Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Thomas Pritchard

This essay explores the extraordinary come-back that Disraeli and the Conservative party achieved in the election of 1874. Following Gladstone’s decisive victory in 1868 and the death of Derby the following year, Disraeli had largely withdrawn from politics, returning to novel writing with the success of Lothair (1870), and then nursing his wife through her final illness. Thanks to the relative lassitude of his parliamentary performance, Disraeli lost popularity within his party; but he was not toppled, and by 1872 he could discern a change in the political climate. His views were not substantially new nor his alternative policies spelt out in any detail, but his popularity continued to grow, and when Gladstone unexpectedly called a general election in 1874 Disraeli won a large majority. This victory remains a puzzle to historians: Gladstone’s bad timing, division within the Liberal party, the effect of some recent Liberal legislation, and recent changes to the electoral system all seem contributory factors, but among them should be counted, too, Disraeli’s highly personal and deeply charismatic brand of romantic nationalism.

Robert Burroughs

This article utilises a recent discovery of a textual trace of black people’s self-representation in Edwardian Britain. It concerns an autograph book, currently kept in private hands, bearing entries by black students who attended the African Institute, Colwyn Bay, in around 1905. This short text speaks to the difficulty of accessing private writings and self-representations by black people who lived in Victorian- and Edwardian-era Britain. Though there exist substantial texts written by black people in late-nineteenth-century Britain, including texts of an autobiographical type (broadly defined), self-expressive writings by black people are unquestionably rare. In retracing black lives, scholars frequently piece together information from archival and print sources. The autograph book is itself a work of fragments, though given their autobiographical character they are both rare and valuable: quotations from Shakespeare, sketches, original verse, epigrams, and quotations from scripture. These writings afford some degree of insight into the personalities of the students, who are otherwise generally represented by onlookers in the primary and secondary literature of the Institute.

Laurence Roussillon-Constanty

Wesley Hutchinson

Since the period of the Gaelic Revival at the end of the 19th century, a lot of work has been done to establish the inclusive, cross-community credentials of the Irish language and Gaelic culture. Ulster-Scots language and culture, on the other hand, are often still perceived as “belonging” to the Protestant, unionist community. The article challenges this simplistic depiction by looking at the many cross-overs and exchanges between Ulster-Scots and the Catholic, nationalist community over the past hundred and fifty years. Focusing on two moments of heightened political tension –the Home Rule period and the period from the beginning of the Troubles to today-, the article shows how literary material deserves particular attention as it contains evidence of a much more subtle, open, less schematic representation of the Ulster Scot than is to be found in other sources.

Zifan Jiang, Adrian Soldati, Isaac Schamberg et al.

We present a novel approach to automatically detect and classify great ape calls from continuous raw audio recordings collected during field research. Our method leverages deep pretrained and sequential neural networks, including wav2vec 2.0 and LSTM, and is validated on three data sets from three different great ape lineages (orangutans, chimpanzees, and bonobos). The recordings were collected by different researchers and include different annotation schemes, which our pipeline preprocesses and trains in a uniform fashion. Our results for call detection and classification attain high accuracy. Our method is aimed to be generalizable to other animal species, and more generally, sound event detection tasks. To foster future research, we make our pipeline and methods publicly available.

Susan Ball

This article examines the responses of traditional media to an incident of everyday sexism that occurred in a town council meeting held online during the first lockdown of the Covid-19 pandemic. The incident received a brief period of notoriety consequent on the uploading on to Twitter of a 30-second video of the complete video of the meeting, which went viral during the third lockdown. The context for the incident and the media response is provided by the post-#MeToo era, during which feminist campaigns have persisted in drawing attention to the consequences of normalising everyday acts of sexism, and highlighted the need to tackle the cultural sexism of Western media. The normalisation of male abuse of women by traditional media is illustrated in the article by an examination of the tabloid press during the period of the first lockdown. In terms of practices of governance at the lowest level of representative democracy in England, the incident at the meeting occurred at a time when bullying, intimidation and harassment were a concern of the town council sector. The examination of a sample of traditional media reporting on the short video finds attention having been drawn to the video’s online success, which is mainly attributed to its amusement value. The female victim of abuse is portrayed as an unlikely celebrity, who then uses her media platform to deflect attention away from the realities of sexist bullying in local government. The case study illustrates attention having mainly been drawn to the workings of celebrity culture in the new normal of home working and video meetings, and a continuation of the longer standing normalisation of male abuse of women in some of the coverage by traditional media.

Alma-Pierre Bonnet

When Theresa May claimed that the Conservative Party was dubbed the “Nasty Party” in October 2002, few were those who could have contradicted her. It had suffered a second landslide defeat and its image and reputation had been damaged by the violence of the Thatcher years and tainted by accusations of racism. Seventeen years later, after Corbyn’s historic defeat in the 2019 general election, it seems that the tables have turned. Labour’s failure to bring its social(ist) message home during the so-called “once in a lifetime” election might be the climax of a decade in the wilderness. In this paper, we posit that Labour’s defeat can, in part, be explained by its incapacity to deal with one new defining element of British politics, the issue of culture. Labour willingly ignored the cultural dimension of the 2019 general election and instead, decided to focus on traditional economic policies that further alienated its traditional supporters. The first part will be devoted to the importance of culture in the 2019 general election and focus on a recent paradigm shift whereby culture is now essential in Western politics. The second part will deal with Labour’s cultural conundrum, that is, their inability to acknowledge the new cultural reality.

Michael A. Garrett

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a research activity that started in the late 1950s, predating the arrival of "Big History" and "Astrobiology" by several decades. Many elements first developed as part of the original SETI narrative are now incorporated in both of these emergent fields. However, SETI still offers the widest possible perspective, since the topic naturally leads us to consider not only the future development of our own society but also the forward trajectories (and past histories) of many other intelligent extraterrestrial forms. In this paper, I present a provocative view of Big History, its rapid convergent focus on our own planet and society, its oversimplified and incomplete view of events in cosmic history, and its limited appreciation of how poorly we understand some aspects of the physical world. Astrophysicists are also not spared - in particular those who wish to understand the nature of the universe in "splendid isolation", only looking outwards and upwards. SETI can help re-expand all of our horizons but the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence may also require its own practitioners to abandon preconceptions of what constitutes intelligent, sentient, thinking minds.

Prakash Chandra Pradhan

Diaspora as a concept has drawn the attention of the scholars for a long time. In recent times, the meaning of the term has been rethought because the earlier meaning of the term associated with homelessness has been reviewed. In the past, the diasporic community were living in a foreign country due to the compulsion of their economic needs. The origin of Indian diaspora traces back to the indenture system introduced by the Imperial regime of Great Britain in the early part of 19th century. Migration to different parts of the world by Indians for trade and commerce, of course, traces back to much earlier in history. The old Indian Diasporas were longing to come back to their homeland because they felt that they were leading a life of deprivation and exploitation. However after independence, the new Diasporas have voluntarily chosen their condition of self-exile for a glamorous life in their chosen destinations. Often they also experience a sense of loss and anguish when they cherish the memory of their cultural roots. These new Diasporas aredifferentfrom the old as the latter long for intellectual freedom, secularism and liberty for their country. This paper is thereforean attempt to understand a perspective of the old and new Diasporas with reference to select theoretical formulations.

Yaseen Aslam, Jamie Woodcock

This article details Yaseen Aslam’s experience of organizing at Uber. Yaseen is the National General Secretary of UPHD (United Private Hire Drivers), a branch of the IWGB (Independent Workers Union of Great Britain). He is a co-claimant, with James Farrar, in the employment rights court cases against Uber in the UK. The article is the outcome of co-writing with Jamie Woodcock, presenting Yaseen’s first-person perspective. It builds on the method of workers’ inquiry and writing between workers and academics.

Mikhail G. Katz

We compare several approaches to the history of mathematics recently proposed by Blasjo, Fraser--Schroter, Fried, and others. We argue that tools from both mathematics and history are essential for a meaningful history of the discipline. In an extension of the Unguru-Weil controversy over the concept of geometric algebra, Michael Fried presents a case against both Andre Weil the "privileged observer" and Pierre de Fermat the "mathematical conqueror." We analyze Fried's version of Unguru's alleged polarity between a historian's and a mathematician's history. We identify some axioms of Friedian historiographic ideology, and propose a thought experiment to gauge its pertinence. Unguru and his disciples Corry, Fried, and Rowe have described Freudenthal, van der Waerden, and Weil as Platonists but provided no evidence; we provide evidence to the contrary. We analyze how the various historiographic approaches play themselves out in the study of the pioneers of mathematical analysis including Fermat, Leibniz, Euler, and Cauchy.

Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.

Galina I. Sinkevich

The history of the development of the concept of complex numbers from the 16th to 19th centuries. The origin and refinement of the geometric and physical meaning of complex numbers, the emergence of vectoral analysis.

Haruka Miki

One of the foremost Japanese Ruskinians, Ryuzo Mikimoto (1893–1971), held a Ruskin exhibition in Tokyo from 6 to 8 February 1926. Attracting about 2,000 visitors, it was the first exhibition in Japan of the nineteenth-century British art critic and social reformer John Ruskin. The exhibits included the first editions of The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice, the Pre-Raphaelite journal The Germ, and Ruskin’s autograph manuscripts, drawings, photographs and letters Ryuzo collected in Britain in the 1920s, amounting to nearly 150 pieces in all. As the son of the ‘Pearl King’ Kokichi Mikimoto, Ryuzo was expected to succeed his father’s jewellery business, but instead devoted himself to the introduction of the life and works of the Victorian polymath. Later he organised Ruskin exhibitions again not only in Tokyo, but also in Kyoto and Kobe, where the Christian social movement provided significant momentum toward the labour and peace movements. As in the painting A Stray Child (1902) by Taikan Yokoyama, which shows a Japanese surrounded by Western and Eastern philosophers and redeemers, Japanese young intellectuals faced a spiritual crisis after a massive influx of Western thought and subsequent cultural and social changes to westernize Japan. Ryuzo, a Protestant Christian, stated that he had chosen Ruskin rather than Karl Marx, Buddha and Christ. In fact, he revered Ruskin as a kind of a saviour who could resolve the predicament of the modern industrialised country. Based on primary sources such as a 1926 exhibition catalogue, related newspaper articles, and The Journal of the Ruskin Society of Tokyo Ryuzo issued, this study reconstructs the exhibitions, reconsiders Ryuzo’s Ruskin in the context of the history of religious thought in modern Japan, and sheds light on his peace-oriented and non-elitist endeavours to disseminate Ruskin’s ideas on art and society in Japan.

Charlotte Chassefière

Catherine Goldstein

Mathematical concepts and results have often been given a long history, stretching far back in time. Yet recent work in the history of mathematics has tended to focus on local topics, over a short term-scale, and on the study of ephemeral configurations of mathematicians, theorems or practices. The first part of the paper explains why this change has taken place: a renewed interest in the connections between mathematics and society, an increased attention to the variety of components and aspects of mathematical work, and a critical outlook on historiography itself. The problems of a long-term history are illustrated and tested using a number of episodes in the nineteenth-century history of Hermitian forms, and finally, some open questions are proposed.

Ciara Chambers

Élodie Raimbault

In many short stories, Rudyard Kipling celebrates technology by foregrounding the excitement generated by its peculiar romance, but his specific tribute to motoring goes beyond his fascination for the technical. He manages to exploit the narrative potential of the motorcar as a driving force in the story, setting the plot in motion in a realistic setting but opening it up to adventure and the fantastic. These stories depict characters marked by physical and psychological traumas and present an ambiguous vision of this new means of transport. The most interesting stories rework the Edwardian motorcar stereotypes—the futurist car, the deadly car crash, the industrial intrusion in a pastoral environment—and offer a metanarrative analysis of the structure of the text as a mechanism. Thematically, stylistically and structurally, the association of motoring and the cinematograph led Kipling to combine two technologies that offer a fascinating mobile spectacle. Through this association, he delineates a new sort of spatiality.