Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Jelka Pirkovič

The pursuit of authenticity has been driving heritage discourse, stemming from the early efforts of heritage theory. My contribution provides a comprehensive view of heritage authenticity from an existential standpoint. I draw upon Martin Heidegger's Dwelling, Building and Thinking, which offers contrasting perspectives on human existence within time and place: caring and cultivating versus creating and destroying. From this contrast, it becomes evident that heritage embodies authenticity when it reinforces caring and cultivating shared values. With this, authentic caring allows heritage to endure and contributes to constructive development and adaptive changes while respecting the spirit of place. Viewing heritage authenticity through psychological and philosophical lenses emphasises its significance in personal and collective identity formation. Understanding “the other” is essential in shaping our identities. This paradox is also evident in heritage and can be addressed by fostering a more inclusive approach that embraces and integrates the heritage of others. Such an approach challenges the conventional understanding of the interplay between heritage authenticity and identity. Authenticity and identity depend on heritage values, memories, and knowledge. Through this relationship, a society becomes visible to itself and others. Building on Martin Heidegger and Alessandro Ferrara’s understanding, the authentic identity expressed in heritage provides valuable insights into a society's identification process.

Lenzi, Alan

In 1999 Irving Finkel published the editio princeps of The Prayer of Nabû-šuma-ukīn and argued that the text provides historical corroboration for the imprisonment of Amēl-Marduk (Evil-Merodach) prior to his brief rule over Babylon (561‑560 BCE). In this study, I evaluate Finkel’s interpretation and argue The Prayer has nothing to do with Amēl-Marduk. It is, rather, a prayer to combat witchcraft that has plagued the supplicant in the form of gossip, slander, and character assassination.

Yuri G. Smertin

Daesoon Jinrihoe (Korean: 대순진리회) is one of many new religious organizations that emerged in Korea in the second half of the 19th - first half of the 20th century as an alternative to traditional religious and philosophical teachings (Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism) and imposed Western Christianity. Some of them did not go beyond the closed communities, while the Daesoon Jinrihoe organization, relying on rich traditions of intellectual and social resistance to the authorities and expansion of the West, was able not only to survive in the modern world, but also to become successful and the fastest growing in the Republic of Korea. The purpose of the study is to analyze the ideological roots of Daesoon Jinrihoe, the fundamental aspects of the religious doctrine of the movement and its current state. The main source for studying the doctrine, principles and goals of Daesoon Jinrihoe is the canonical work “Jeongyeong”, first published in 1929 and representing a record of the deeds of Kang Jeungsan, who became, according to religious dogma, the earthly incarnation of the Supreme God Sangje and in this capacity began to reorganize the Universe. “Jeongyeong” consists of several sections written in hanja (Korean writing based on Chinese characters) and describing the life and miracles of Kang Jeungsan in specific life situations. Another source - “The Constitution of Dao” is a list of rights, duties and rules of conduct for members of the organization, describes its internal structure and management system. In domestic historiography there are no academic works devoted to the topic under study. The author relied on the works of Korean and Western researchers, who to one degree or another covered the history of the creation and activities of Daesoon Jinrihoe. The conclusions of this study are that the popularity of the Daesoon teaching is based on its appeal to the ideas and images of traditional Korean religions that have become part of the national mentality, and the inclusion of the organization in the modern national and world agenda.

Анна Макарова

The article is devoted to the analysis of the discussion at the Pre-Council Commission of 1906 on the composition of the participants in the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church and on the procedure for choosing delegates to the Council. The key topic of controversy between the members of the Commission was the question of the admissibility of the presence at the Council (in addition to the bishops) of representatives of the laity and the clergy and of the rights that such delegates should be endowed with. This discussion traces the understanding of the problem of the existence of intra-church groups with different interests and the desire of these groups to be represented at the Local Council (the idea of representation). In the argumentation of supporters of the idea of representation, economic (teleological) arguments stand out, justifying the violation of the canons by the actual needs of church life, as well as attempts to dogmatically substantiate the existence of different groups with equal rights into the church community. The article deals with the issue of "political analogies" manifested themselves in the argumentation of the supporters of the idea of representation in the Commission. An analysis of the arguments of the participants in the discussion gives grounds to conclude that, although supporters of the broad composition of the Local Council rarely appealed to modern political institutions as models for the body of church administration, political analogy was implicitly present in their theological argumentation. Related to this is the understanding of the “Body of the Church” in a mechanical rather than a mystical sense. The article concludes that the assessments that supporters of the idea of representation gave to isolated intra-church groups are inconsistent. While teleological argumentation characterized such a situation as unhealthy and offered ways to heal it, dogmatic argumentation, on the contrary, was called upon to justify such a situation as a norm. Comparison of the various arguments of the supporters of the idea of representation and the reaction of opponents to it allows us to make a conclusion about the choice in favor of teleological argumentation in the process of the final discussion of the composition of the members of the Local Council.

Andrey Borisyuk

The publication presents documents of the Moscow Diocesan authorities related to the organization of national penitential events in 1919: the Message of Archbishop Joasaph (Kallistov) on the need for repentance from August 2, 1919, the Decree of the Moscow Diocesan Council on penitential services, Appendices to the decree: permanent additions to the services (litanies and penitential prayer), the Brochure "Repentance is the need of our time". These documents appeared as a reaction of the diocesan authorities to the nationwide disasters that occurred after the revolution (poverty, famine, epidemics) and were sent to the churches of the Moscow Diocese. They contain both practical instructions of a liturgical nature and a theoretical understanding of the events taking place from a theological point of view. The hardships of the time experienced are perceived in these sources as the result of a sin that requires repentance. The idea is substantiated that without the elimination of the spiritual causes of disasters, any other struggle against them will not be successful. The need to organize special church penitential events was noted by the supreme Ecclesiastical authority (represented by the Patriarch), and was also the most important activity of the Moscow Diocesan Council in 1919, while to this day this activity remains practically unexplored. The documents presented in this article are published for the first time.

Bogusław Szmygin

As part of the UNESCO World Heritage System, a unique methodology for the analysis of cultural properties and standards for their protection and management have been developed. The protection of UNESCO properties should be carried out in accordance with these standards. However, the protection of cultural property inscribed on the World Heritage List is carried out within the framework of national monument protection systems. Meanwhile, the standards, methodologies and procedures in force in the World Heritage system, developed by international experts, are in many respects not inconsistent with national heritage protection systems. Therefore, it is necessary to postulate the inclusion of the World Heritage methodology in national heritage protection systems. This is justified for two reasons – it will facilitate the protection of UNESCO properties in accordance with established standards, and it will improve the quality of national heritage protection systems.

Tsys Valeriy, Ol′ga Tsys′

The article characterizes the cultural and educational work of the diocesan departments of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) on the national outskirts of the Russian Empire in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. It is noted that the main form of this work was the organization and holding of Palestinian readings aimed at popularizing knowledge about the Holy Land, the Russian pilgrimage, the activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the Middle East, as well as publishing literature on relevant topics in national languages. Its deployment dates back to the mid-1890s. and continued until 1917. The western provinces of the Russian Empire were a field of collision and interaction between two civilizations - Catholic (Polish-Lithuanian) and Orthodox (East Slavic). In their confrontation, a local national identity (Belarusian, Ukrainian) was formed, and the work of the IOPS can be considered as one of the tools for involving the local population in solving problems common to the Orthodox world, with the help of which they realized their organic connection with the “Russian world”. The high activity of diocesan departments on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, the popularity of Palestinian readings are revealed. It is concluded that there is no national specificity in the organization and conduct of Palestinian readings by the "Ukrainian" and "Belarusian" diocesan departments of the IOPS. Where the Russian population was in an absolute minority (Poland, Georgia), the activities of the IOPS were aimed at representatives of the diaspora and almost did not affect local residents. In such regions as the Volga region, Siberia, the European North, northwestern Kazakhstan, the activity of the IOPS was linked with missionary work. It is indicated that the diocesan departments of the IOPS have contributed to the Christian enlightenment of the "foreign" population recently converted to Orthodoxy, to the fight against pagan remnants, various superstitions and prejudices. The expansion of the scale of pilgrimage to the Holy Land was noted as one of the consequences of the cultural and educational work of the IOPS.

Supardianto Supardianto, Devi Mandasari

Lifestyle encompasses the various ways in which individuals, groups, and nations are influenced by geography, economy, politics, history, culture, and religion. It reflects the characteristics of residents, including their daily behaviors in work, activities, and health. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for overall well-being, and one key aspect is ensuring an adequate intake of water. Water constitutes the primary component of the human body, comprising an average of 70-80 percent of an individual's body weight. Factors influencing water consumption behavior include knowledge and preferences for other beverages. To address the challenge of promoting water consumption and advocating for its importance, this study proposes the development of a mobile application system capable of reminding individuals to drink water based on personalized needs, considering factors such as gender, age, weight, height, and activity level. The research aims to leverage and advance existing technology, specifically by creating a mobile application on the iOS platform. The objective is to enhance and reinforce individuals' discipline in maintaining proper water intake. Targeting users from middle-class to affluent social conditions, the application is tailored for the iOS platform. The study involves testing the functionality of the water reminder system software developed for mobile devices running on the iOS platform. The ultimate goal is to create an information system that not only exhibits maximum aesthetics and functionality but also adheres to the principles of interface design, including the application of the eight golden rules.

Ziyad Tarik ABDUL JABBAR

Ibrahim Hakkı Erzurumi is an important historical personality in Turkish literature and Sufi‟s History. The Sufi writer was born in Erzurum in 1703 in the beginning of the 18th century. He died in Siirt in 1780 about 80 years old. He was buried in Tillo that belongs to Siirt town in Turkey. Although his writings in poetry and prose around 15, he was often known by his writings entitled the Divan and Marifetname (Book of Gnosis). Because he was a Sufi, he grew up with a Sufi upbringing and wrote most of his works in this context. A great part of his poems were considered an important source to be sung in the religious and Sufi festivals. The Divan is a work of poems written by Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi in 1755. Then, he continued writing about 366 poems with a religious and Sufi content. This volume has the title “Ilahi Nameh” Then, there are poems have the titles like vocabulary, Quatrains, Wasil Nameh, Band Nameh and Shukur Nameh. His poems that included in the Divan about 500 poems. The Divan, which dealt with several Sufi and religious instruction, focused on the form of religious education. Religious Education is transforming the religious subjects into the followers of that religion specially children. This can be applied also on adults. This method of teaching which can be made among teachers and students, teaches the basic principles of the religion which include worshipping, obedience, morality, and rituals. Every teacher and school have their own techniques and special concentration. The Islamic Sufi Shaykhs (Old men or Imams) in the first position among people who study the Sufi Interpretation to religion. Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi depended on a religious Sufi teaching method in his poetic work entitled The Divan. This research paper starts with this detailed abstract. It is followed by a brief summary about the life of the great Turkish poet Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi and his literary carrier alongside with the religious and Sufi aspect. There will be a detailed explanation for his work entitled The Divan. Then, there will be a study for the form of religious education in details. Finally, this research paper will be concluded with a study of the concept of religious Education in The Divan of Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi.

Luwen Zhang

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic approach to healthcare that has been practiced for thousands of years. TCM offers effective treatments for a wide range of health conditions. However, in comparison to modern medicine, TCM places less emphasis on human anatomy in its diagnostic and treatment practices and has not developed a comprehensive system of human anatomy. By delving into the history, traditions, religion, and practice of TCM, the factors that have limited the development of human anatomy in TCM are identified.  Firstly, reverence for tradition and religion may have suppressed motivation for advancement in this area.  Secondly, the subjective nature of diagnosis and evaluating treatment outcomes in TCM reduces the necessity of studying human anatomy. Thirdly, the traditional education system in China had hindered the integration of human anatomy into TCM. Finally, cultural perspectives that prioritize the body as an integrated whole have also influenced the development of TCM. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the unique perspectives and values associated with TCM. Bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science will allow TCM to evolve while retaining its core principles. The integration of human anatomy into TCM will rejuvenate the whole research field by providing new insights into the mechanisms of TCM and maximize its potential in treating a wider range of diseases. TCM has made tremendous contributions to human health in the past and will continue to do so in the present and future.

Vanesa Disla de Jesus, J. Appel

Younghee Wang

The purpose of this study is to find out the symbolism of salt, an essential and unrare element in human life from the perspective of analytical psychology. Various documents and literatures regarding to its history, religion, verbal expressions, and culture from the physical characteristics of salt were explored. Salt, which has symbolized as vitality, equilibrium, contrast, and inhibition due to its natural characteristics, has come to symbolize wealth, power, and even conflict along with history. Linguistic expressions of salt represent the value of salt. Alchemy represents it as female principles. In the Bible, salt symbolizes preservatives, purifiers, and eternal promise between humans and God. In Western culture, salt has both positive and negative meanings. In Korean folk culture, salt is a sacred ingredient that purifies injustice with the bright energy of the sun, chasing away evil spirits and preventing fires. It can be expected that figure-using psychotherapists in practice can be expected to expand therapy by comprehending the various symbolical meanings of salt.

Katarzyna Wiśniewska

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd zasad ingerencji w obszarze zabytkowym poprzez chronologiczne przedstawienie różnych koncepcji odbudowy Starego Miasta w Elblągu, jako teoretycznych podstaw odbudowy oraz ukazanie przemian w podejściu do projektowania nowej zabudowy w obszarze zabytkowym. Konsekwentna odbudowa Starego Miasta w Elblągu od prawie czterech dekad jest ugruntowana teoretycznie i dostosowana do współczesności. Poprzez przykłady i określenie faz odbudowy Starego Miasta w Elblągu, chciałabym poddać refleksji, czy retrowersja jest procesem dostosowującym się każdorazowo do nowych współczesnych potrzeb, czy raczej retrowersja jako autorska metoda zakończyła się w 2002 roku wraz z zaprzestaniem nadzorowania projektów przez jej autorkę i od dziewiętnastu lat obserwujemy po prostu proces budowy Nowego Starego Miasta.

Ahmad Kusjairi Suhail

The wisdom of God, Blessed and Most High, required that people be created with different religions, opinions, trends, purposes, understandings, and ideas, and from here comes the importance of dialogue. The Holy Qur’an has paid great attention to dialogue. This research aims to reveal the urgency of dialogue from various perspectives such as within the humanitarian paradigm, from a sharia perspective, and from a contemporary world perspective. Apart from that, this research also explains the basic principles in the Koran relating to dialogue with other people, whether fellow Muslims or with followers of other religions (non-Muslims. This research argues that the Holy Qur’an’s interest in dialogue, that it is a humanitarian necessity, a legal obligation, and a modern need, and that the glorious Book of God includes important foundations that must be adhered to in dialogue with others, all of this is evidence that the nation of the Qur’an have been advocates of dialogue throughout their history.

Mohsen Shiravand

The thoughts of Sir Alfred Jules Ayer (1910-1989) are among the most well-known and at the same time most significant ones that have emerged in the history of human thought in the field of religion and ethics. This contemporary Anglophone linguistic philosopher has considered the millennial religious doctrines to be nonsense and meaningless. Moreover, according to Ayer, moral propositions are nothing more than mere expression of human emotions and feelings and thus, this group of human knowledge is also described as meaningless. There is no doubt that numerous studies have been conducted so far regarding Ayer’s thought and principles and discussed his ideas in two domains Abstract

Nur Izzati Jasmani

This study analyses the role of Islam in the formation of Malcolm X's identity and thoughts. Focusing on his moral foundation and evolving beliefs, particularly in theology and politics, this research seeks to elucidate the role of Islam in shaping Malcolm X’s worldview and serving as a moral foundation in his sentiments. The research methodology employed in this study is a qualitative approach with a historical research design. Data collection involves the use of documentation methods and the gathered data are analysed using historical analysis. As a result, the study findings reveal that despite challenging circumstances, Malcolm X successfully emerged from moral decay, discovering a renewed sense of purpose through Islam. Notably, Islam’s principles of justice and equality resonated with Malcolm X. The religion's clear stance on racial matters captivated him, aligning with his pursuit of equality. In essence, Malcolm X's comprehension of Islam significantly contributed to the evolution of his ideas concerning identity, racial dynamics and justice in the American context. The study emphasises how Islam became a transformative force in Malcolm X's life, shaping his vision for a more equitable and just society.

L. Gnatiuk

The article analyzes the origins of functionalism in the formation of sacred space. Examples of world architecture that show the function of form are presented. The development of sacred architecture of the modern era is represented. The phenomenon of perception in certain visible figures of objects is an expression of a more general situation, an expression of a certain type of views or collective beliefs. The use of theatrical forms in modernist architecture is considered, which at the same time is not a complete rejection of modernist preferences, but also an attempt to reinterpret the geometry of traditional forms of sacred space. Program historism, limited decoration and refinement of utilitarianism in the approach to traditional forms of sacred space are presented. Contradictions in the perception of sacred space and reading the symbolism of its content are considered. An attempt is also made to adapt the principles of modernism to the needs of the formation of a sacred space, in which, after the suspension of historical knowledge, the essence of the phenomenon under study is sought, which was understood as its invariable feature. Religion, art, science, language are presented as forms of human thinking about reality with forms of epistemologically understandable symbol. The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages that are transmitted through them in the formation of sacred space. Symbols pointing out not certain sacred reality, but certain intellectual tendencies, social situations or expressions of culture are singled out.

A. Baiburin

This article covers the principles of the formation of the data that constituted the basis for the official curriculum vitae in the Russian tradition. There is reason to believe that this data had been worked out mainly within the bureaucratic institutions. The data was identified by analyzing the available documents, which describe the official portrait and the life path of a person. The research issue can be formulated as follows: what kind of data about the person, his or her social characteristics and life events were considered necessary by the authorities to be registered in various documents? To answer this question, it was necessary to study parish registers, passports from different time periods, service records, family lists, Soviet questionaries filled out by newly hired employees, and other documents. Since the time of Peter the Great, the following data have been gradually included in the official portrait of a person: name (first name, patronymic, family name), social estate (social standing), age, place of residence, religion (nationality), marital status, military status. In the description of the life path, it was necessary to provide information about close relatives, education, employment history, awards and penalties. Soviet questionaries always included questions about a person’s involvement with the Komsomol (Young Communist League) or the Communist Party and participation in social work. As a result, an individual’s life story presented in the official curriculum vitae consisted not of events, but of his various social statuses. The bureaucratic apparatus required information not so much of the individual himself as of his social environment. The change in the type of information required was determined by aspects of the political and social system in which the respective person existed.

N. Doe, F. Cranmer

All three major European supranational institutions—the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CoE), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)—acknowledge the importance of religion within European history and culture and give special recognition to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. As has been argued elsewhere, the attitude of both the EU and the CoE to ‘religion’ is characterized by seven principles—the value of religion and of non-religion; subsidiarity; religious freedom; religious equality and non-discrimination; the autonomy of religious associations; cooperation with religion; and the special protection of religion by means of privileges and exemptions—principles that may be induced from their laws and other regulatory instruments. In doing so, they seek to maintain a balance between Europe’s religious, humanist, and cultural elements. How that balance and recognition operate in practice, however, is far from clear-cut and is highly sensitive to individual circumstances.

K. Vorozhikhina

The article is devoted to the origins and reception of the concepts of the vsechelovecheskoe and vsechlovek in the work of the late F. Dostoevsky. N. Danilevsky’s book “Russia and Europe” attracted attention of the writer, because it contained ideas in tune with his own thoughts about the special role of Russia, destinated to unite the Slavs. However, the program of Dostoevsky was significantly different from the conception of Danilevsky: the scientist radically separated religion and politics, while for Dostoevsky religion was called to sanctify politics and point out the ideal of the development of the Russian state, history and humanity; Danilevsky considered the struggle of Russia and Europe inevitable, and the writer believed in the possibility of building of new relations with the Western Europe countries on the Christian fraternal principles. Moreover, Dostoevsky accepted the distinction between universal and vsechelovecheskoe, introduced by the author of “Russia and Europe”. The ideas of vsechelovecheskoe evolved not without the influence of the young philosopher V.S. Solovyov. The historiosophical views of Dostoevsky, concedered by his contemporaries to be overly naive and devoid of robust realism, were adopted by Silver Age thinkers and Eurasians. Using the category of vsechelovecheskoe V.F. Ern and V.I. Ivanov comprehended contemporary historical events, revolutions and wars. The Eurasians, who at first came closer to Danilevsky’s concept with its isolated cultural-historical types, subsequently came to a religious understanding of history in the spirit of A.S. Khomyakov, V.S. Soloviev, F.M. Dostoevsky and others.