Ezieddin Elmahjub, Junaid Qadir, Abdullah Mushtaq
et al.
As millions of Muslims turn to LLMs like GPT, Claude, and DeepSeek for religious guidance, a critical question arises: Can these AI systems reliably reason about Islamic law? We introduce IslamicLegalBench, the first benchmark evaluating LLMs across seven schools of Islamic jurisprudence, with 718 instances covering 13 tasks of varying complexity. Evaluation of nine state-of-the-art models reveals major limitations: the best model achieves only 68% correctness with 21% hallucination, while several models fall below 35% correctness and exceed 55% hallucination. Few-shot prompting provides minimal gains, improving only 2 of 9 models by >1%. Moderate-complexity tasks requiring exact knowledge show the highest errors, whereas high-complexity tasks display apparent competence through semantic reasoning. False premise detection indicates risky sycophancy, with 6 of 9 models accepting misleading assumptions at rates above 40%. These results highlight that prompt-based methods cannot compensate for missing foundational knowledge. IslamicLegalBench offers the first systematic framework to evaluate Islamic legal reasoning in AI, revealing critical gaps in tools increasingly relied on for spiritual guidance.
La experimentación genética con células animales y humanas ha dado lugar a la creación de las denominadas quimeras o animales quiméricos en etapas tempranas de gestación embrionaria, generando desafíos éticos y jurídicos. Desde la perspectiva ética, se enfrenta la visión antropocéntrica con la biocéntrica, mientras que en el ámbito legal se observa una regulación insuficiente que permite o tolera estas prácticas. Frente a ello, este trabajo contribuye a la discusión de estos desafíos y sostiene que la investigación debe desarrollarse con precaución y responsabilidad científica, respetando los límites de la dignidad humana y animal. Aunque la creación de quimeras humano-animales se encuentra en una etapa inicial, el progreso tecnológico sitúa estos experimentos en un punto crítico que limita las fronteras de lo éticamente aceptable, demandando una reflexión profunda sobre las implicancias de estas prácticas en la protección de la dignidad de todas las especies involucradas.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Este artigo analisou a presença da violência policial nas periferias brasileiras, everificou a importância do hip hop, especificamente o rap, como meio de manifestação e oposição contra os atos abusivos e negligentes do Estado. O método utilizado foi de revisão de literatura, por meio da técnica de pesquisa de documentação indireta, aplicando a abordagem dedutiva, partindo de uma regra geral para um caso concreto. Discutiu-se a seletividade penal e as ações lesivas do Estado, bem como o desenvolvimento do hip hop no Brasil. Examinaram-se cinco faixas do álbum “Convoque o seu Buda”, do rapper Criolo, que retratam a realidade de pessoas marginalizadas socialmente. Concluiu-se que o rap funciona como um instrumento de luta e denúncia às injustiças e violências presentes nos espaços periféricos.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
В статье проводится анализ основных механизмов гибридного внешнего вмешательства во внутренние и внешние дела России, к числу которых относятся ведение полномасштабной информационной войны, беспрецедентная санкционная политика, организация диверсионно-террористическойдеятельности на территории РФ, популяризация экстремистской и радикальной идеологии, попытки изолировать Россию на мировой арене. Авторы проводят оценку эффективности мер, принятыхна национальном уровне с целью минимизации последствий таких угроз для научно-техническогоразвития РФ.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Computer science research sometimes brushes with the law, from red-team exercises that probe the boundaries of authentication mechanisms, to AI research processing copyrighted material, to platform research measuring the behavior of algorithms and users. U.S.-based computer security research is no stranger to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in a relationship that is still evolving through case law, research practices, changing policies, and legislation. Amid the landscape computer scientists, lawyers, and policymakers have learned to navigate, anti-fraud laws are a surprisingly under-examined challenge for computer science research. Fraud brings separate issues that are not addressed by the methods for navigating CFAA, DMCA, and Terms of Service that are more familiar in the computer security literature. Although anti-fraud laws have been discussed to a limited extent in older research on phishing attacks, modern computer science researchers are left with little guidance when it comes to navigating issues of deception outside the context of pure laboratory research. In this paper, we analyze and taxonomize the anti-fraud and deception issues that arise in several areas of computer science research. We find that, despite the lack of attention to these issues in the legal and computer science literature, issues of misrepresented identity or false information that could implicate anti-fraud laws are actually relevant to many methodologies used in computer science research, including penetration testing, web scraping, user studies, sock puppets, social engineering, auditing AI or socio-technical systems, and attacks on artificial intelligence. We especially highlight the importance of anti-fraud laws in two research fields of great policy importance: attacking or auditing AI systems, and research involving legal identification.
This is a review of James Read's insightful book, Background Independence in Classical and Quantum Gravity. The book introduces various notions of background-independence which it then makes precise, and uses to make verdicts about background-independence on a wide range of examples of spacetime theories in both classical and quantum gravity. This short book is, in several ways, a worthy example of how technical philosophy of physics ought to be done. I first discuss the content, then raise a number points where I disagree with the book.
The article examines the problem of the fixation of analytical jurisprudence on conceptual analysis of legal concepts. The first part of the work is devoted to the consideration of the latter as a heterogeneous method of analytical jurisprudence, in contrast to its limited understanding that prevails in current jurisprudence. The second and third parts trace the genesis of analytical jurisprudence from analytic philosophy. Based on the thoughts of Dagfinn Follesdal, an analogy is drawn between the paths of analytical jurisprudence and analytic philosophy. It is concluded that analytical jurisprudence in the doctrinal sense will go through a path of separation from conceptual analysis, which analytic philosophy has already passed. The fourth part of the article examines the foundations of analytical jurisprudence in the form of the legal theory of Herbert Hart, who, being the founder of analytical jurisprudence, defined the entire subsequent analytic tradition in jurisprudence in such a way that its focus is not limited only to issues of legal language. Based on this, it is concluded that initially in analytical jurisprudence it was not strict conceptual analysis that prevailed, but conceptual logic, which made it possible to develop legal teaching in a practical way and only later gave rise to linguistic studies of law. The thesis is brought up for discussion that analytical jurisprudence, like analytic philosophy in general, does without strict conceptual analysis for its constitution. It is enough for her to have more general ideas about proving and justifying her theses. In addition, in the fifth part of the article, parallels are drawn between conceptual analysis as a method of analytic philosophy and the concept of the hermeneutic circle, traditionally inherent in continental philosophy. The main thesis of the article submitted for discussion is the assertion that the methodological fixation of analytical jurisprudence, which has become established as a relevant research tradition, must be overcome, since it is justified exclusively discursively, and not on the basis of sound reflection.
Hari Sugiharto Yusuf, Juajir Sumardi, Birkah Latif
This research discusses the position of the Marine Security Agency in law enforcement at sea. This research uses a statutory approach and a historical approach. Descriptive qualitative analysis technique, namely by describing, explaining, describing, and describing primary legal materials and secondary legal materials following the problems closely related to this research, then drawing a conclusion based on the analysis that has been done. The results showed that the position of the Marine Security Agency (Bakamla) with fellow law enforcers at sea as a coordinator, but it does not eliminate the authority of other law enforcers. Bakamla is present to replace the function of the Marine Security Coordinating Agency (Bakorkamla) which was previously considered to fail in synergizing law enforcement at sea. Meanwhile, Bakamla's authority is to conduct instant pursuit, stop, inspect, arrest, bring ships, and hand over to related agencies. These authorities are authorities that are often found in the investigation process, but Bakamla as a law enforcer at sea, is not given the authority to conduct investigations. Bakamla's authority as an investigator is still waiting for the Omnibus Law on Marine Security which is currently being discussed in the House of Representatives.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
El objetivo del artículo es averiguar de qué manera utilizan los condenados por crimen organizado las técnicas de neutralización para evitar la culpa por sus crímenes y si existe diferencia en su uso entre los miembros del núcleo y la periferia de la organización. El estudio se realizó con siete de los nueve miembros de una misma organización condenados por tráfico de drogas. Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad trianguladas con información policial y documentos judiciales. Los internos hacen un amplio uso de técnicas para justificar su conducta, cuestionando la norma legal y atribuyendo la responsabilidad a circunstancias externas como “no tener otra salida”. Los integrantes de la periferia utilizan menos técnicas y en menos ocasiones que los del núcleo y son los únicos que asumen la responsabilidad por el delito cometido.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
La presente investigación surge ante la necesidad de frenar el crecimiento de la corrupción que ocurre dentro de las instituciones públicas, específicamente, en las contrataciones del Estado. En la actualidad, es evidente que la corrupción se ha expandido a todos los rincones del sector estatal, llegando incluso a consolidarse en los aparatos más complejos del Estado como son las contrataciones públicas, donde se destina una gran cantidad de dinero para alcanzar un fin colectivo; sin embargo, tal fin social queda truncado por los actos de corrupción que se llevan a cabo dentro de la entidad pública al momento de ejecutarse las contrataciones. En tal sentido, a fin de frenar dichos actos ilícitos en las contrataciones públicas, cabe la necesidad de supervisar las actuaciones de los agentes que llevan a cabo la contratación, surge así la figura del compliance penal como una solución para frenar este problema social, configurándose como un programa de cumplimiento normativo que reduce el riesgo de actos de corrupción.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Whether the first law of black hole mechanics is correct is an important question in black holes physics. Subjected to current limited gravitational wave events, we propose its weaker version that permits a relatively large perturbation to a black hole system and implement a simple test with the first event GW150914. Confronting the strain data with the theory, we obtain the constraint on the deviation parameter $α=0.07\pm0.11$, which indicates that this weaker version is valid at the 68\% confidence level. This result implies that the first law of black hole mechanics may be correct.
We discuss the influential role of Niels Bohr's work in the anti-realist realist re-foundation of physics that took place during the 20th century. We will focus in how, developing the modern co-relational matrix of scientific understanding, his essentially anti-realist scheme was able to capture, subvert and defeat the realist program of science through the establishment of a weakened impotent form of "religious realism" grounded on faith instead of scientific conditions. Finally, we will focus in how, still today, anti-realist realism continues to rule the contemporary post-modern research in both (quantum) physics and philosophy.
We propose the concepts of philomatics and psychomatics as hybrid combinations of philosophy and psychology with mathematics. We explain four motivations for this combination which are fulfilling the desire of analytical philosophy, proposing science of philosophy, justifying mathematical algorithms by philosophy, and abstraction in both philosophy and mathematics. We enumerate various examples for philomatics and psychomatics, some of which are explained in more depth. The first example is the analysis of relation between the context principle, semantic holism, and the usage theory of meaning with the attention mechanism in mathematics. The other example is on the relations of Plato's theory of forms in philosophy with the holographic principle in string theory, object-oriented programming, and machine learning. Finally, the relation between Wittgenstein's family resemblance and clustering in mathematics is explained. This paper opens the door of research for combining philosophy and psychology with mathematics.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ketentuan pelaku incest dalam Undang-undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak studi kasus di pengadilan negeri polewali. Dan untuk mengetahui Tinjauan Yuridis Pelaku Incest (Perkawinan Sedarah) terhadap anak dibawah umur. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, analisis, dan kasus. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah sumber data sekunder yang meliputi bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, bahan hukum tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan ayah terhadap anak kandung disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor tersebut antara lain tidak bermoral atau lemahnya iman, ekonomi, kesempatan, ancaman, pengaruh alkohol, kesepian, keluarga tidak harmonis, pendalaman ilmu hitam, dan ketidaktahuan korban tentang seksual.
Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: 1. Faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan oleh ayah terhadap anak kandung bagi pelaku Perkawinan sedarah (incest) oleh ayah terhadap anak kandung. Menunjukkan bahwa masih ada hakim yang tidak menerapkan sanksi pidana sebagaimana aturan yang berlaku. Penjatuhan pidana kandung. Menunjukkan bahwa, Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan ayah terhadap anak kandung disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain tidak bermoral atau lemahnya iman, ekonomi, kesempatan, ancaman, pengaruh alkohol, kesepian, keluarga tidak harmonis, pengaruh ilmu hitam. 2. Penerapan sanksi pidana dan upaya penanggulangan memang tidak dapat mengembalikan kerugian yang diderita korban, namun setidaknya dengan penjatuhan sanksi yang berat, secara psikologis dapat memberikan kepuasan terhadap korban dan merasa dihargai
Kata kunci : Inces , Sanksi Pidana, Upaya Penanggulangan
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law