Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

J. Bové

T. Leskey, A. Nielsen

M. Swain, M. Anandharaj, R. Ray et al.

As world population increases, lactic acid fermentation is expected to become an important role in preserving fresh vegetables, fruits, and other food items for feeding humanity in developing countries. However, several fermented fruits and vegetables products (Sauerkraut, Kimchi, Gundruk, Khalpi, Sinki, etc.) have a long history in human nutrition from ancient ages and are associated with the several social aspects of different communities. Among the food items, fruits and vegetables are easily perishable commodities due to their high water activity and nutritive values. These conditions are more critical in tropical and subtropical countries which favour the growth of spoilage causing microorganisms. Lactic acid fermentation increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables and also enhances several beneficial properties, including nutritive value and flavours, and reduces toxicity. Fermented fruits and vegetables can be used as a potential source of probiotics as they harbour several lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, L. pentosus, L. brevis, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, Leuconostoc fallax, and L. mesenteroides. As a whole, the traditionally fermented fruits and vegetables not only serve as food supplements but also attribute towards health benefits. This review aims to describe some important Asian fermented fruits and vegetables and their significance as a potential source of probiotics.

Siyuan Liu, Wenjin Xie, Wenyu Chen et al.

Purpose: This study compares the hierarchical structure of scientific teams across countries and investigates factors associated with the observed cross-national differences. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on 150,817 publications with author contribution statements, we focus on the 15 countries with the largest volume of scientific publications, examine cross-country variations in the proportion of tall teams, and analyze how this proportion correlates with other factors. Findings: Scientific output from East Asia is dominated by tall teams, which persist after controlling for team size, indicating that this pattern cannot be fully accounted for by the prevalence of larger teams in these countries. Cultural factors, measured by Power Distance, as well as the observed funding patterns of major basic science agencies, are associated with the dominance of tall teams in East Asia. Research limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on publications with author contribution statements, which may introduce selection bias; its focus on cultural and funding factors, while leaving other institutional contexts unexamined; and its use of a leadership concentration measure that does not capture other dimensions of hierarchy. Practical implications: Understanding cross-national differences in research team structures and their associated cultural and institutional factors can inform science policy and team management. Originality/value: This study provides a systematic cross-national comparison of team hierarchy and offers a mechanistic understanding of the dominance of tall teams in East Asia, highlighting associations with cultural and funding factors.

Chania Ratu Iriana Putri, Agus Purnomo

Museum Sandi as the only cryptology museum in Indonesia and Asia has an educational tourism function, but faces challenges, namely low interest and number of tourists so development is needed. The purpose of this study is to identify the typology of tourists and analyze tourist satisfaction with the Museum Sandi tourist attraction. This research uses exploratory quantitative research methods with data collection techniques, namely surveys on 386 tourists, data analysis using descriptive statistics and IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) methods. The results of this study are in the form of a typology of tourists who are dominated by groups of tourists with explorer types, namely tourists with a focus on finding unique tourism experiences and minimal travel planning. The satisfaction analysis using the IPA method produces attractions in quadrant A (top priority), namely the showing of documentary videos on the history of coding; quadrant B (maintain achievement), namely the collection of historical coding objects, the layout of the exhibition space, museum tour activities, and playing Sandi Caesar games by the guide; quadrant C (low priority), namely workshop and event activities, merchandise; and no attractions were found in quadrant D (attractions that were considered excessive). The level of satisfaction with tourist attractions at Museum Sandi, as a whole, is stated in the satisfied. The implications of research in the field produce development recommendations for Museum Sandi tourism managers, namely conducting destination branding by strengthening educational promotional content, developing documentary video attractions, workshops, and regular events, and providing structured tour packages.

Jacqueline Leon, Tyler Ohler, Joseph Beckman et al.

Background:  Kratom, derived from a tree species native to Southeast Asia and used in traditional medicine, is gaining popularity within the United States. While at low doses it is intended for stimulant use, higher doses of kratom can achieve analgesic effects similar to opiates. It’s use and misuse continues to be an area of interest given its unregulated status and propensity for addiction and abuse. Here we present four cases of kratom abuse observed in the inpatient and outpatient settings in southcentral Kentucky.   The Case: First, 20-year-old female with medical history of anxiety and major depressive disorder presented to the emergency department due to symptoms of restlessness, body aches, chills, nausea, palpitations and loose stools. Patient revealed she has been taking 7-8 kratom tablets daily and had attempted immediate cessation but relapsed due to her symptoms. In clinic follow up, she was started on Atarax and methyl salicylate patches for symptom control and is currently in process of tapering off Kratom. Next, 49-year-old male with history of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, and chronic pain presented to clinic with recurrent hypertensive episodes. He disclosed chronic use of kratom following MVC 5 years prior, currently taking 10 g every 4-5 hours. With a desire to cut back, the patient and his physician through shared-decision making created a tapering plan. With a slow taper, he has not reported any withdrawal symptoms. As his kratom use trends down, he will be referred to  pain management specialist for chronic pain.  Additionally, 18-year-old male with no significant medical history was brought to the ED being found unresponsive and foaming at the mouth. He was tachypneic, tachycardic, and hypotensive with a mildly elevated troponin. After receiving Narcan and IV fluids, the patient became responsive. Patient disclosed he was taking two 50 mg packages of kratom alongside marijuana and alcohol for recreation. After returning to baseline, the patient was discharged with close outpatient follow up. Lastly, 38-year-old female with medical history of anxiety/depression, seizures, and thyroidectomy complicated by vocal cord dysfunction presented to the ED after being found minimally responsive by family. Family explained the patient took up to 60 kratom tablets daily and she was found to have urine mitragynine level > 2500. Patient initially displayed nonsensical speech, paranoia, and hallucinations, but progressed to hypersomnolence with subsequent seizure and catatonia necessitating ICU admission. Ultimately transferred to tertiary center for benzodiazepine challenge and possible ECT.   Conclusion: Presently, the United States does not regulate the manufacturing or distribution of kratom. In fact, very little is known about the long-term effects safety profile. Due to the demonstrated potential for abuse and harm, six states have made the drug illegal. From our patient interactions, the common theme is one of surreptitious addiction, monetary strain, and little understanding of the risks inherent to what was marketed as a natural supplement.  Further research is warranted appropriately counsel our patients to the potential dangers recreational kratom use poses and improve the understanding  the medical and socioeconomic impact of its wide availability.

Sampoorna Poria, Xiaolei Huang

Rapid developments of large language models have revolutionized many NLP tasks for English data. Unfortunately, the models and their evaluations for low-resource languages are being overlooked, especially for languages in South Asia. Although there are more than 650 languages in South Asia, many of them either have very limited computational resources or are missing from existing language models. Thus, a concrete question to be answered is: Can we assess the current stage and challenges to inform our NLP community and facilitate model developments for South Asian languages? In this survey, we have comprehensively examined current efforts and challenges of NLP models for South Asian languages by retrieving studies since 2020, with a focus on transformer-based models, such as BERT, T5, & GPT. We present advances and gaps across 3 essential aspects: data, models, & tasks, such as available data sources, fine-tuning strategies, & domain applications. Our findings highlight substantial issues, including missing data in critical domains (e.g., health), code-mixing, and lack of standardized evaluation benchmarks. Our survey aims to raise awareness within the NLP community for more targeted data curation, unify benchmarks tailored to cultural and linguistic nuances of South Asia, and encourage an equitable representation of South Asian languages. The complete list of resources is available at: https://github.com/trust-nlp/LM4SouthAsia-Survey.

A. A. Kudryavtsev

Introduction. The first half of the XIII century was marked in the history of the peoples of Central Asia, the Near and Middle East and the Caucasus by turbulent events associated with the Mongol invasion, which changed the military, political, economic and cultural development of these regions for many centuries. Materials and Methods. This research was conducted on the basis of a broad interdisciplinary approach and generally accepted historical methods. For the first time In Russian Caucasian studies, a comprehensive study was conducted based on the analysis of medieval Arabic, Georgian, Azerbaijani and Derbent sources. Analysis. One of the most powerful states, among the first to fall under the blows of the Mongols, was the power of the Khorezmshahs. Having conquered China and preparing his expansion to the West, Genghis Khan was very wary of this largest state of the Muslim East, which could field about 400-500 thousand welltrained and well–armed warriors capable of inflicting a decisive defeat, significantly inferior in numbers, to the Mongol troops. The grossest militarypolitical and strategic mistakes of the last ruling ruler of the Khorezmshah state, Ala alDin Muhammad, who placed his huge army in isolation in separate large cities, thereby condemning his troops to defeat and the state to destruction. In just 4 months, the Mongols captured and looted the main military, political, economic and cultural centers of the Khorezmshah state. Jalal al-Din Mankburny, becoming the last ruler of the Khorezmshakh state, tried to regain his father’s former power in the Middle East and the Caucasus and in the 20s – early 30s of the XIII century played a significant role in the historical destinies of the peoples of these regions. For more than 10 years, pursuing an expansive policy and continuously participating in wars, Jalal al-Din in the 20s of the XIII century turned out to be the only really military, military-administrative and political figure capable of resisting the Mongol invasion of the Middle East and the Caucasus regions.Results. Jalal al-Din understood that the weakened states of the Caucasus and the Middle East alone were not able to repel the Mongol forces, which forced the last Khorezm Shah to make efforts to unite the Caucasian and Middle Eastern rulers to repel the Mongol invasion, but he failed to achieve this.

Nina Herlina

The Military Academy in Indonesia has a rich history, established in different locations under various names until they were eventually merged. This study explores the dynamics of the Military Academies in Indonesia, from the Dutch East Indies era to the present day. It also investigates why Tidar Valley became the location for the Military Academy, considering both logical factors and local traditions? The research methodology employed in this study is the critical historical method, comprising four distinct stages heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. To explain why the Military Academy is located in the Tidar Valley, the author uses ideas from Robert von Heine Geldern and Gilbert J. Garraghan. This study reveals the dynamic development of the military academy in Indonesia. During the Dutch East Indies era, officer training took place at the Military Academy in Breda. Following World War II, a new Military Academy was established in Bandung in 1940. After Indonesia became independent in 1945, the Military Academy was established in Yogyakarta. Later on, more military education institutions appeared in various places like Tangerang, Mojoagung, Malang, Brastagi, Parapat, Bukittinggi, Palembang, Salatiga, and Bandung. In 1957, these institutions were combined to create the National Military Academy in Yogyakarta, which had branches for land, air, and sea. The land division became the Military Academy in 1965. In the same year, all division academies were merged into the Armed Forces Academy of the Republic of Indonesia (AKABRI), and the land division was renamed the Military Academy.

Vinogradov I.S., Mamakhatov T.M.

In recent years, the drug situation in China has generally stabilized, and according to official Chinese statistics, the number of drug addicts is reducing. However, China remains one of the key sources of synthetic drugs and precursors to other countries. The spread of narcotic drugs (synthetic opioids, cannabinoids, methamphetamine and others) threatens all countries. An important factor is that the Chinese government is able to control the large number of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the country , thus making it difficult for new types and modifications of drugs and psychoactive substances to appear on the market. In recent years, the PRC leadership has taken a number of effective steps to combat the uncontrolled production and distribution of illegal drugs, in particular, the state tightens control and regulation of the production of synthetic psychoactive drugs. China has strict laws against drug trafficking, which also serve as an effective deterrent against the distribution and consumption of illicit substances. Due to these measures, the international drug business is forced to move laboratories for the production of synthetic drugs from China to other nearby countries such as Myanmar and India. The situation with the international drug trade in the modern world requires concerted action at the interstate level. The interaction between law enforcement agencies of the SCO (the Shanghai Cooperation Organization) member states is a good example of cooperation in this area. One of the priorities of this organization is the fight against drug crime. At this stage, it is necessary to further deepen cooperation between the law enforcement agencies of the SCO countries to identify established drug trafficking channels, fight against drug trafficking in the dark web and prevent the emergence of analogues to various psychotropic substances prohibited by law.

Hugh Stephens

Canada has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis in its relationship to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and its offshoot, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the CPTPP (comprising Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam). Initially a disinterested and disengaged observer of the developing TPP process back in 2006–09, by 2011–12 Canada underwent a conversion to become a determined, almost desperate suitor seeking to gain entry to the TPP club. It finally succeeded, but a change of government in 2015 led to a re-evaluation of the decision to accede to the TPP, under pressure from anti-globalization forces. Effectively, Canada sat on its hands for over a year until the U.S. had determined its final position. Then, after the TPP’s impending collapse, when the United States under then president Donald Trump announced its withdrawal, Canada changed tack once again and decided to work with Japan and others to rescue the agreement. However, during the negotiations to adapt the original TPP into the TPP-11 agreement (which became known as the CPTPP), Canada earned a reputation as a difficult and demanding partner, pushing its “progressive trade agenda” and slowing down the process. Indeed, Canada is often seen as trying to impose very progressive values on a region with little receptivity for such views. The cultural-exemption and auto-trade issues were of principal concern to Canada. Through its policy positions and negotiation style, Canada under the Trudeau government almost scuttled the CPTPP process and risked finding itself locked out once again. Quick action was taken to stem the damage and Canada became not only a signatory, but one of the first six countries to ratify the CPTPP, bringing it into force on December 30, 2018. Today, Canada has fully embraced the CPTPP, situating it as an important leg in its developing Indo-Pacific strategy, and is open to considering expansion to new members who are able and willing to meet the CPTPP’s high standards.  Deborah Elms, in her essay “The Origins and Evolutions of TPP Trade Negotiations” (Elms, 2016, 29-49), sketches out the history of how the TPP came into being, starting with the “P4 agreement” (between Singapore, Chile, New Zealand and Brunei) in June 2005. That agreement, technically called the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, came into effect “with very little attention” (Elms, 2016, 30) and was incomplete. It did not cover investment or financial services, which were to be left for later negotiation. When the parties finally got around to discussing the two missing chapters in February 2008, the United States joined the discussions. In September 2008, a couple of months prior to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit to be held in Lima, Peru in November, the U.S. announced that it would seek to join the agreement in its entirety. This set the stage for announcements at that meeting of other countries joining the talks, namely Australia, Peru and Vietnam. Now there were eight. What about Canada? At the Lima summit, attended by then prime minister Stephen Harper and then international trade minister Stockwell Day, Canada expressed no interest in getting on board, much to the frustration of accompanying officials (Stephens, Conversation). Elms states (2016, 40) that Canada had expressed interest in joining earlier but had been rebuffed over concerns regarding the supply management system that it maintains for dairy, poultry and eggs. Dairy is a particular concern for both the United States and New Zealand. However, senior Canadian officials closely involved with APEC and trade policy at the time told the author that Canada had been invited to join the P4 agreement in the early days, by New Zealand, but had refused (Sloan; Plunkett). The assessment was that Canada had little to gain, as it already had an agreement with Chile, at the time was negotiating one with Singapore (which was never completed) and had little to gain from an agreement with New Zealand, given the political need to defend the dairy industry. There are various explanations for Canada’s lack of interest in 2008–09. Part of the reasoning was domestic. The Conservative government of Stephen Harper was in a minority situation and would remain so until Harper won his first majority in 2011 (after two minority governments in which he was prime minister). Despite the Conservatives’ support for trade liberalization, it was a hot-button issue and anti-globalization sentiments were vocal, in Canada and in other countries. The Harper government was dealing with the 2008 financial crisis and was focused very much on the U.S. market and NAFTA. The initial coolness toward the P4 continued to apply, and from the perspective of trade negotiating resources, Canada was already fully engaged in negotiations with South Korea and the EU. There was concern that if Canada entered the TPP negotiations, it would have to make additional market concessions beyond those already conceded in NAFTA, but with little likelihood of getting additional concessions from the U.S. Yet, in the end, it was probably NAFTA that changed the position of Harper vis-à-vis the TPP. Both Canada and Mexico had preferential access to the U.S. market through NAFTA. There was growing concern in both countries that the TPP could be a back door to the U.S. market, undermining the value of NAFTA concessions. Autos were a particular concern. Canada and Mexico concluded therefore that they needed to be at the negotiating table. In essence, Canada decided to try to enter the TPP tent for defensive reasons, although the possibility of Japan eventually joining was an additional factor, given Canada’s longstanding desire to improve its access to the Japanese market and the limited prospect that a bilateral agreement would be concluded in the foreseeable future (Ciuriak 2018). That realization kicked off a series of meetings with officials from TPP-negotiating states, since admittance of new negotiating partners required a unanimous decision of the existing members. But, as in many things, the United States played an outsized role. The U.S. initially was not helpful, especially at the officials level. It is not fully clear why, but anecdotally the author was told by U.S. trade officials that the addition of Canada would “complicate” matters. Canada’s unhelpful position on trade in dairy products was certainly a factor. Canada pushed its advocacy to the political level and Canadian participation in the TPP was a major topic of discussion between Harper and then president Barack Obama at the 2011 Honolulu APEC summit. At that meeting, Obama “welcomed” Harper’s expression of interest in seeking to join the TPP talks and initiating consultations toward that goal (White House 2011).

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Gabriele Giovannini, Yuzhu Cui, Kazuhiro Hada et al.

We present here the East Asia to Italy Nearly Global VLBI (EATING VLBI) project. How this project started and the evolution of the international collaboration between Korean, Japanese, and Italian researchers to study compact sources with VLBI observations is reported. Problems related to the synchronization of the very different arrays and technical details of the telescopes involved are presented and discussed. The relatively high observation frequency (22 and 43 GHz) and the long baselines between Italy and East Asia produced high-resolution images. We present example images to demonstrate the typical performance of the EATING VLBI array. The results attracted international researchers and the collaboration is growing, now including Chinese and Russian stations. New in progress projects are discussed and future possibilities with a larger number of telescopes and a better frequency coverage are briefly discussed herein.

Justin Hastings, David Ubilava

We examine whether harvest-time transitory shifts in employment and income lead to changes in political violence and social unrest in rice-producing croplands of Southeast Asia. Using monthly data from 2010 to 2023 on over 86,000 incidents covering 376 one-degree cells across eight Southeast Asian countries, we estimate a general increase in political violence and a decrease in social unrest in croplands with rice production during the harvest season relative to the rest of the crop year. In a finding that is least sensitive to alternative model specifications and data subsetting, we estimate a nine percent increase in violence against civilians in locations with considerable rice production compared to other parts of the region during the harvest season, relative to the rest of the year. We show that the harvest-time changes in conflict are most evident in rural cells with rainfed agriculture. Using location-specific annual variation in growing season rainfall, we then show that the harvest-time increase in violence against civilians occurs in presumably good harvest years, whereas increase in battles between actors of political violence follows growing seasons with scarce rainfall. The harvest-time decrease in social unrest, protests in particular, occurs after presumably bad harvest years. These findings contribute to research on the agroclimatic and economic roots of conflict and offer insights to policymakers by suggesting the spatiotemporal concentration of conflict as well as diverging effects by forms of conflict at harvest time in the rice-producing regions of Southeast Asia.

Margarita V. Baduginova

Introduction. The article analyzes the recovery period of Kalmykia’s healthcare system after the 1957 return of Kalmyk people from deportation. The chronological framework coincides with the first Soviet seven-year plan — from 1959 to 1965. Goals. The paper aims to examine actual conditions of the healthcare sector in Kalmykia during the period examined. Materials and methods. The work mainly explores archival documents from the National Archives of Kalmykia, it employs both general scientific (analysis, comparison) and special historical research methods. The historical systemic method makes it possible to reveal the relationship between government policy and the changes that took place in the republican healthcare. The quantitative (statistical) method and the chronological principle prove as instrumental in achieving objectives set forth. Results. After the restoration of autonomy, the healthcare system of the republic becomes part of national health services to build its work in accordance with certain federal regulations. The period witnesses the establishment of foundations for further development of Kalmykia’s healthcare, emergence of specialized medical aid, and opening of new medical institutions. The health budget of the republic and subsidization for the construction of a regional medical institutions network were increasing. Conclusions. The participation of the Government manifested in financial, material, technical support and staffing had a definitely positive effect on the development of the republic’s healthcare system and laid the foundation for its further growth.

Sirijit Sunanta, Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot

The interview with Mrs. Chongcharoen Sornkaew Grimsmann, a long-term member and former president of Thai Women Network in Europe (TWNE), was originally conducted in English over email by Sirijit Sunanta and Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot in July 2022. It was supplemented by an online interview (via WebEx) in Thai by Sirijit Sunanta in November 2022. Mrs. Grimsmann served as the President of TWNE from 2019 to 2022. TWNE is well-established and one of the most active organizations of Thai migrant women with individual and organizational members in 16 European countries, the US, and Thailand. TWNE seeks to collaborate with governmental and non-governmental organizations, both in Thailand and the destination countries, to improve the welfare of Thai migrant women. They organize annual general meetings to discuss topics relevant to Thai migrant women’s lives in destination countries and publish an annual newsletter Sarn Satree (สารสตรี) to circulate information. Mrs. Grimsmann has extensive experience of providing community service as a social volunteer and working with international organizations, particularly in the area of women and children’s welfare. She is now based in France and Thailand.

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries

P. Frankopan

M. Arca, M. Arca, F. Mougel et al.