Abstract Countering the popular claim that what differentiates the USA for other wealthy countries in regard to the labor market dynamics of paid domestic labor is its relatively large immigrant population, this article argues that the critical factors are instead the USA’s minimal system of social provision and its extreme level of economic inequality (including inequality among women) which drives up both the supply of and the demand for paid domestic workers. In addition, in the USA paid domestic work is highly stratified, with extensive variation in pay and working conditions. In many respects the USA more closely resembles countries in the global South than its counterparts in the wealthy world.
I artikkelen utforsker jeg hvordan arbeidstakere med utviklingshemming opplever arbeidsvilkår og medvirkning i VTA-tiltak (varig tilrettelagt arbeid) på ordinær arbeidsplass. Arbeidstakerne opplever utfordringer med å finne arbeidsoppgaver, og noen opplever lave forventninger fra ledelsen. De beskriver å ha noe medvirkning, men at det stilles få krav til dem. Vilkårene de tilbys som arbeidstakere, minner om ordinært arbeid, men de har behov for en varig støtte ut over det en ordinært ansatt har. Analysen viser at det kan foregå annengjøringsprosesser, som i forskningslitteraturen ses i sammenheng med ableisme. Arbeidstakerne med utviklingshemming kan se ut til å få tildelt mye frihet som arbeidstakere, men kan ikke utnytte friheten uten tilstrekkelig støtte.
Valentyna O. Havrylenko, Vеra I. Chyzh, Yaroslava. P. Pasternak
et al.
The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the state and trends of the labor market in
Ukraine and the Cherkasy region. The general situation in the labor market of Ukraine and the Cherkasy
region in 2015-2022 has been considered. General and special indicators of population employment,
unemployment, demand and supply of labor force have been studied. The analysis has been carried out
according to the articles of the section, professional groups and areas of employment.
It has been established that forced migration and the need to relocate enterprises due to hostilities
have changed the structure of the labor market in Ukraine, the structure of supply and demand for jobs,
and the saturation of specialists in the regions. In the regions most affected by the military aggression
of the russian federation, the number of jobs and competition has decreased. The imbalance between
the demand and supply of labor has become significant. Demand for labor has plummeted due to the
inability to work in war zones, declining demand for goods and services and logistical problems and
uncertainty about the future. The results of the analysis of the number of unemployed indicate that both
in the Cherkasy region and in Ukraine as a whole, the number of people who could not realize their
right to work and receive wages (remuneration) as a source of livelihood is growing. In 2019-2021, it
was affected by the self-isolation regime, and in 2022 by military operations.
It has been determined that the level of registered unemployment in the Cherkasy region in
2015-2021 was always higher than in the whole country. The ratio between the number of registered
unemployed, the number of vacancies and the number of applicants for one vacancy, by type of
economic activity as of January 1, 2023 in the Cherkasy region has been established. In addition to that
the authors have established a change in the approach to hiring employees. More applicants for one
vacancy allow employers to increase the requirements for applicants and reduce wages. Accordingly,
a certain number of employees are ready to change their profession, find additional work, and accept
lower wages.
As we can see, there are signs of an employer-dominated labor market. Measures to stabilize
the internal labor market at the state and regional levels have been proposed. Further on, the paper
identifies trends that Ukrainians should expect on the labor market in the coming years. Finally, the
authors specify industries and professions that will be in the list of high demand jobs in future and
whose development will help the Ukrainians to adapt to changes and find themselves in a professional
realization to restore or the restore the state after the victory.
Iniciamos esse escrito compartilhado, ainda sobre os impactos da travessia do querido Carlos Rodrigues Brandão, em 11 de julho de 2023, portanto há menos de um mês. Para nós, “as Teresas”, como carinhosamente Carlos Brandão se referia a nós duas nos encontros do Grupo de Trabalho (GT) de Educação Popular da Anped, ou em intercâmbios do mesmo GT, em cidades e universidades distintas, foi transformador sermos afetadas por suas palavras, seu olhar, sua humanidade. E era sempre uma alegria encontrá-lo, revê-lo, com a sua voz mansa e seu sorriso miúdo, matreiro, sendo Carlos Brandão um dos homens mais gentis e envolventes que conhecemos.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
A. Modestino, Mary A. Burke, Shahriar Sadighi
et al.
Although labor market mismatch often refers to imbalances between supply and demand across occupations, mismatch within occupations can arise when skill requirements change rapidly, with important consequences for workers and the labor market. Using 200 million US online job postings, the authors show educational upskilling varied considerably by occupation during the Great Recession, persisted well beyond the initial recovery, and was correlated with rising demand for software skills. Developing an adjusted mismatch index, they demonstrate how the educational composition of vacancies becomes misaligned with that of unemployed workers within occupations, decreasing aggregate matching efficiency. Among occupations with persistent educational upskilling, the authors document lower job-finding rates for noncollege workers, suggesting rapidly changing educational requirements create a moving target for unemployed workers. Although they do not examine non-educational upskilling, the findings help reconcile prior studies showing little evidence of labor market mismatch with employer reports of skilled worker shortages after the Great Recession.
Lea Tiriba, Christiana C Profice, Miguel T Schlesinger
Inscrito no sofrimento da atual pandemia causada pelo coronavírus, este texto traz reflexões sobre relações entre seres humanos e natureza, sobretudo em referência aos povos originários do Brasil, com atenção especial voltada às suas infâncias. Tratamos conceitualmente da dicotomia natureza-humano, própria de nossa cultura ocidental, sob a ótica crítica da ecologia política e na busca de aproximação com teóricos da biofilia e da noção de sociobiodiversidade. A partir da percepção de proximidade entre as visões de mundo de Spinoza e de povos originários brasileiros, afirmamos a necessidade de aprender com os povos indígenas a cuidar das crianças e, simultaneamente, do planeta.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Desde 2014, diversos Projetos de Lei foram apresentados nos poderes legislativos brasileiros, sob a alcunha de combate à “doutrinação ideológica nas instituições de ensino”, em um movimento que se autodenomina como “Escola sem Partido” (ESP). A partir da compreensão de que o ESP possui determinações mais profundas e menos visíveis, este artigo propôs-se a examinar o movimento com base em suas interlocuções com a profusão da ideologia gerencialista nos espaços educacionais e a retomada do discurso de defesa de uma educação tecnicista.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
É resultado de uma longa e profícua relação da pesquisadora com o acervo de memória institucional do Campus Rio de Janeiro do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ). No estudo parte do pressuposto de que imagens fotográficas “são documentos que informam sobre a cultura, o movimento da história, dos sujeitos sociais e da educação vivida”. Defendendo a análise das mesmas “em um movimento de intertextualidade”, afirma que as fotografias possibilitam a recuperação da historicidade da Educação Profissional. Com base no referencial marxista, destaca a fotografia “como fonte histórica, como mediação ou processo social complexo subjacente à sua representação” e defende a importância da sua produção social para a compreensão do significado da cultura material presente nas escolas.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Ana Paula Bistaffa de Monlevade, Janaina Santana da Costa, Cristiano Apolucena Cabral
O materialismo histórico dialético tem como referência as relações entre seres humanos e natureza, mediadas pelo trabalho, sendo fundamental para análise de comunidades tradicionais. Incorporando dados empíricos de pesquisas realizadas no estado de Mato Grosso, observou-se que conhecer as formas de produção da vida nestas comunidades requer um processo de crítica, interpretação e análise dos fatos considerados na sua concretude histórica. Ressalta-se a relevância do método da economia política para apreensão da síntese de suas múltiplas determinações: unidade do diverso.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Reza Hemmati, Vahid Ghasemi, Ebrahim Mansourinezhad
Introduction The impact of higher education on the development is undeniable. However, some evidence suggests that an unplanned increase in the number of higher education institutions and graduate students has not led to the growth. The expansion of higher education can only lead to the economic development and the reduction of poverty and inequality that is accompanied by a quality orientation and the spread of quality culture in all pillars of the higher education system. In examining the importance of education in the process of economic development, the three approaches of human capital, human development, and the return to investment in the education are of particular importance. These approaches can be used as a theoretical framework to examine the interdependence of the education and development or to analyze the growing importance of education in the development process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the expansion (quantitative and qualitative) of higher education with the economic development among 78 countries of the world. Materials and Methods Methodologically, the present study was a comparative cross-national research in which the analysis unit was the nation state, and the research hypotheses have been tested using the secondary analysis of the data. Due to the different levels of the measurement of variables, all variables were standardized and converted to new variables (range of 0 to 100). The statistical sample of the present study included all the countries for which the data were available in the preferred period. Accordingly, 78 countries were selected as statistical samples for the hypothesis test. Discussion of Results and Conclusions This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the higher education and the economic development among 78 selected countries in the world. The results showed that the quantitative expansion of higher education had a reverse effect on the economic development. In other words, the unbridled entry of students into the higher education system, especially in developing countries without long-standing academic traditions, can reduce the quality of the previous elitist educational system and create a challenge in its internal functions. Also, it will not affect the external environment and solving social problems. On the other hand, the mismatch between the supply and demand of human resources and the lack of an organic connection between the higher education and local contexts and industries in these countries will lead to the growing wave of unemployment of university graduates, increasing the distrust of the university system and finally reducing its status. Instead of solving economic and social problems, the university will become a severe obstacle to the development and progress of the society. The results showed that the (internal) efficiency in higher education had a positive relationship with the economic development. Of course, in general, the efficiency does not necessarily turn into the economic growth, but other necessities are also required. In some countries, for example, the scientific production has increased exponentially; however, it does not necessarily mean an improvement in the environment, economic development, reduction in poverty and inequality, and the improvement of living conditions. In the post-massification area, special attention should be paid to the equality, relevance, and the quality of higher education altogether. In this regard, a high-quality education along with a high access to the higher education should be considered as two sides of the same coin, because a high access to a low-quality higher education is useless, and a high-quality education with low access is also meaningless. In addition, the results indicated that the expansion of higher education is one of the necessary conditions to achieve the development, but it is not a sufficient condition. Also, expanding the access to higher education in a balanced combination of the efficiency and the equality can pave the way for the economic development. In addition to the quantitative and qualitative expansion of the university system, to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development, other factors such as the infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and education population, market size, open market, political stability and democracy, efficiency productive goods, labor and financial markets, technological readiness, political conditions, economic and social stability, non-corruption, efficient bureaucracy, etc. should exist. In other words, in a stable political, social, and economic environment, the possibility of growth and effectiveness of scientific institutions is high.
The Swedish wild-berry industry has become increasingly dependent on migrant workers. As the world market's demand for health and food ingredients increased, Swedish forest berries are exported to ...
Noen grupper innvandrere har svak tilknytning til arbeidsmarkedet til tross for omfattende kvalifiseringstilbud. Supported
Employment (SE) – en forskningsbasert tilnærming til arbeidsinkludering av utsatte grupper, prøves for tiden ut i
kvalifiseringstiltak for innvandrere. Hensikten med artikkelen er å identifisere faktorer som er viktige ved igangsetting av
implementering av SE i slike tiltak. Artikkelen kategoriserer slike pre-eksisterende faktorer på system-, organisasjons-, gruppe-
og individnivå og i henhold til instruksen for SE. Analysen bygger på kvalitative data fra åtte forsøksprosjekter knyttet til
Introduksjonsprogrammet for nyankomne flyktninger og Jobbsjansen for hjemmeværende innvandrerkvinner i Oslo, Akershus og
Østfold.
Gender segmentation in the labor market is widespread. However, most existing studies of the effects of labor demand shocks on local economies assume away gender. In this paper, I show that local labor demand shocks can lead to different outcomes depending on whether they favor male or female employment. I develop a spatial equilibrium model that features gender segmented labor markets and joint mobility frictions, which predicts that couples are more likely to migrate in response to male opportunities. As a result, positive shocks to local labor demand for men lead to population growth, increases in female labor supply, and housing demand growth. Meanwhile, equivalent shocks to labor demand for women lead to smaller inflows of migrant workers, and labor force participation is a relatively more important margin of adjustment in this case. I find strong empirical support for the model’s predictions in the context of Brazil during 1991-2010. Comparing the effects of gender-specific labor demand shocks, I show that male shocks produce a higher migratory response and make localities more populated and expensive. These results imply that place-making policies that create jobs for females are more likely to benefit residents while those that create male jobs are more likely to benefit immigrants and landlords.
This report complements the recent World Bank publication, Growing United: Upgrading Europe’s Convergence Machine (Bodewig, C., Ridao-Cano, C., 2018). The Growing United report highlights that, while the European Union is still the “convergence machine” that fosters an unparalleled depth and scope of regional economic integration, it is no longer working for everyone. The report points to a growing divide, reflected in inequality widening among households across and within EU countries. It reviews the underlying factors of this growing divide from two angles, that of people and that of firms, and for both it examines the reasons why some are left behind and others thrive. This review of labor market trends, the underlying causes that determine which skills are in demand, and how they are rewarded, starts with a framing chapter, briefly summarizing trends in inequity in the EU and ongoing discourse on the impact of technological change and other driver of skill demand and supply on labor outcomes. This is followed by a brief description of trend in employment and earnings in the EU since the late 1990’s (chapter two); and a brief description of factors that shape skill demand (technology, globalization, aging, and the level of economic development) followed by an analysis of the evolution of the task content of jobs (chapter three). It then proceeds to discuss the parallel impact of supply-side factors, like education and migration, on the resulting labor market trends; and finally proposes an analytical framework to understand the extent to which the interaction of demand and supply factors is altering the labor market structure in the EU (chapter five).
The quantitative and qualitative mismatch of labor demand and its supply on the Russian labor market is discussed. It is proved that these are the key determinants of the current state of employment sphere and labor market in Russia. Factors aggravating the problem of skills shortages in the domestic economy are identified. The reasons of low efficiency of labor potential use are analyzed and the ways of its possible increase are determined. The conclusions about the prospects of employment sphere and labor market development are made. The possible state of the sphere of employment and labor market under various socio-economic conditions is estimated. The proposals in the field of socioeconomic policy, employment policy, their statistical support are considered. Attention is drawn to the creation and statistical accounting of high-performance jobs, and measures are proposed to improve it. The disadvantages of the existing approach to the definition of the category "workplace" in modern statistics are shown.
The focus of this chapter is on Tunisia’s labor and education institutions and regulations, and their impact on market performance. The chapter examines how the regulations affect the cost of formal employment, including the ease of hiring and firing, and the mismatch between supply and demand of educated labor. In Tunisia, larger firms create most of the formal employment, but are not growing fast enough, while informal employment is widespread partly because of inappropriate regulations that increase the cost of formal employment. This chapter argues that the high cost of formality, and weak law enforcement, are the main factors that accelerate the growth of informal employment and that the greater the level of informal employment, the longer it takes to fight unemployment. The analysis comprises an important institutional component and relies on the data provided by the TLMPS 2014 and other sources, mainly the National Statistics Institute (INS).
The relevance of fraus legis – a falsely presented state of affairs – both in internal and private international law, and particularly within recognition procedures, has not been undisputed throughout the years. And in the midst of integration or close cooperation arrangements it might seem that the institute of fraus legis would definitively lose its interest due to an “unshaken” mutual confidence in the activity of other public authorities. This is however not the case, as demonstrated by European Union law where both legislative and case law examples show the renewed importance of such truthfulness or veracity requirement. Bearing this is mind, the present article has a dual purpose: the first aims to describe the legal concept of recognition in its diversity and richness. As an aggregating factor we will subsequently turn our attention to the “internal structure” of that concept and to the conditions or requisites it is dependent upon. One of such conditions is precisely the control of veracity of the act or situation that aims to be recognised by the receiving State.