La historia de la ciencia y la historia ambiental han tenido genealogías particulares, han seguido trayectorias y desarrollos disciplinares independientes y, tradicionalmente, también se han interesado por temas diversos desde enfoques disímiles. Sin embargo, el diálogo entre ambas disciplinas no solo es posible, sino fructífero. Este artículo quiere ofrecer ejemplos de puntos donde se ha producido el encuentro entre la historia de la ciencia y la historia ambiental en cuatro temas o enfoques: la historia agraria; la historia de la tecnología; el estudio de la contaminación, la toxicidad y la creación de ignorancia, y la relación entre la ciencia y el pensamiento ambiental. El artículo es una muestra, necesariamente parcial, de la literatura en la intersección de las dos historiografías revisadas, con el objetivo de presentar trabajos ya realizados que puedan servir para abrir nuevas líneas de investigación.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
Background: Diabetes mellitus is rapidly becoming one of the main health issues and problem in the 21st century among humans, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing both in developed and developing countries. Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem that results in serious consequences on global health and its economy. This study aimed to assess the diabetic attitude regarding their nutritional status in Kirkuk city.Methods: A descriptive design study started from 12 November 2023 and ended at 28 March 2024 in three places in Kirkuk city in Iraq, with a non–random sample collection of (425) diabetic patients who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.47 ± 16.24 years. Of them, 49.6% were men compared to 50.4% female. Additionally, 318 (74.8%) of participants had accompanying diseases, including diabetes. Conclusion: There was a high level of attitude among diabetic patients regarding their nutritional status in Kirkuk City.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, General works
Malte B. Holtershinken, Pia Lange, Tim Erdbrugger
et al.
EDIT: A revised version of this article has been published in the SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, see https://epubs.siam.org/doi/full/10.1137/23M1582874. In the revised version, the name of the approach was changed from"localized subtraction"to"local subtraction". In FEM-based EEG and MEG source analysis, the subtraction approach has been proposed to simulate sensor measurements generated by neural activity. While this approach possesses a rigorous foundation and produces accurate results, its major downside is that it is computationally prohibitively expensive in practical applications. To overcome this, we developed a new approach, called the local subtraction approach. This approach is designed to preserve the mathematical foundation of the subtraction approach, while also leading to sparse right-hand sides in the FEM formulation, making it efficiently computable. We achieve this by introducing a cut-off into the subtraction, restricting its influence to the immediate neighborhood of the source. In this work, this approach will be presented, analyzed, and compared to other state-of-the-art FEM right-hand side approaches. We perform validation in multi-layer sphere models where analytical solutions exist. There, we demonstrate that the local subtraction approach is vastly more efficient than the subtraction approach. Moreover, we find that for the EEG forward problem, the local subtraction approach is less dependent on the global structure of the FEM mesh when compared to the subtraction approach. Additionally, we show the local subtraction approach to rival, and in many cases even surpass, the other investigated approaches in terms of accuracy. For the MEG forward problem, we show the local subtraction approach and the subtraction approach to produce highly accurate approximations of the volume currents close to the source.
A. Ioannidis, Javier Blanco-Portillo, E. Hagelberg
et al.
: By demonstrating the role that historical population replacements and waves of admixture have played around the world, the prior work of Reich and colleagues has provided a paradigm for understanding human history [Reich et al. 2009; Reich et al. 2012; Patterson et al. 2012]. Although we show in Ioannidis et al. [2021] that the peopling of Polynesia was a range expansion, and not, as suggested by Huang et al. [2022], yet another example of waves of admixture and large-scale gene flow between populations, we believe that our result in this recently settled oceanic expanse is the exception that proves the rule. In
Although the ethnoecology of the Chukchi has long been the focus of researchers, a systemic description informing the history of plant use, including local names or modes of harvesting and preparation, suitability for different ages, and different occasions, is largely lacking. C. H. Merck provided the first account of food plants at the end of the 18th century, during the Billings-Sarychev expedition, however, the first information regarding traditionally used medicinal plants was published only recently, after centuries of contact. During our 2014-2015 fieldwork, we interviewed 56 Chukchi people in the Chukotskii and Iultinskii districts of Chukotka to collect material on the most common local plants. We also gathered data on Chukchi ethnobotany from all available published sources. Slight differences were observed between maritime and reindeer Chukchi, with the former relying more on plant resources. Access limitations (e.g., algae) are reduced by exchanges between the two groups. The decline in the consumption of roots gathered from vole nests ( peɬqumret ) is compensated by an increase in berry harvesting (e.g., cloudberry, crowberry, bog blueberry, and lingonberry). Our results also show that the main medical uses are aimed at disease prevention, though some are borrowed from scientific pan-Russian herbal medicine popularized during the Soviet period.
The journal of research on history of medicine (RHM) starts to be published from Feb. 2012. It passed its first decade of life by publishing current issue. By analyzing these 10 volumes, it shows that there are 284 articles that are written by 342 authors from 18 countries. These authors are affiliated to 90 institutions, that Shiraz University of medical sciences has the most contribution among them. In addition, the share of Iranian authors is more than other countries significantly. The journal is indexed in 14 indexing and abstracting databases. It needs to set a program for improving the quality of international cooperation, indexing of the journal and published papers for next decade.
Medicine, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
In the article the most important events from the history of
Chernivtsi State Medical Institute for the period from 1954 to 1974. in
a logical sequence are presented. The aim of scientific work is to
correct the formation of stereotype regarding the activities of the edu-
cational institution in a defined period. The relevance of the research
is determined by the need to create a documented review of the acti-
ivities of Bukovinian State Medical University in 1954-1974. The
methodology of the work is based on the analysis of hist-
graphical publications and archival materials. Conclusions. The arti-
cle describes that the first post-war decade of the Institute's activities
which took place in extremely difficult economic, social, cultural,
epidemiological, sanitary and hygienic conditions. The period from
1954 to 1974 had more favorable material, technical, personnel, met-
hodological and scientific prerequisites. This state of affairs allowed
to strengthen the educational base, living and leisure conditions of
students and teachers, improve methodological work, achieve positive
results in the scientific field and their implementation in practical
medicine. As a result the main socio-political task, which was not
finally solved during the first decade, – increasing the percentage of
students coming from Chernivtsi and other regions of Western Ukrai-
ne to the optimal number necessary for the country's economy in that
historical period was achieved.
Numerous letters and feedback about the work of the Institute's
graduates testified that the doctors who have received the BSMI dip-
loma showed themselves as good specialists.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
En este trabajo nos ocupamos del desarrollo de la anatomopatología en el campo psiquiátrico en Buenos Aires, Argentina, principalmente en el Hospicio de las Mercedes a principios del 1900. Por medio del doctor Domingo Cabred, el gobierno argentino contrató al médico alemán Cristofredo Jacob a través del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, para que se hiciera cargo del Laboratorio de Clínica Psiquiátrica y Neurológica del Hospicio de las Mercedes (1889-1904). Para facilitar su trabajo, se construyó un laboratorio que era la réplica exacta del laboratorio de anatomía patológica en el que Jacob trabajaba en Alemania. Su labor fue fundamental, dado que cimentó la escuela neurobiológica argentina, campo en el que dejó importantes discípulos (Stagnaro, 2006). A partir de este contexto, investigaremos en este artículo parte del trabajo desarrollado en dicho laboratorio. Nos centraremos en los registros de una población de pacientes que fallecieron y fueron autopsiados en el hospicio. Examinaremos cuáles fueron los diagnósticos y analizaremos algunos vínculos entre la clínica de investigación y la teoría de la época referida a la anatomía patológica. Demostraremos que las prácticas del laboratorio –no sólo la autopsia, sino también los análisis de sangre– eran tecnologías críticas para sostener el marco diagnóstico higiénico. Las autopsias construyeron la conexión causal entre los cambios del cuerpo anatomoclínico y la psicopatología; y así, establecía la disciplina psiquiátrica como una rama legitima de la medicina, que generaba explicaciones científicas para la problemática social de la inmigración en el cambio de siglo en Argentina.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
La fiebre hemorrágica argentina (FHA) es una enfermedad viral aguda grave, detectada en 1955, que está radicada en una zona de intensiva actividad agrícola. Este artículo indaga algunas de las líneas de investigación recientes, con el objetivo de analizar continuidades y rupturas en las prácticas médicas y en los grupos sociales identificados como principales grupos de riesgo de la FHA. Para ello, se realiza un somero recorrido por la historia de la enfermedad, y se explora la trayectoria del centro de salud que concentra las investigaciones, la producción y la distribución de la vacuna, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui” (INEVH). A partir de literatura secundaria especializada, fuentes primarias y entrevistas a investigadores y personal del INEVH, se estudia esta trayectoria institucional y los conflictos presentes en su desarrollo, asociados a problemáticas sociales y económicas del medio rural en el que viven y trabajan tanto los médicos y científicos involucrados como la población afectada.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
Soraya Bianca Reis Duarte, Neuma Chaveiro, Adriana Ribeiro de Freitas
et al.
Resgata, contextualiza e caracteriza os aspectos sócio-históricos e culturais da comunidade surda que usa a Língua Brasileira de Sinais com enfoque no modelo socioantropológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a revisão bibliográfica em livros-textos e artigos científicos disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, independentemente da data de publicação. Foram encontrados 102 artigos e 53 livros, dos quais 33 livros-textos e 26 artigos (quatro da base de dados Lilacs e 22 da Medline) constituíram a amostra. Hoje, em contraste com o passado, há leis que asseguram o direito de comunicação e atendimento por meio da Língua Brasileira de Sinais. É urgente a repercussão, aceitação e inserção, nas políticas de saúde, do que estabelecem as leis brasileiras.
One simple idea can be the spark of a dream that begins to shape a lifelong journey of exploration, discovery, and transformation. I recall tilting my head towards the night sky at the age of nine years old. I was drawn to the vastness and beauty of space and I further envied those who could ride rickets to their destination. As I stared in complete admiration at the night sky, I hoped I would go to space, either as an astronaut or as a space tourist. My dreams were fostered as if it were more of a destiny than a mere fantasy. I knew I wasn't content with being bound to the Earth and my imagination, mind and heart began to soar to the limitless possibilities that the void of space encompassed. That void harbored a sense of awe, adventure and a belief that anything is possible. This dream was harnessed into a passion that drove my motivation and led me to excel. I decided to pursue an unconventional career path pursuing space medicine. However, my passion was unquestionable allowing me to overcome challenges paving the way to success. I cannot encapsulate the breadth of growth I have undergone since stepping into the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University. I have traveled the world to pursue my unique dreams against all fears of failure. I have worked in affiliation with renowned international institutions, and further presented at national and international conferences. Before I knew it, I began transforming into a medical student leader for the aerospace industry. I began receiving support and encouragement from a variety of agencies that believed in my capabilities and the achievement of my goals. I was selected by the Canadian Space Agency and NASA to be the sole Canadian student to attend the NASA Ames Research Center on a research grant – the ultimate dream realized for an avid space enthusiast. I went on to being recognized for my leadership in the aerospace medical community by the Order of Canada mentorship program, the Canadian Medical Association, Space Medicine Association, and became a Quebec finalist in the 2011 Rhodes Scholarship selection. Through all these experiences, I have grown as a medical student and developed skills essential in international and interdisciplinary collaboration, leadership, and aptitudes required to attain my goals. However, it wasn't these successes that defined my ability to rise to the challenge, but the failures that I encountered along the way. I am a dreamer, innovator and attainer. I dream of possibilities, I create opportunities and I realize my goals through various avenues. Space is a magical place and humanity has always been pulled towards its enchantment: from the ancient civilizations who found pantheons of gods in the blackness of space, to the later scientists who searched for universal truth and discovered the movement of planets and established the laws of physics. It is human nature to be thinkers and explorers, and space opened the human imagination because it was unknown and remains unknown to this day. Humanity's curiosity, quest for knowledge and greed led to a rich history of space exploration that set the standards for success in the space industry worldwide. And space continues to blaze new paths at the forefront of human understanding. My goal is to be at that frontier and begin an expedition unparalleled by any other. To this very day, I tilt my head towards the night sky. I don't know if I will ever have the chance to become one of the select few to travel beyond Earth's gravity, but one thing I can guarantee is that I am going to make the attempt. As the frontiers of science and technology push forward, so too do the ideas, creativity and innovation of talented people. There is no boundary to space and there is no limitation to the imagination. The final frontier isn't space; I believe it's the breath of the human imagination. With that in mind, this expedition that I have embarked on is bound to be an exciting one. It is with great pleasure the McGill Journal of Medicine Issue 13.2 will have aerospace medicine as the focus section. I hoped to share my passions for space and medicine with the community at large, and I am privileged and humbled to have participation and support from the space life sciences community. Thank you.