Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Harald Johannes Krøvel

Jorun Larsen

Pål Nygaard

Ole Kristian Grimnes

L. Neslušan, T. J. Jopek, R. Rudawska et al.

Meteoroids of a low-inclination stream hit the Earth arriving from a direction near the ecliptic. The radiant area of stream like this is often divided into two parts: one is situated northward and the other southward of the ecliptic. In other words, two showers are caused by such a stream. Well-known examples of such showers are the Northern Taurids, #17, and Southern Taurids, #2, or the Northern $δ$-Aquariids, #26, and Southern $δ$-Aquariids, #5. While the meteoroids of the northern shower collide with the Earth in the descending node, those of the southern shower collide with our planet in the ascending node of their orbits. Because of this circumstance and tradition, the northern and southern showers must be distinguished. Unfortunately, this is not always the case with meteor showers listed in the IAU Meteor Data Center (MDC). For the same shower, some authors reported a set of its mean parameters corresponding to the northern shower and other authors to the southern shower. We found eleven such cases in the MDC. In this paper, we propose corrections of these mis-identifications.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Håkon Hermanstrand

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i livet til Martin Sivertsen og Marie Kjelsberg Finskog i siste halvdel av 1800-tallet og de første tiårene av 1900-tallet. Begge to bodde i Tråante/ Trondheim i deler av sitt liv, hadde et sterkt samisk engasjement, og begge var deltakere i den tidlige samepolitiske bevegelsen. De forsvarte begge samiske interesser i det offentlige rom. Den sammenstilte fortellinga om deres liv med et kildenært perspektiv er en av hensiktene med artikkelen. En annen hensikt med artikkelen er å gi konkrete bidrag til samisk historie, slik som samisk bosetting i Tråante/ Trondheim, ved å forsøke å operasjonalisere elementer fra urfolksteoretisk kritikk gjennom anvendelse av mikrohistoriske framgangsmåter. Dette innebærer at sørsamisk historie ofte betyr arbeider på personnivå, siden kildene er norske og svenske, og metoden må være rekonstruerende og transnasjonal. Bruken av noen få samiske stedsnavn og begreper er bevisst for å skape både gjenkjennelse og avstand.

Árni Daníel Júlíusson

Moa Nyamwathi Lønning

Sammendrag Eldre menneskers oppvekstfortellinger gir et retrospektivt og (lokal)historisk innblikk i barns lek, ansvar, familierelasjoner og generasjonsforskjeller. Denne artikkelen er basert på ni livshistorieintervjuer med personer født mellom 1923 og 1939. Fokuset er på hva og hvordan de forteller om egen oppvekst. Informantenes historier trekker frem den «gode barndom» som ble endret av krig, men også hvordan levekår påvirket barndommen og ansvar for å bidra. Deres beretninger drar på det sanselige og er fortsatt fulle av følelser og inntrykk mer enn 75 år senere. De bruker nåtiden til å formidle og ramme inn egne erfaringer, og viser også hvordan minner kan utgjøre en ressurs i eget liv og gi nytt perspektiv på tidligere og senere generasjoner. Informantenes historier drar linjer mellom samfunnsendringer og generasjonsforskjeller. De viser også hvordan eldre mennesker som tidsvitner, gir innsikt i Norges (lokal)historie, og de er en svært viktig kilde til barns opplevelser under 2. verdenskrig. Artikkelen løfter frem dette og fokuserer spesielt på minner fra tvangsevakueringen av Finnmark og Nord-Troms høsten 1944.

Miluše Juříčková

Arnaud Mazier, Alexandre Bilger, Antonio E. Forte et al.

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving inverse deformation problems using the FEniCS Project finite element software. We validate our approach with experimental imaging data acquired from a soft silicone beam under gravity. In contrast with inverse iterative algorithms that require multiple solutions of a standard elasticity problem, the proposed method can compute the undeformed configuration by solving only one modified elasticity problem. This modified problem has a complexity comparable to the standard one. The framework is implemented within an open-source pipeline enabling the direct and inverse deformation simulation directly from imaging data. We use the high-level Unified Form Language (UFL) of the FEniCS Project to express the finite element model in variational form and to automatically derive the consistent Jacobian. Consequently, the design of the pipeline is flexible: for example, it allows the modification of the constitutive models by changing a single line of code. We include a complete working example showing the inverse deformation of a beam deformed by gravity as supplementary material.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries

Philip Lavender

ABSTRACT: This introduction to Jarlmanns saga og Hermanns seeks to provide the reader of the translation with sufficient context to be able to appreciate to a greater extent the nuances of the work. Background information about the manuscript preservation and how the shorter version fits into the tradition as a whole is provided. Next some of the main topics of literary and interpretative debate are looked at, namely motifs shared with other sagas and gender representation within the saga. The introduction ends with a discussion of the later reception of the saga, principally in Johan G. Liljegrenʼs early nineteenth-century Swedish translation.

Galina I. Sinkevich

The history of the development of the concept of complex numbers from the 16th to 19th centuries. The origin and refinement of the geometric and physical meaning of complex numbers, the emergence of vectoral analysis.

Gunnar Yttri

Monika Kujawska, Ingvar Svanberg

Abstract Introduction White bryony, Bryonia alba L., is a relatively little known plant in the history of folk medicine and folk botany in eastern and northern Europe. The main aim of this article is to bring together data about Bryonia alba and to summarise its cultural history and folk botanical importance in eastern and northern Europe. Nowadays, this species is considered at best as an ornamental plant, and at worst as a noxious weed. However, ethnographic and historical sources show that it used to be of magical, medicinal and ritual importance in our part of Europe. Methods A diachronic perspective was chosen in order to outline and analyse the devolution and changes in the use of B. alba, in the course of which we take into account the social, ecological and chemical aspects of the usage of this plant. We have therefore traced down and analysed published sources such as ethnographical descriptions, floras, linguistic records and topographical descriptions from northern and central-eastern Europe, particularly Scandinavia, Baltic States, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and the Balkan Peninsula. The analysed material is presented and discussed within the biocultural domains that developed in the interaction between human societies and Bryonia alba. Results and discussion Bryonia alba has many folk names in northern and central-eastern parts of Europe: some of them refer to its medicinal properties, life form, odour, or toxicity; others to its possession by the devil. As we learn, Bryonia alba was an inexpensive surrogate for mandrake (Mandragora officinarum L.) and sold as such in the discussed parts of Europe. The folklore and medicinal properties ascribed to mandrake were passed on to white bryony due to an apparent resemblance of the roots. In ethnographic descriptions, we find a mixture of booklore, i.e. written traditions, and oral traditions concerning this species. Some of this folklore must have been an alternative stories spread by swindlers who wished to sell fake mandrake roots to people. Conclusions Plant monographs and reviews of particular species tend to concentrate on the botanicals, which might have great useful potential. White bryony presents a precisely opposite example, being a plant that used to be of medicinal relevance and was furnished with symbolical meaning, and has nowadays preserved only its ornamental value among some urban and rural dwellers of northern Europe. Nonetheless, it might be considered as a part of the biocultural heritage in old, well-preserved gardens. It is still used as a medicine in some parts of the Balkan Peninsula.

Jean-Francois Hangouet

The method used by senior geodetic engineer Jean-Georges Affholder to determine what can be termed as the 'centre of gravity' of physical Europe in 1989 and 2004 relies on mathematical formulae which, in their only published version, happen to be flawed with typographical errors that do not reflect Mr. Affholder's actual mathematical exactness. This short epistemological paper summarizes the major steps of Affholder's method, provides a corrected version of the general formulae, and briefly recalls some particulars of the specific determination of the centre of gravity of physical Europe.

Jacob Hauser, Barak Shoshany

If time travel is possible, it seems to inevitably lead to paradoxes. These include consistency paradoxes, such as the famous grandfather paradox, and bootstrap paradoxes, where something is created out of nothing. One proposed class of resolutions to these paradoxes allows for multiple histories (or timelines), such that any changes to the past occur in a new history, independent of the one where the time traveler originated. We introduce a simple mathematical model for a spacetime with a time machine, and suggest two possible multiple-histories models, making use of branching spacetimes and covering spaces respectively. We use these models to construct novel and concrete examples of multiple-histories resolutions to time travel paradoxes, and we explore questions such as whether one can ever come back to a previously visited history and whether a finite or infinite number of histories is required. Interestingly, we find that the histories may be finite and cyclic under certain assumptions, in a way which extends the Novikov self-consistency conjecture to multiple histories and exhibits hybrid behavior combining the two. Investigating these cyclic histories, we rigorously determine how many histories are needed to fully resolve time travel paradoxes for particular laws of physics. Finally, we discuss how observers may experimentally distinguish between multiple histories and the Hawking and Novikov conjectures.

Martina Hjertman, Sari Nauman, Maria Vretemark et al.

In this paper, we address some of the social impacts of war, including issues of negotiating identity during displacement caused by war. What it meant to be Swedish or Danish-Norwegian in a town where there was a not insubstantial population of foreign merchants would clearly be an ambiguous situation. Burghers were elected by fellow citizens, who were themselves from other parts of Sweden, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe, including Germany, Holland, England, and Scotland. Allegiances were contingent, and in many cases among aliens probably more local than national. The social impacts of war in modern-day west Sweden extended beyond the towns directly affected, such as Nya Lödöse and Ny Varberg. The degree to which individuals could act with agency and autonomy was contingent and context-specific. Forced migration and the negotiation of identity are issues that remain relevant today; questions of memory, property, trauma, history, and narratives are still debated by combatants and non-combatants. Many of the issues which both civilians and military men and women experienced in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century wars between Sweden and Denmark-Norway are much the same as in more recent times. The social impacts of war in the seventeenth century were no less than those experienced in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Adam Burrows

The histories of core-collapse supernova theory and of neutrino physics have paralleled one another for more than seventy years. Almost every development in neutrino physics necessitated modifications in supernova models. What has emerged is a complex and rich dynamical scenario for stellar death that is being progressively better tested by increasingly sophisiticated computer simulations. Though there is still much to learn about the agency and details of supernova explosions, whatever final theory emerges will have the neutrino at its core. I summarize in this brief contribution some of the salient developments in neutrino physics as they related to supernova theory, while avoiding any attempt to review the hundreds of pivotal papers that have pushed supernova theory forward. My goal has been merely to highlight the debt of supernova astrophysics to neutrino physics.