Noémie Févrat, Vincent Labatut, Émilie Volpi
et al.
The electoral system is a cornerstone of democracy, shaping the structure of political competition, representation, and accountability. In the case of France, it is difficult to access data describing elected representatives, though, as they are scattered across a number of sources, including public institutions, but also academic and individual efforts. This article presents a unified relational database that aims at tackling this issue by gathering information regarding representatives elected in France over the whole Fifth Republic (1958-present). This database constitutes an unprecedented resource for analyzing the evolution of political representation in France, exploring trends in party system dynamics, gender equality, and the professionalization of politics. By providing a longitudinal view of French elected representatives, the database facilitates research on the institutional stability of the Fifth Republic, offering insights into the factors of political change.
Arthur D. Adams, Yifan Zhou, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau
et al.
We present JWST NIRSpec/PRISM integral field unit time-resolved observations of 2M1207 A and b (TWA 27), an ∼10 Myr binary system consisting of an ∼2500 K substellar primary hosting an ∼1300 K companion. Our data provide 20 time-resolved spectra over an observation spanning 12.56 hr. We provide an empirical characterization for the spectra of both objects across time. For 2M1207 A, nonlinear trend models are statistically favored within the ranges 0.6–2.3 μ m and 3.8–5.3 μ m. However, most of the periods constrained from sinusoidal models exceed the observing window, setting a lower limit of 12.56 hr. We find the data at H α and beyond 4.35 μ m show a moderate time correlation, as well as a pair of light curves at 0.73–0.80 μ m and 3.36–3.38 μ m. For 2M1207 b, light curves integrated across 0.86–1.77 μ m and 3.29–4.34 μ m support linear trend models. Following the interpretation of Z. Zhang et al., we model the 2M1207 b data with two 1D atmospheric components, both with silicate and iron condensates. The model of time variability due to changes in the cloud filling factor shows broad consistency with the variability amplitudes derived from our data. Our amplitudes, however, disagree with the models at ≈0.86–1 μ m. While an additional model component such as rainout chemistry may be considered here, our analysis is limited by low signal-to-noise ratio. Our results demonstrate the capability of JWST to simultaneously monitor the spectral variability of a planetary-mass companion and host at low contrast.
The archival documents from the collections of the National Library of France (BnF), the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI), and the department of manuscript collections of the V.I. Dahl State Museum of the History of Russian Literature (ORF GLM) make significant additions and clarifications to Babel’s biography during his two long stays in France, expand our understanding of his Paris contacts are published for the first time. These are his letters of 1928 and 1932–1933 addressed to P.P. Suvchinsky, V.S. Pozner and the French writer, translator and journalist Nino Frank, as well as two letters to Suvchinsky of 1928 from the artist N.M. Davydova, in which Babel is mentioned, and a fragment of correspondence between Suvchinsky and A.M. Remizov of the early 1950s, associated with the unfulfilled project of Babel’s book. The publication concludes with a translation into Russian of Babel’s interview with the newspaper Les Nouvelles littéraires, artistiques et scientifiques in May 1928. The introductory article restores the biographical and political contexts of the published correspondence, talks about Babel’s relations with Russian emigrants, including Eurasians, and with Soviet diplomats, about his meeting with Remizov and, possibly, with N.A. Berdyaev.
Literature (General), Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Since the 1970s, the recognition of environmental problems has driven civil society to take a stand against the excesses of capitalist socio-economic models or, more occasionally, in opposition to controversial projects. More recently, the urgency of climate change has provided fertile ground for the multiplication of forms of collective actions deployed locally and/or with the support of translocal networks. This article, based on an analysis of agricultural and food-related mobilisations in the western Var region (France), shows three different ways of understanding environmental problems, grasping them and translating them into concrete action. The article analyses environmental issues as a ‘field of collective experience’ (Cefaï, 2015), reflecting the interaction between social worlds and their environment, in changing political, economic and ecological contexts. Anti-globalization mobilisations, environmental associationism and ecological transition initiatives all reflect differentiated treatments of environmental issues. While these differentiated treatments of environmental issues may forge several ways of conceiving collective action, the article shows that these mobilisations can be read as interwoven stages of a common social history of the environmental issue.
Patrick Manckoundia,1,2 France Mourey,2 Fabrice Larosa,1 Thomas Renoncourt1,2 1Université Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Internal Medicine Geriatrics, Dijon, France; 2Université Bourgogne Europe, INSERM, CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, FranceCorrespondence: Patrick Manckoundia, Service de Médecine Interne Gériatrie, Hôpital de Champmaillot CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 2, rue Jules Violle, Dijon Cedex, 21079, France, Tel +33 3 80 29 39 70, Email patrick.manckoundia@chu-dijon.frAbstract: With aging, compensatory mechanisms and physiological reserve may become insufficient to maintain balance and gait (BG), particularly when associated with stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, osteoarticular diease, vestibular disorders, orthostatic hypotension (OH), heart rhythm disorders, or drug side effects. This leads to poorer postural-motor function and increased risk of falling (RoF). This review aims to highlight recent scientific advancements relative to BG disorders (BGDs) for gerontology professionals. When assessing older adults (OAs) with BGDs, a thorough assessment of patient history is needed to identify the origins. This should include the history of falls, an inventory of medications, and an analysis of the home environment. A comprehensive clinical examination is also required to guide etiological diagnoses. A clinical suspicion of cardiac arrhythmia/conduction disorders, for example, will be confirmed by electrocardiogram (ECG)/Holter ECG, whereas suspected OH (on questioning) will be confirmed by an OH test, and, in the presence of confusion, epilepsy will be confirmed by the electroencephalogram. Several tools, ranging from simple and quick to more complex and thorough, have been validated to evaluate BGDs in OAs. These tests involve activities of daily living tasks required to preserve independence. Emerging technologies for RoF assessment (ie, surface electromyography, force platforms, three-dimensional motion capture systems) while not yet used in routine geriatric practice, can improve early detection, monitoring, and rehabilitation. Optimal BGD management requires the implication of several health professionals. Rehabilitation programs such as the “Otago exercise programme” and “falls management exercise” have been validated. Assistive technologies (canes, walkers, grab bars, and orthopedic footwear or automated alert systems), and new technologies (virtual reality) can also be used. Additional steps include medication review and deprescribing, occupational therapy and home environment adaptations. Understanding and managing BGDs in OAs remains a major public health issue, and is vital for preserving independence in later life.Keywords: balance, gait, posture, older adult, central nervous system
Antonio Martínez Cortizas, Mohamed Traoré, Olalla López-Costas
et al.
Peatlands are natural reservoirs of organobromine compounds. Important advances have been made in unraveling the mechanisms involved in bromine (Br) retention in the peat but, to our knowledge, the temporal and spatial variation of the peat organic matter (OM) bromination has not been fully researched. Here, we present the study of 12 short cores (c. 30 cm, c. 150–200 years of peat accumulation) sampled from a small (c. 1 ha) area of an oceanic blanket peatland from northwestern Spain. We combine Br concentrations, spectroscopic analysis (FTIR–ATR), and structural equation statistical modelling (SEM). Our results show that Br is significantly correlated to proxies of peat aerobic decomposition, with concentrations increasing with depth in all cores (×2–10 times). Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed, with some cores showing much higher Br maximum concentrations and larger increases with depth. SEM modelling indicated that various OM functionalities contribute to Br accumulation and that their effects change with depth/age, with aromatics becoming dominant after 20–90 years. Thus, changes in organic matter molecular composition, linked to early peat diagenesis, and the geochemical conditions governing it exerted a strong control on Br accumulation in the studied peatland. Bromine wet deposition was not found to be a limiting factor.
Lindsey A. Kwok, Mridweeka Singh, Saurabh W. Jha
et al.
We present panchromatic optical + near-infrared (NIR) + mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unprecedented MIR spectroscopy of SN Iax, spanning from +11 to +42 day past maximum light. We detect forbidden emission lines in the MIR at these early times while the optical and NIR are dominated by permitted lines with an absorption component. Panchromatic spectra at early times can thus simultaneously show nebular and photospheric lines, probing both inner and outer layers of the ejecta. We identify spectral lines not seen before in SN Iax, including [Mg ii ] 4.76 μ m, [Mg ii ] 9.71 μ m, [Ne ii ] 12.81 μ m, and isolated O i 2.76 μ m that traces unburned material. Forbidden emission lines of all species are centrally peaked with similar kinematic distributions, indicating that the ejecta are well mixed in both SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm, a hallmark of pure deflagration explosion models. Radiative transfer modeling of SN 2024pxl shows good agreement with a weak deflagration of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf, but additional IR flux is needed to match the observations, potentially attributable to a surviving remnant. Similarly, we find SN 2024vjm is also best explained by a weak deflagration model, despite the large difference in luminosity between the two supernovae. Future modeling should push to even weaker explosions and include the contribution of a bound remnant. Our observations demonstrate the diagnostic power of panchromatic spectroscopy for unveiling explosion physics in thermonuclear supernovae.
The present document is a mathematical-literary fiction, commemorating the centenary of the death of Anatole France (April 16, 1844 - October 12, 1924) and which, at the same time, pays tribute to Nicolas Bourbaki and his "Godparents". Strange as it may seem, the connection between the great man of letters and the legendary mathematician is thought out through a famous satirical tale, where Anatole France's Putois has given way to André Weil's Bourbaki ! The old philosophical question about the conditions of existence and modes of being is then raised again, to the extent of questioning the real mathematical meaning of what we used to symbolize by a backwards "E" ! -- Il s'agit d'une fiction mathématico-littéraire, commémorant le centenaire de la mort d'Anatole France (16 avril 1844 - 12 octobre 1924) et qui, par la même occasion, rend hommage à Nicolas Bourbaki et à ses "Godparents". Aussi étrange que cela puisse paraître, la mise en relation du grand homme de lettres avec le mathématicien légendaire est pensée à travers un célèbre conte satirique, où le personnage de Putois d'Anatole France a cédé place à celui de Bourbaki d'André Weil ! Ressurgit alors la vieille question philosophique sur les conditions de l'existence et les modes de l'être, au point de se demander ce qu'est la signification mathématique réelle de ce qu'on a eu l'habitude de symboliser par un "E" réfléchi !
On April 22nd, 1909, the exhibition A Hundred Portraits of Women from the English and French Schools opened in the galleries of the Jeu de Paume, Paris. Organised by Armand Dayot (1851‑1934), it brought together the great masters of the French and English schools of the 18th century, through the theme of the female portrait. The event was a milestone in the reception of English painting in France, because of its scope, media exposure and critical acclaim. Within the frame of the exhibition, the study of female portraits accompanied a discussion about the characterization of an English art or a national school in England. Thus, the critical reception of the exhibition displays some interesting issues pertaining to the historiography of English painting as it was conceived in the 1900s in France, including the interaction between the history of the portrait, the art of female representation and the emergence of English art in the 18th century.
During the Second World War, several thousands of Jews from France were detained on German territory as prisoners of war. Although many endured racial discrimination, they survived. This article will deal with this exceptional as well as largely unknown micro-history through the thorny issue of the recognition of their status as racial victims in the aftermath. On their return to the bloodless France of 1945, these survivors who had remained on the bangs of the genocide faced great material and moral difficulties. Although they were excluded from the legislation governing war victims in both France and the FRG, some of them tried to assert their rights on the grounds of antisemitic discrimination at the end of the 1950s. Their perseverance in the face of an initially hostile German administration enabled some prisoners of foreign origin to obtain compensation under the BEG Act. However, this recognition was not only imperfect, but also incomplete: their comrades of French origin remained excluded from French compensation legislation.
In the last phase of Louis XIV’s reign, from the 1690s onwards, the Château de Marly, in addition to Versailles, became a key venue for royal political activities. This essay examines the extent to which a connection can be observed between the conception and function of these two residences, through a comparative analysis of the oath ceremonies for bishops as they took place under Louis XIV in Versailles and in Marly. The aim is to show how the design and decor of Marly complemented that of Versailles and offered spatial markers for the control of sacred matters such as the bishop’s oath. This study establishes two key points. To begin with, in the first half of the 1690s, the chapel at Versailles emerged as the main venue for these celebrations. It was there that the king established the new conception of his role based on piety and re-established the stability of the French episcopate after years of crisis. From around 1695 onwards, Marly became increasingly important for the oath ceremonies. It is possible to apply Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia to the analysis of the function of this residence. It reveals, among other things, that Marly contributed to the creation of elite episcopal structures and enabled bishops to position themselves in the feudal hierarchy.
The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.
The inclusive school, which is a young paradigm still under construction, needs time to gradually take hold in the school environment and in teaching practices. Through the experiences of CAPPEI candidates, it is possible to understand the forces that facilitate the implementation of schooling for all, but also the paradoxes that prevent an inclusive dynamic in France. We cross the paradigmatic issues with biographical analysis, based on what the teacher has experienced in relation to his/her own professional and personal history. A qualitative analysis of 46 CAPPEI candidates highlighted the importance of professional (close to the medical field) and personal backgrounds in the understanding of the notion of need. We also note that previous non-conscious or implicit practices that are related to inclusion are the subject of the challenge of continuous training. Finally, representations that are obstacles to the inclusive dynamic through the notion of disability and normativity participate in slowing down this dynamic. Also, it appears that the personal and professional histories of teachers are involved in a parallel dynamic that is as complex as the political and cultural history of inclusion.
This book provides an overarching, comprehensive analysis of the French military in the medieval period. The focus is on the armies of the French monarchy and the lands close around them, extending from the Low Countries to Provence. Central themes include recruitment and payment; military organisation; leadership, strategy, and tactics; weapons and arms; chivalry, military culture, and the rise of military professionalism.