in RC tendinopathy.
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
There have probably not been any greater disruptions in working life since the Second World War than those experienced during the corona pandemic. This article examines how different occupational groups experienced the changes in their work life during the different phases of thecorona pandemic. The study contributes to the growing literature on how the Nordic labor markets managed the corona pandemic and what we can learn from experiences to improve working life in the future.
The data material consists of longitudinal interviews with representatives of five occupational groups in different work life situations four times during the pandemic. Across the interviews, we find that the corona pandemic reinforced three incremental trends in working life: (1) the workplace as an important social arena, (2) reflections on work life balance, and (3) the potentials of homework and online meetings.
This article aims to analyze food delivery workers’ working conditions and ongoing collective organization during the pandemic in Brazil. The discussion involves historical analysis, based on empirical research carried out with delivery couriers over the past eight years in Brazil and on analysis of the delivery workers’ strikes in July of 2020. Our view is that their work is subsumed to a new type of work organization, management and control, defined here as uberization. Recent investigation shows that their working conditions are worsening during the Covid-19 pandemic in terms of reduced working hour value alongside unchangingly long workdays. These conditions have been met by platform workers’ collective organizations demanding better working conditions. Our findings indicate an ongoing political struggle involving different institutions, and the central role of communication between workers through digital platforms as the first form of organization. From the class composition framework, we understand that there is a germ for political composition involving Brazilian riders, in line with the circulation of workers’ struggles around the world, especially in Latin America.
This article argues that the African American working class can be conceptualized as a subproletariat: a subsection of the working class generally restricted to unstable, unskilled, low-wage, non-union, and “dirty” labor. The restructuring of capital during various periods in the U.S. history always strategically positioned the vast majority of Black people in subproletarian labor. Under the current crisis in the political economy of Black labor, uneven development and economic dislocation have deepened the lack of stable, skilled, living wage jobs in poor Black regions of the USA. This article expands on the earlier work of Joe Trotter and Harold “Hal” Baron to build a framework to understand this phenomenon. This paper proposes that Black labor and the Black working class provide the most succinct starting points to understanding the complexities of contemporary forms of anti-Black racial oppression.
O objetivo deste artigo consiste em reconstituir o processo de revitalização sindical, ocorrido entre 2012 e 2017, devido à ampliação intensa e veloz da categoria de metalúrgicos no Polo Naval e Offshore de Rio Grande. O referido processo foi marcado por intensas lutas entre os trabalhadores e o sindicato, devido à existência anterior de um ativismo social por parte dos trabalhadores. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na realização de entrevistas com dirigentes sindicais, trabalhadores, a consulta ao material disponibilizado pelo sindicato e revisão bibliográfica atinente ao recorte proposto. Através da abordagem teórica da construção de classe enquanto um “fazer-se” na experiência compartilhada, seguimos os principais momentos da revitalização sindical e os conflitos com a sua base, que obliteravam, em parte a sua representação legítima em torno do sindicato institucionalizado. Depreendemos que a consciência de classe, nos termos aqui tratados, conciliou-se com o sindicalismo de movimento já no começo da crise do Polo, mesmo assim esse momento foi importante para a legitimação de pautas em torno do desemprego. Contudo, diante do desmonte da indústria naval, o sindicato viu sua base erodir e, a partir de então, tem atuado com empresas de pequeno porte, as quais garantem um patamar mínimo de experiência adquirida de organização sindical para futuros ou prováveis empreendimentos no município.
Special aspects of education, Labor. Work. Working class
O artigo analisa a atuação do empresariado no Novo Ensino Médio. No processo de recomposição burguesa, compreendemos que o empresariado tem atuado no sentido de direcionar as políticas educacionais e o Estado, como por exemplo, o movimento Todos Pela Educação. Utilizamos uma pesquisa de cunho documental, calcada no materialismo histórico-dialético para apontar que a atuação do capital privado tem sido no sentido de conformar a classe trabalhadora para as demandas de um mercado flexível e pragmático.
Palavra-chave: Novo Ensino Médio; Empresariado; Reforma Educacional; Todos Pela Educação.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the actions and results of the rural development policies and their effects on the efficiency and effectiveness of the rural development policy in the Sixth Development Plan and to apply the lessons learned in the Seventh Development Plan.
Methodology As to the purpose, the present research was applied and in terms of methodology, it was descriptive. In the general methodological framework of the research, to study the goals, outputs and consequences of sustainable rural development policies, policy monitoring method was used in order to monitor and evaluate the rural development policy in accordance with the Five-Year Sixth Development Plan. The statistical population of the research included the bills and laws of budgets and programs as well as reports on the performance of government and parliament in the field of rural development on the one hand, and critical and evaluation researches on rural development programs, on the other hand. In this regard, directional content analysis based on the above documents was used in the framework of policy monitoring method.
Findings: Evaluation of rural development policy's performance in development programs focusing on the Sixth Development Plan shows that despite the success in the outputs, in terms of their consequences, they do not correspond to the predetermined goals. Besides, the evaluation of actions and outputs of rural development policies indicate a serious imbalance between the ratio of employment and production credits to physical, service and infrastructure credits, as well as incompatibility of objectives and elements of rural development policy with bills and laws. In addition, findings of the experiences in the field of critique and evaluation of rural development programs, the lack of a comprehensive approach in designing a model for rural development and finally, the lack of a specialized and efficient agent for supporting rural development policy are all the main sources of failure in reaching the desired objectives and tasks of the rural development policies in the Sixth Development Plan.
Originality/Value: In addition to exposing a theoretical gap in the investigated area, this research has also explained the evaluation framework of the rural development policy based on the components of sustainable rural development. From a practical point of view, using the policy analysis method, it has provided the possibility for evaluating the performance of the rural development policy based on the latest implementation measures in the development plans.
Economic growth, development, planning, Employee participation in management. Employee ownership. Industrial democracy. Works councils
En el presente artículo se propone abordar la contribución de las mujeres comunistas durante el período de la “Política de rebelión popular de masas” del Partido Comunista de Chile. Atendiendo a la ausencia historiografica sobre el estudio de las mujeres comunistas en Chile, serán analizadas fuentes orales de antiguas militantes del partido y su brazo armado, el Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez, como también de los organismos de derechos humanos, sindicatos y organizaciones populares.
1789-, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
Victoria Basualdo, María Alejandra Esponda, Silvia Nassif
Este artículo analiza procesos de investigación y judicialización de casos de responsabilidad empresarial en delitos de lesa humanidad durante la última dictadura en Argentina (1976-1983). En particular, estudia cuatro casos de empresas agroindustriales: dos ingenios azucareros ubicados en las provincias de Tucumán (ingenios La Fronterita y Concepción) y otro en Jujuy (ingenio Ledesma), y una empresa yerbatera y de producción de té en la provincia de Corrientes (Las Marías). El artículo subraya que todos estos casos incluyen no solo trabajo fabril sino también rural, caracterizado por una mayor precarización de las relaciones laborales y una mayor explotación. Se enfatizan las potencialidades de estos estudios, pero también los obstáculos y limitaciones de estos procesos de Memoria, Verdad y Justicia debido al fuerte poder empresarial y las dificultades de la organización obrera y sindical.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Using the approach of identifying ʽred flags’, the article analyses the most vulnerable areas of military activity such as defence procurement (acquisition); use of defence lands; housing provision for military personnel and their families; state defence enterprise activity; and use of fuel, to recognise the corruption risks and the consequences of improper activities in these areas for the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces.
Introduction: Sensorineural hearing loss caused by loud noise exposure for a long time is known as the risk ofexperiencing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. PT. Multi Karya Asia Pacific Raya (PT. MKAPR) is a company that provides products and services to the oil and gas industry in Indonesia. Based on its medical check-up, workshop workers at PT MKAPR have the risk of experiencing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. The Lodan-9 Workshop area was known to have different noise levels, 88-91 dB in the fabrication, pump and engineering areas, and 90-102 dB in the function test area. The purpose of this study was to identify predicting factors of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss at PT. MKAPR. Method: This study used a case-control design. The population in this study were 26 cases and 48 control. Sample size in this study consisted of 26 cases and 26 control. We used a purposive technique sampling. Data were collected through questionnaire, and then were analyzed by using Chi-Square Test. Result: There were association between noise intensity (P-value: 0.035 OR: 4.714; 95% CI: 1.266-17.561), and work period (P-value: 0.029; OR 5.622; 95% CI: 1.342-23.55) with the incidence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Meanwhile age of workers (P-value: 1; OR: 1.547; 95% CI: 0.336-2.976) and smoking habits (P-value: 0.465; OR: 0.435; 95% CI: 0.096-1.168) have no relationship with the incidence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Conclusion: Noise intensity and work period were predictors of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss on PT.MKAPR’ workers. The longer the workers work in high noise intensity area, the more they are at risk of experiencing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
Keywords: ear, noise-induced hearing loss, noise, noise intensity
The present text, written by political economists, criticially assesses a report submitted by BlackRock experts to the French government regarding a potential reorganisation of the country’s pension system. BlackRock is an American multinational specialising in financial asset management. Founded in 1988, it now manages more than $7 billion, a sum 20 times greater than France’s entire state budget and twice as large as the US federal budget. The article looks at the political-economic forces steering, in today’s era of reform, neoliberal governments’ social policy decisions, while deconstructing the political processes that could give birth to systems based on a mandatory capitalisation of pensions. Bearing in mind that present and future retirement incomes have fallen in the UK by anywhere between 20% and 40% since the pension system’s partial capitalisation, the arguments featured in this text have a definite resonance today.
The role of unions as agents of professional knowledge is seldom addressed in studies on working life relations.This article investigates how unions with different degrees of professionalization con- ceptualize members’ interests and influence in the workplace. Two unions of professionals and one general union in the Norwegian public sector are compared. The data consist of union documents, speeches, and interviews with 12 workplace representatives. A ‘union logic’ and ‘professional association logic’ are developed and applied as analytical ideal types, and the unions’ conceptualizations and combinations of these institutional logics are analyzed. The article finds similarities and differences between the unions and interesting differences between the unions’ micro and macro levels. Further, a distinct hybrid logic is identified as a ‘union of professionals logic’, with professional influence and the agency of elected representatives as key aspects. Introducing perspectives from the study of professions, the article contributes to a reconceptualization of the study of unions within the Nordic model – and beyond.
Recent technological innovations have made possible a range of new communication practices among workers engaged in struggles to raise wages and improve working conditions. New forms of social organisation and association are changing how collective action is carried out and how collective action frames are generated. Looking at a year's worth of content from a secret Facebook group designed as a forum for current and former Walmart employees, this study considers how communication practices relate to the organisational forms of coping and resistance among workers. Analysis of the posts and comments transpiring within the group, which is loosely affiliated with the Organisation United for Respect at Walmart (OUR Walmart), suggests a growing role for personalised forms of communication in the production and circulation of collective action frames. These forms blur the distinction between discursive and strategic communication processes, requiring us to reconsider the roles traditionally played by social movement organisations and rank-and-file participants. The primary contribution of this research is to demonstrate how emerging communication practices problematise distinctions between communities of coping and of resistance, between activities that are personally satisfying and those that prioritise group concerns, and between the self-organised activities of employees and the actions of labour unions. The article concludes with a consideration of the implications of these emerging communication practices for movement outcomes.