Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Jerzy Pietrzak

Artykuł prezentuje dzieje zamku w Mirze od końca XVIII wieku do połowy XX wieku, skupiając się na jego ostatnich właścicielach – rodzie Światopełk-Mirskich. Po zarysowaniu wcześniejszej historii rezydencji (rodziny Illiniczy, Radziwiłłowie), autor opisuje przejście dóbr w ręce Wittgensteinów, a następnie Hohenlohów. Kluczowym momentem jest nabycie zamku przez księcia Mikołaja Światopełk-Mirskiego w 1895 r. Autor przedstawia sylwetki Mikołaja, jego żony Kleopatry oraz ich syna Michała – ostatniego właściciela zamku, który podjął szeroko zakrojone prace konserwatorskie i modernizacyjne w okresie międzywojennym, współpracując m.in. z wybitnymi konserwatorami jak Kazimierz Bursze czy Stanisław Lorentz. Opisano również adopcję Aleksandra jako sukcesora, a także tragiczne losy rodziny po 1939 r. (aresztowania, zesłania, emigracja). W zakończeniu poruszono powojenne losy zamku: dewastację, późniejsze restauracje i wpis na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO w 2000 r.

Radosław Domke

The article analyses the motif of the countryside in films made during the last two decades of the Polish People’s Republic, focusing on contemporary plots of the era. It explores the city–countryside dichotomy, where the countryside symbolises traditionalism, while the city represents modernisation and social advancement. The role of dual occupation population and the ambivalent effects of urbanisation are also discussed.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

A combination of searches for singly and doubly charged Higgs bosons, H± and H±±, produced via vector-boson fusion is performed using 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Searches targeting decays to massive vector bosons in leptonic final states (electrons or muons) are considered. New constraints are reported on the production cross-section times branching fraction for charged Higgs boson masses between 200 GeV and 3000 GeV. The results are interpreted in the context of the Georgi-Machacek model for which the most stringent constraints to date are set for the masses considered in the combination.

Agata Wójcik

Artykuł jest pierwszą analizą albumu zatytułowanego „Wnętrze”, zawierającego projekty umeblowania wnętrz mieszkalnych autorstwa Zbigniewa Otfinowskiego, absolwenta Szkoły Sztuk Zdobniczych i Przemysłu Artystycznego w Krakowie. Album przechowywany jest w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie. Powstał on zapewne w połowie lat 30. XX w. Projekty mebli były przeznaczone do mieszkań średnio zamożnych klientów. Wpisywały się one w styl art déco, który w tym czasie charakteryzował się odejściem od dekoracji i posługiwaniem się formami geometrycznymi, a także efektownymi fornirami. Tekst pokazuje ponadto, że projekty pochodzące sprzed prawie stu lat nadal mogą zostać zrealizowane lub mogą stanowić inspirację. Na początku lat 20. XXI w. moda na styl art déco powróciła w dziedzinie projektowania mebli, akcesoriów i wnętrz mieszkalnych. Projektanci proponują aranżacje, które mają oddać atmosferę tamtych czasów, firmy meblarskie produkują meble stylizowane na sprzęty w tym stylu lub tworzą ich repliki, kwitnie też handel autentycznymi meblami z epoki i pojawiają się propozycje, jak oryginalne sprzęty art déco aranżować we współczesnych wnętrzach. W tym kontekście album „Wnętrze” może stać się zbiorem inspiracji dla osób, które chciałyby urządzić swoje mieszkanie w nawiązaniu do stylu art déco i poszukują wzorów mebli, według których specjalistyczne firmy wykonają sprzęty. Może być on dzisiaj także wzornikiem, z którego skorzystają firmy produkujące repliki mebli art déco.

Andrzej Pieczewski, Aliaksandra Sidarava

The Eastern European state of Belarus, a former Soviet republic, is classified as a pure autocracy, and 2024 marks three decades since its strongman leader Alexander Lukashenko came to power. Over the years, Lukashenko has created a unique type of economy synergistic with the political system and known as “state capitalism.” In this paper, we refer to the theories of Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson to explore the factors and institutions that facilitated Lukashenko’s rise to power and ensure the durability of the Belarusian authoritarian system. We found that the case of Belarus is unique and holds relevance for post-Soviet studies, deviating in some respects from Acemoglu and Robinson’s theory, especially regarding the dictator’s ascent to power and the factors sustaining the system. We hypothesise that culture and mental models were crucial for Lukashenko to take power, while the system’s persistence is, in large part, due to the dictator’s external protector, Russia. We use historical analysis and evaluate economic and institutional development indicators.

Jan Wasiewicz

M. Balawejder, A. Warchoł, Kalle Konttinen

Land consolidation in rural areas is greatly influenced by a number of social, agricultural, and economic factors. They extend the time and complicate activities related to the implementation of this project. Land consolidation is a huge investment, requiring a good and up-to-date map. Up-to-date data that reflects reality are the basis for good and efficient land consolidation in rural areas. To improve the creation of a land consolidation project, the most appropriate solution would be to place all the necessary data to create a land consolidation project on “geoportals” websites. Providing data on the websites of geoportals in Poland and Finland in the form of a map portal would enable both visual and substantive analysis of spatial changes in rural areas. Therefore, this article pursues two main scientific goals. The first purpose of this article is to analyze the history and scope of land consolidation in Poland and Finland in order to learn the specifics of land consolidation in a given country. Comparisons and analyses were made on the basis of the authors’ experience in Poland and Finland with land consolidation in the areas described. The second scientific goal of the article is to compare the availability of geospatial data in the context of the methodology of performing land consolidation in rural areas, which leads to increased energy efficiency in agricultural production by reducing the need for energy, especially fuel for agricultural machinery. The results from the table with a list of geoportals in Poland and Finland are a summary of the data available for free. Thanks to it, land consolidation contractors around the world will have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with and perhaps use this data when creating a rural land consolidation project. Good land consolidation planning will lead to effective and economical use of rural space. This is part of the 2030/2050 strategy. Reducing agricultural production costs, lower fuel consumption, and a smaller carbon footprint. This is what Poland and Finland are striving for as countries belonging to the European Union.

M. Bucholc

On 22 October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland ruled that an abortion due to foetal impairment was unconstitutional. This article discusses the context of this controversial ruling as well as its main tenets, focusing on the interpretation of the human rights proffered by the Tribunal and on the rule of law concerns raised by the Tribunal’s decision. Against the backdrop of a brief history of the legal regulation of abortion in Poland since 1945, the article offers a critical assessment of the human rights framework used in the Polish abortion debate. Based on a close reading of the Tribunal’s ruling and the dissenting opinions, the article points out the particularities in the Tribunal’s engagement with international law and human rights jurisprudence. The article argues that the Tribunal’s decision is yet another symptom of the crisis in which the rule of law in Poland has found itself since 2015. It bears evidence to the closing of the jurisprudential horizon caused by the political change which has been taking place in Poland since 2015, consisting of the reduction of the role of international human rights debates as a reference in Polish constitutional jurisprudence. The ruling is therefore a portent of Poland’s future compliance with its international commitments in human rights matters.

D. Kaim, D. Helmers, Michał Jakiel et al.

The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is an area where houses are located near wildland vegetation. As such, the WUI is a focal area of wildfire risk, human-wildlife conflicts, and other human-nature interactions. Although there is a wide consensus on the impact WUI existence might have, little is known about the WUI spatial determinants over long periods, especially in countries with long settlement history. Our goal here was to map the WUI across Poland, and to quantify the extent to which historical legacies shape current WUI pattern, since Poland is one of the countries, which experienced substantial political changes over time, which had an impact on historical settlement development. We analysed a database of nearly 15 million building locations and a 10-m Sentinel-2-based land cover map to produce a country-wide WUI map of Poland. Then we compared the WUI pattern among parts of Poland which belonged to different political entities in 1900s and 1930s and also among different ecoregions. Lastly, we verified the effects of the historical borders or landscape units borders on WUI patterns with a discontinuity analysis. We found that a substantial part of Poland is WUI, and over 60% of all buildings are in WUI. However, WUI patterns differ considerably across the country, and WUI hotspots are located around the largest metropolitan areas in central and southern part of Poland and in the Carpathians. Furthermore, WUI patterns reflect pre-1945 national borders indicating long-term legacies of past settlement patterns and urban planning approaches. Diversity among ecoregions was much less pronounced than among past political entities. Our work shows that current WUI pattern is to large extent shaped by former political conditions, which is likely true not only in Poland, but also in many parts of Europe and elsewhere where settlement history goes back centuries.

Agata Chełstowska, Agata Ignaciuk

This article explores the long history of Polish abortion activism from the late 1950s to the present day. Using feminist genealogy, we examine how (de)criminalization, (de)medicalization, and (de)stigmatization are addressed in the strategic narratives of three interconnected organizations: the Polish Planned Parenthood Association (PPPA), established in 1957; the Federation for Women and Family Planning (FWFP), established in 1991; and the Abortion Dream Team (ADT), established in 2016. The PPPA, active during the state-socialist period and supported by the state, applauded the legalization and medicalization of abortion while actively discouraging women from terminating pregnancies. The FWFP, which introduced the notion of abortion as a right during the democratic transition and continues to fight for access to legal abortion under current restrictions, leaves the medicalization of abortion largely unchallenged. The ADT encourages women to become their own abortion providers, to share their experiences, and to support other women. Focusing on the underlying spheres of social norms, practices, and networks, they actively work to remove the connotations of danger, sin, irresponsibility, and crime from abortion, fostering a concept of termination as the positive solution to the problem of unwanted pregnancy. Our analysis of the intersecting space between (de)criminalization, (de)medicalization, and (de)stigmatization challenges the idea of progress and modernity in abortion activism and brings to the fore the contextual implications of positioning, goals, and rhetoric.

Magdalena Zmuda Palka, M.-S. Abouna

Abstract Women’s football is gaining popularity, with more and more girls and women participating in the sport every year around the world, particularly in Europe. While the increase in participation is most noticeable in Western Europe, it is more gradual in Eastern Europe, as in Poland. A number of research studies that link women’s participation in sports to gender issues are calling into question the reasons and conditions for this growth. As a result, the issues at stake extend beyond sports practice. They lead to a parallel examination of the socio-political context (which integrates political, institutional, social, and cultural dimensions) and the evolution of women’s conditions in general and in sports, especially football. Women’s football in Poland developed slowly as a result of the general situation of women in the country as well as the influence of the country’s political situation, Catholic indoctrination, and the dominant traditionalism.

Adela Hîncu, Agata Zysiak

ABSTRACT During the long 1960s (mid-1950s to early 1970s), mass culture developed in Poland and Romania at the intersection of state policies in the field of socialist culture, ideas of democratic participation and the growing importance of expert social scientific knowledge for governance. By comparing studies that critically examined the outcomes of socialist cultural policies at the time, the article contributes an East–East perspective to the scholarship on the global 60s and socialist modernity. It reconstructs the main features of the model of socialist culture and analyses how researchers engaged with this model and its implementation. Some emphasized people’s participation in line with the party-state’s yet unfulfilled aspiration to create a democratic ‘socialist culture’. Others produced expert knowledge based on theoretical and empirical sociological research on mass culture. The article reveals how the relationship between party-state and ‘the masses’ – both as subjects of cultural policy and as consumers of culture – was mediated in research on socialist culture in Poland and Romania in the long 1960s.

Piotr Marciniak

Chambers of commerce play an important role for entrepreneurs and the economy. However, their position, organization, effectiveness and tasks vary from country to country. The challenges of the 21st-century economy require the strengthening of chambers so that they can effectively support business. We should look for possible improvements. Chambers are usually categorized into three main models: Anglo-Saxon, continental and mixed. An additional public (or administrative) model is sometimes added. The analysis of the literature shows, however, that the assignment of chambers to models is sometimes arbitrary or customary. This results in different classification of some countries into specific models – e.g. Poland is assigned to the Anglo-Saxon or mixed model, while Spain is placed in the continental model, although some features of their chambers indicate the properties of the mixed model. The systematic confusion stems from the fact that the current taxonomy is too general to address effectively some of the most important differences between chambers operating in more than 200 countries. But more important is that its design does not provide tools and information that (in the increasing complexity of today’s economy) could support the development of chambers based on the results of comparative research. This article outlines a set of the key differences between British, Polish and Belgian chambers of commerce with several references to Canadian and US chambers. They are all private law and generally listed as Anglo-Saxon model members. But there are major differences between them. It’s important to examine foreign systems when changes to the domestic chambers are considered. It should be clear that there is no single and common framework that can be just replicated. Each country’s history, economy and social norms must be considered before changes are made. This is why comparative studies are the key to finding the best improvements for local needs.

Pawel Robert Smolinski, Joseph Januszewicz, Barbara Pawlowska et al.

Poland is currently undergoing substantial transformation in its energy sector, and gaining public support is pivotal for the success of its energy policies. We conducted a study with 338 Polish participants to investigate societal attitudes towards various energy sources, including nuclear energy and renewables. Applying a novel network approach, we identified a multitude of factors influencing energy acceptance. Political ideology is the central factor in shaping public acceptance, however we also found that environmental attitudes, risk perception, safety concerns, and economic variables play substantial roles. Considering the long-term commitment associated with nuclear energy and its role in Poland's energy transformation, our findings provide a foundation for improving energy policy in Poland. Our research underscores the importance of policies that resonate with the diverse values, beliefs, and preferences of the population. While the risk-risk trade-off and technology-focused strategies are effective to a degree, we advocate for a more comprehensive approach. The framing strategy, which tailors messages to distinct societal values, shows particular promise.

Patrycja Hęćka

In this article we use the methods of functional data analysis to analyze the number of positive tests, deaths, convalescents, hospitalized and intensive care people during second and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. For this purpose firstly we convert the data to smooth functions. Then we use principal component analysis and multiple function-on-function linear regression model to analyze waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Polish voivodeships.

Aleksandra Kilian, Marcin Kadej, Jonathan Cooter et al.

Detailed redescription of morphology for three larval instars of truffle-feeder <i>Leiodes cinnamomea</i>, documented on scanning micrographs and illustrations, is provided. Systematic context, observations on biology and unique characteristics of larvae of the only well-described representative of Leiodini are discussed. Exoskeletal invaginations (pseudomycangia), granulation on the head and the median longitudinal row of sclerotized plates on tergites VII–IX—the unique structures among leiodid larvae—were confirmed, described and documented. A mosaic strategy for beetles living in ephemeral and in solid fungi is discussed.

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.

Łukasz Pałys, Maria Ganzha, Marcin Paprzycki

Nowadays, it is possible to collect precise data describing movements of public transport. Specifically, for each bus (or tram) geoposition data can be regularly collected. This includes data for all buses in Warsaw, Poland. Moreover, this data can be downloaded and analyzed. In this context, one of the simplest questions is: can a model be build to represent behavior of busses, and predict their delays. This work provides initial results of our attempt to answer this question.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

Wildan Abdussalam, Adam Mertel, Kai Fan et al.

Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, decision makers have relied on forecasting models to determine and implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI). In building the forecasting models, continuously updated datasets from various stakeholders including developers, analysts, and testers are required to provide precise predictions. Here we report the design of a scalable pipeline which serves as a data synchronization to support inter-country top-down spatiotemporal observations and forecasting models of COVID-19, named the where2test, for Germany, Czechia and Poland. We have built an operational data store (ODS) using PostgreSQL to continuously consolidate datasets from multiple data sources, perform collaborative work, facilitate high performance data analysis, and trace changes. The ODS has been built not only to store the COVID-19 data from Germany, Czechia, and Poland but also other areas. Employing the dimensional fact model, a schema of metadata is capable of synchronizing the various structures of data from those regions, and is scalable to the entire world. Next, the ODS is populated using batch Extract, Transfer, and Load (ETL) jobs. The SQL queries are subsequently created to reduce the need for pre-processing data for users. The data can then support not only forecasting using a version-controlled Arima-Holt model and other analyses to support decision making, but also risk calculator and optimisation apps. The data synchronization runs at a daily interval, which is displayed at https://www.where2test.de.