Hasil untuk "History of education"

Joanna Wojdon, Dorota Wiśniewska

This article is based on the content analysis of the Polish Facebook group Nauczyciele historii (“History Teachers”) which is administered by, and addressed to, practicing and prospective history teachers. The group’s over six thousand members engage and interact by writing, reading, reacting to, and commenting via as many as twenty plus posts daily. We examined the group’s on-line discussions for manifestations of the member-teachers’ epistemic considerations: their reasoning about the epistemic nature of history; their assumptions regarding the goals and meaning of history as a school subject; and their attitudes toward the narratives of difference, diversity, and multi-perspectivism. Our findings reveal that Polish history teachers’ epistemology is poorly conceptualized, rather naïve, and largely unaffected by the developments in historical and didactical theories of the last 50 years. Those teachers do not reflect on the epistemic nature of history. They approach history as a “science”, which they presume to be objective and unambiguous. They tend to see themselves as transmitters of knowledge about the past which their pupils should internalize, and as propagators of those “patriotic” values that - according to certain received, long-established discourses - strengthen national identity and social cohesion.

V. V. Tsibenko

The article analyses the current state and development of International Relations research in Turkey, with an emphasis on the possible causes of its periphery status and the growth points for the formation of independent theoretical approaches. The author considers the features of the development of International Relations study and education and the reasons for the lack of attention given to local theories. The analysis uses official statistical data, results of surveys, biographical profiles of leading Turkish researchers in International Relations, and their reflections on the identified problem, as well as Turkish publications in the field of International Relations with theoretical novelty. The author concludes that the prospects for Russian-Turkish relations are determined, among other things, by the ability of the Turkish International Relations school to defend its independence and develop original theoretical approaches, or to begin with, adapt non-Western theories. At present, Turkey in theoretical terms still remains in the Western orbit, but demonstrates a strong political demand to overcome this dependence. The Turkish academic community has not yet overcome the phase of critical rethinking of Western-centrism; it is only preparing to show an interest in non-Western theories of International Relations, and searching for grounds for constructing theories based on their own local environment, history and culture. The underdevelopment of theoretical research in International Relations in Turkey, despite the negative influence of its pro-Western dependence, provides scope for cooperation and positive integration for the Russian and Turkish academic environment. The acquaintance of Turkish researchers with Russian traditions and approaches to International Relations is essential for the successful development of Russian-Turkish relations.

Fahad Alfhaid, Mansour Khater Alzahrani, Mohammed Zaid Aljulifi et al.

Objective: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence and perception of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in health science students in Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at different health science colleges of Majmaah University on female students. The knowledge of the participants regarding HPV was assessed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The history of vaccination of these female participants was also enquired. Results: More than three-fifth of the participants had heard about HPV. Of these, 83 participants, 59 (71.1%), were aware that it is a disease of women and how to diagnose it. Most participants (86.7%) knew that it can cause cervical cancer, while only 57.8% knew it could be asymptomatic. There were 18% of such participants who thought that HPV and human immunodeficiency virus are the same and that there is no vaccine for the prevention of HPV. Only 14.5% (n = 12) were vaccinated against HPV. Conclusion: A clear gap between knowledge and practice of HPV vaccination was observed, and health education should be planned to educate health professionals to avoid misconceptions.

Li Wu, Guo-Zhen Chen, Zu-Rui Zeng et al.

Abstract Backgrounds Breast cancer screening plays an important role in the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the screening results and explore the influencing factors of breast cancer detection rate in Guangdong. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,024,960 women aged 35–64 in Guangdong Province during 2017–2021. The data about breast cancer screening information were collected from the Guangdong maternal and child health information system. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to explain demographic characteristics and results of breast cancer screening. The generalized linear regression model was applied to analyze the related influencing factors of breast cancer detection rate. Results The estimated detection rate of breast cancer in Guangdong Province is 70.32/105, with an early diagnosis rate of 82.06%. After adjusting covariates, those women with older age (45–55 [OR (95% CI) 2.174 (1.872, 2.526)], 55–65 [OR (95% CI) 2.162 (1.760, 2.657)]), education for high school ([OR (95% CI) 1.491 (1.254, 1.773)]) and older age at first birth ([OR (95% CI) 1.632 (1.445, 1.844)]) were more likely to have higher detection rate of breast cancer. No history of surgery or biopsy ([OR (95% CI) 0.527 (0.387, 0.718)]), no history of breast cancer check ([OR (95% CI) 0.873 (0.774, 0.985)]) and no family history of breast cancer ([OR (95% CI) 0.255 (0.151, 0.432)]) women were more likely to screen negative for breast cancer (P < 0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of breast cancer in screening showed an increasing trend year by year in Guangdong Province. Older age, education for high school and older age at first birth were risk factors for breast cancer detection rate, while no surgery or biopsy history, no family history of breast cancer and no history of breast cancer check were protective factors.

O. M. Perminova, N. P. Ustinova, E. A. Trefilova

Today one of the most strategically important directions of improvement of the activity of educational institutions becomes the implementing of technology of mentoring in the educational system. The need for mentoring is due to the fact that rapid changes in the education system, transformation of organizational processes require that all participants of educational relations flexible and instant reaction. Mentoring allows to connect professional development, resistance to change, the formation of new competencies, as well as mutual social exchange in an integrated approach to each participant of the educational process. Despite discussions of scholars and practitioners concerning mentoring problems, there is no single methodological approach to the organization of mentoring system in an educational institution of higher education as a unit of innovative educational system. The article analyzes the history of development, principles and types of mentoring, reveals the content of mentoring system; presents the results of the author’s research and suggests a mechanism for organizing a mentoring system in an educational institution of higher education. As a tool for the development of the mentoring system at the university, it is proposed to create a community – a club for the development of meta-skills within the educational institution.

Susan M. Drake, Joanne L. Reid

Integrated or interdisciplinary curriculum (IC) is an effective and relevant way to teach the 21st century competencies and to apply the transdisciplinary skills necessary for solving complex global problems. We review the underpinnings of both traditional and progressive education and past periods of implementation of IC in order to understand its history. Multiple definitions of IC are identified on a continuum. Reasons to dismiss the continuum are also offered. Two periods when IC was implemented in a consistent way in the United States are explored: the progressive era from 1919 to 1955, and the late 1980s and early 1990s. Similarities in each era are identified such as progressive principles of teaching and learning. Differences are also considered in basic assumptions held by curriculum developers of the day with the 1980s and 1990s lacking the 1930s deep social purpose of teaching for a democratic society. The socio-political context is visited to understand the beginnings and endings of these eras. The current educational context is then viewed from a global context. We see a landscape in which accountability and disciplines are counterbalanced by a global redefinition of what’s worth knowing and a shift toward interdisciplinary competencies/skills/capabilities, well-being and teaching the whole child. Indeed, this is happening in places around the planet such as Finland. The ideas are reminiscent of the 1930s progressive movement—a time of experimentation when student interests and needs more than disciplinary content shaped an IC. We propose that the current global conversation can offer conceptual cohesion to encourage and support the implementation of IC and can act as a proxy for the Progressive Education Association that guided practitioners from 1919 to 1955.

Zaur S. Ibragimov

Since the founding of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation in 2004, this institution has been actively involved in large-scale international cultural relations. The purpose of creating this fund was to preserve and popularize the legacy of the national leader of the Azerbaijani people, Heydar Aliyev, to convey the truth about Azerbaijan to the world community, and to familiarize with its history, culture, and spiritual values. The purpose of this article is to determine the stages of formation and development of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, to analyze the directions of its multi-vector activity and to justify the role of the Foundation in forming a positive image of independent Azerbaijan. Along with general logical methods, the methods of political monitoring, content analysis, historical and comparative analysis are used, which make it possible to highlight the complex of activities carried out by the Fund and to forecast the trends of its further activity. Since the foundation of the Foundation, important projects have been developed and successfully implemented to protect the welfare of the Azerbaijani people, protect their national heritage and moral values. The Heydar Aliyev Foundation, paying special attention to the expansion of cooperation with Islamic countries in the field of science and culture, ensured the achievement of the highest level of development of relations between Azerbaijan and the Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture. The Heydar Aliyev Foundation paid serious attention to the expansion of cooperation within the framework of the UN, which resulted in the adoption of the Program on creating conditions for the use of information and communication technologies by people with visual impairments. According to the results of the research, it was established that the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, in cooperation with the government, parliament and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, plays the role of one of the effective means of implementing the foreign policy, social, humanitarian, political, economic and cultural strategy of Azerbaijan. The Foundation was able to form a positive image of Azerbaijan on an international scale, establishing constructive cooperation in all spheres, both with individual states and with influential international and regional organizations.

This issue of the history of universities contains, as usual, an interesting mix of learned articles and book reviews covering topics related to the history of higher education. The volume combines original research and reference material. This issue includes articles on the topics of Alard Palenc; Joseph Belcher and Latin at Harvard; Queens College in Massachusetts; and university reform in Europe. The text includes a review essay as well as the usual book reviews.

N. M. Santucci, B. Garber, R. Ivory et al.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of ototoxicity monitoring for patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy in an academic medical center with particular attention to how closely monitoring adheres to national ototoxicity guidelines. Methods Case series including retrospective medical records review of patients (age > 18) treated with cisplatin at University of California Davis Medical Center between January 2014 and August 2017. Patient and ototoxicity related variables were analyzed. Patients that underwent a transfer of care during treatment and with less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. Results Three hundred seventy-nine patients met study criteria, of which 104 (27.4%) had a prior history of hearing loss. Prior to treatment, 196 (51.7%) patients were counseled regarding the ototoxic nature of cisplatin and 92 (24.3%) patients had a pretreatment audiogram. During treatment, 91 (24%) patients had documented otologic complaints. Only 17 patients (4.5%) patients had an audiogram ordered during their cisplatin treatment period. 130 (34.3%) patients had otologic complaints following cisplatin treatment. Audiograms were ordered for 20 (7.8%), 13 (5.1%), and 16 (6.2%) patients at 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups, respectively. No patients in the study cohort received baseline, treatment, and post-treatment audiograms as recommended by national ototoxicity monitoring protocols. Patients with Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) represented the largest subgroup that received cisplatin (n = 122, 32.2%) and demonstrated higher rates of ototoxicity counseling (n = 103, 84.4%) and pretreatment audiograms (n = 70, 57.4%) compared to the non HNC group (n = 36, 36.2%, P < 0.0001 and n = 22, 8.5%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions There is poor adherence to national ototoxicity monitoring guidelines at a large academic medical center. This is a missed opportunity for intervention and aural rehabilitation. Improved education and collaboration between otolaryngology, audiology, and medical oncology is needed to develop and promote an effective ototoxicity-monitoring program. Graphical abstract

Sidik Awaludin, Elly Nurachmah, Tri Wisesa Soetisna et al.

Background: Cardiac surgery can elicit both physical and psychological responses. Prayer, exercise therapy, education, hypnosis, and music are expected to be able to overcome pain, anxiety, and immobilization in the cardiac surgery. This study was to create a smartphone-based peri-operative nursing intervention model that was able to reduce pain, anxiety, and increase early mobilization cardiac surgery patients. Design and Methods: This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was research and development, the second was true experimental design, and the third was cross sectional design. The samples size was 86 respondents. The intervention models for the treatment group comprised of a smartphone-based therapy of prayer, education, exercise, hypnosis, and music. The control group was given standard hospital intervention according to the clinical pathway. Results: The majority of respondents were adults, male, high school graduate in the treatment group and bachelor graduate in the control group, CABG type of surgery, and having pain history. The intervention had a significant effect on reducing pain scale and anxiety level as well as increasing early mobilization (p<0.05). The intervention had a direct effect on pain and anxiety, but it had no direct effect on early mobilization. However, it gave indirect effect on early mobilization that was mediated by anxiety. Conclusion: The models can be used by nurses to reduce pain, anxiety and to increase early mobilization on cardiac surgery patients.

Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez, Yuri Sánchez-Martínez, Fabio Camilo Suárez-Cadena et al.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common medical complication during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of UTI in socially vulnerable pregnant women in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and to characterize these cases. Also, to identify the factors associated with the development of this complication and the antibiotic resistance profile of the microorganisms causing the infection. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the data obtained in a main study conducted on 838 pregnant women treated by the public healthcare network of Bucaramanga. The prevalence of UTI was estimated considering the number of pregnant women with a urine culture report (n=648). A descriptive analysis of the sample characteristics and a bivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the differences in the diagnosis of UTI. Finally, factors associated with UTI were estimated using a binomial logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of UTI during pregnancy was 14.51% (n=94). For each year that maternal age increased, a 6% reduction in the prevalence of UTI (PR: 0.94 95% CI: 0.90-0.98, p<0.001) was observed. Moreover, an association was found between having a history of UTI and developing this complication during pregnancy (PR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.81-7.08, p= 0.005). The most common pathogens isolated were E. Coli (75.53%) and Klebsiella spp (17.02%). Conclusion: About 15% of the participants had UTI, so it is necessary to implement health education strategies aimed at socially vulnerable pregnant women, mainly the youngest and those with a history of UTI, to reduce its occurrence and possible consequences for maternal-fetal health. Furthermore, the data reported herein may help develop public policies to improve prevention and care of UTI in this population.

Kelyana da Silva Lustosa, Maria do Socorro Silva

A proposição básica deste artigo é apresentar um estudo exploratório acerca dos movimentos educativos populares da década de 1960, especialmente a Campanha de Educação Popular que se desenvolveu na Paraíba entre 1961 e 1964, e as Ligas Camponesas. Objetiva-se, assim, realizar um mapeamento da produção acadêmica dos últimos dez anos (2006-2016) a partir de dois lócus epistêmicos: as reuniões da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação (Anped) e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB que possui desde a década de 1970 uma linha de Pesquisa sobre Educação Popular. A dimensão descritiva da produção acadêmica e científica sobre o tema nos possibilitou uma aproximação teórica e conceitual com o objeto de estudo, uma ordenação do conjunto de informações e resultados obtidos sobre a temática, evidenciando a necessidade de pesquisas que tratem sobre a relação entre estas duas práticas de Educação Popular desenvolvidas no Estado da Paraíba na década de 1960.

Edite Vila Nova Rosário, Manuel Carmo Gomes, Miguel Brito et al.

<h4>Objectives</h4>Maternal health care improvement and reduction of maternal and child mortality are priorities of the global health agenda. In Angola, maternal mortality remains high and the risk of pregnancy-related death was 1 in 32 during 2015. This study aims to identify demographic and social factors influencing antenatal care and health facility delivery among women in Dande and to understand their impact on birth outcomes.<h4>Methods</h4>This study is based on community-based longitudinal data collected by the Dande Health and Demographic Surveillance System between 2009 and 2015. Data on pregnancy outcomes (10,289 outcomes of 8,066 women) were collected for all reported pregnancies, including sociodemographic information, health services utilisation and women's reproductive history. Logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of birth outcomes, antenatal care attendance and institutionalised delivery.<h4>Findings</h4>Of the 10,289 pregnancy outcomes, 98.5% resulted in live births, 96.8% attended antenatal care, and 82.5% had four or more visits. Yet, 50.7% of the women delivered outside a health facility. Antenatal care attendance was a determinant of birth outcomes (stillbirth: unadjusted OR = 0.34 95% CI = 0.16-0.70; abortion: OR = 0.07 95% CI = 0.04-0.12). Older women, with lower education, living at a greater distance of a health facility and in rural areas, were less likely to use maternal health care. Having had previous pregnancies, namely resulting in live births, also decreased the likelihood of health care utilization by pregnant women.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The study identifies relevant social determinants for the utilisation of antenatal care, place of delivery and their impact on birth outcome, thereby providing insight on how best to address inequities in health care utilization.

James D. Fleming

Francis Bacon took his inspiration from the Bible. Specifically, from the vision of the apocalypse in the book of Daniel. This Bacon interprets via the circumnavigations of the 15th and 16th centuries. The scripture predicts an increase of knowledge in the time of the end. Bacon links his own natural philosophy to this apocalyptic hope. Attacking Renaissance Aristotelianism, he proposes an entirely new science. And yet — as scholars have shown — it is surprisingly close to the old one. The solution to this puzzle lies in the Baconian exegesis of Daniel. The end of the world is the meta-theory for Bacon’s scientific theory.

Jonathan Zimmerman

A. C. True

P. Morgan

Tamara de Souza Campos

Maria De Lourdes Pinto de Almeida, Cesar Geronimo Tello

Este artigo pretende pensar a escola como um espaço de tolerância e de respeito, que propicie o desenvolvimento de uma cultura democrática, de maneira que o seu funcionamento estimule a participação de todos na tomada de decisões. Isso parece ser utópico e não fazer parte da vontade política das lideranças do mundo globalizado e, sobretudo, capitalista. O trabalho escolar realizado na gestão, na maioria das vezes, perde o sentido de espaço de troca, de construção e de relação social, e é encarado apenas como fator de emancipação econômica, moeda de troca, o que é ilusório, pois a remuneração oferecida de acordo com o mercado não atende, há muito tempo, às reais necessidades. Desse modo, objetiva-se discutir a gestão escolar diante de um contexto histórico na América Latina, ditado por um Estado Neoliberal que não valoriza a Educação Escolar e que entende o trabalho enquanto venda de força produtiva por um salário no final do mês, e não enquanto produção da existência humana.    Education and school management in Latin America: history, challenges and opportunities   Abstract This article intends to think the school as a place of tolerance and respect that fosters the development of a democratic culture, so that its operation encourages the participation of all in decision making processes. This seems to be utopian and not part of the political will of the leaders of the globalized and - especially - capitalist world. The work performed in school management, in most cases, loses the sense of space of exchanges, of social construction and relationship, and is seen only as a factor of economic emancipation and currency exchange, which is illusory because the compensation offered according to the market no long meets the real needs. This way, our goal is to discuss the school management before a historical context in Latin America, which is dictated by a neoliberal state that does not value the school education and that understands labor as sale of productive force for a salary at the end of the month and not as production of human existence. Keywords: School Management in Latin America. Education and Management. School and Management in Latin America.   La educación y la gestión de las escuelas en América Latina: historia, retos y posibilidades   Resumen   Este artículo se propone pensar la escuela como un lugar de tolerancia y de respeto que propicie el desarrollo de una cultura democrática, por lo que su funcionamiento anima a la participación de todos en la toma de decisiones. Esto parece ser una utopía y no forma parte de la voluntad política de los líderes del mundo globalizado y sobre todo capitalista. En el trabajo de gestión en la escuela, la mayoría de las veces, se pierde el sentido del espacio de intercambio, la construcción y las relaciones sociales, y es visto sólo como un factor de emancipación económica, el comercio de divisas, que es ilusorio, porque la remuneración ofrecida a partir de la lógica del mercado no atiende desde hace mucho tiempo las necesidades reales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es discutir la dirección [gestión] de la escuela en un contexto histórico en América Latina, dictada por un Estado neoliberal que no valora la educación escolar y que entiende el trabajo como la venta de la fuerza productiva para un sueldo a fin de mes, y no como una producción de la existencia humana. Palabras claves: Gestión Escolar en América Latina. Educación y Gestión. Escuela y Gestión en América Latina.  

Gérard Emptoz

The history of chemistry records that two chemists, the Frenchman Achille Le Bel and the Dutchman Jacobus Van't Hoff (1852-1911), were the co-founders of modern stereochemistry for having proposed the theory of molecular asymmetry separately and without any consultation in 1874. Fourteen years after his discovery, Le Bel decided to seek the recognition of his French colleagues by applying to the Académie des Sciences, and thus obtain a deserved reputation. For his part, Van't Hoff received the fruits of his discovery by obtaining professorships at major universities in Amsterdam and Charlottenburg, and the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901. For Le Bel, after eight unsuccessful applications to the Institute, the term 'rejected' may be applied. The weight of the networks in place in the scientific institutions of the time and also clashes within the French chemists contributed to these failures. When he was finally elected in 1929, Le Bel bore the brunt of the tensions within the national scientific world.