Hasil untuk "History America"

P. Higgins, J. Johanson

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

Carolina Rodríguez Tsouroukdissian

Abstract. This article examines early translations of “A cartomante,” one of the most anthologized stories written by Brazilian author Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis. I compare an Argentine translation and an English translation vis-à-vis the Portuguese original to determine to what extent they preserve and reproduce the literary features of the original text. I assess the alterations of the authorial voice in terms of additions, omissions, word choice, and style. Translation studies notions developed by Ernst-August Gutt and Lin Zhu inform this analysis. Whereas the Argentine translation tends to present more typos, suppress words, and reduce the intensity of some passages, the English translation over-dramatizes and over-explains some scenes, at the same time that it reimagines the characters to make them more attractive to the US readership. However, both translations reject some of the most characteristic aspects of Machado de Assis’s writing such as colloquialism and self-reflexivity. The close reading of these translations can help improve our understanding of Machado de Assis’s reception in Latin America and the United States at the beginning of the 20th century.

C. Nadelson

Lluis Danus, Carles Muntaner, Alexander Krauss et al.

Scientists collaborate through intricate networks, which impact the quality and scope of their research. At the same time, funding and institutional arrangements, as well as scientific and political cultures, affect the structure of collaboration networks. Since such arrangements and cultures differ across regions in the world in systematic ways, we surmise that collaboration networks and impact should also differ systematically across regions. To test this, we compare the structure of collaboration networks among prominent researchers in North America and Europe. We find that prominent researchers in Europe establish denser collaboration networks, whereas those in North-America establish more decentralized networks. We also find that the impact of the publications of prominent researchers in North America is significantly higher than for those in Europe, both when they collaborate with other prominent researchers and when they do not. Although Europeans collaborate with other prominent researchers more often, which increases their impact, we also find that repeated collaboration among prominent researchers decreases the synergistic effect of collaborating.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

V. Ramos

Bogatov Egor, Korenev Artem, Mikhailov Ilya

One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.

Galileo Violini, VÍctor M. Castaño, Juan Alfonso Fuentes Soria et al.

Central America and the Caribbean (CAC) need science development efforts through ambitious projects that require strong regional collaboration. Inspiration can be drawn from initiatives in regions with similar problems. The bottleneck is the scarcity of public research centers and little or no research in private universities. An interesting proposal is the creation of a Dominican "Silicon Beach". The "Central American Science and Technology Fund" should focus on objectives capable of attracting the attention of the non-academic sector, first and foremost policy makers, but also civil society in general. The successful experience of SESAME (" Synchrotron Light for Experimental Science and Applications in Middle East ") offers an interesting basis for reflection, as it allows scientific research and short-term practical and social applications. Only two of the more than 60 existing synchrotrons are in Latin America, both in Brazil. Together with other similar projects in the South, such as the African Light Source (AFLS), and with the support of SESAME, LNLS and other synchrotrons in the South, it could lead to interesting South-South cooperation, which could be supported by the European Union or the NSF.As David Gross reminded, Science drives Technology, Technology drives Innovation, and this ends up in the welfare of society. A regional synchrotron may be the way to make this a reality in the Great Caribbean Region, as a first historical example of a large regional facility there.

Josimar Chire

Open Data Policies can provide transparency, impulse innovation and citizenship participation. Access to the right data in right time can produce huge benefits to population. But, in Latin America there is not enough interest from governments to promote and use properly. By the other hand, global pandemic has caused many damages in different levels, i.e. Economy, Public Health, Education, etc. The paper opens a discussion about the importance of Open Data Policy to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 and overpass this problem.

Camila Lorenz, Thiago Salomao de Azevedo, Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto

West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne pathogen of global relevance and is currently the most widely distributed flavivirus of encephalitis worldwide. This virus infects birds, humans, horses, and other mammals, and its transmission cycle occurs in urban and rural areas. Climate conditions have direct and indirect impacts on vector abundance and virus dynamics within the mosquito. The significance of environmental variables as drivers in WNV epidemiology is increasing under the current climate change scenario. In this study, we used a machine learning algorithm to model WNV distributions in South America. Our model evaluated eight environmental variables (type of biome, annual temperature, seasonality of temperature, daytime temperature variation, thermal amplitude, seasonality of precipitation, annual rainfall, and elevation) for their contribution to the occurrence of WNV since its introduction in South America (2004). Our results showed that environmental variables can directly alter the occurrence of WNV, with lower precipitation and higher temperatures associated with increased virus incidence. High-risk areas may be modified in the coming years, becoming more evident with high greenhouse gas emission levels. Countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay will be greatly affected, drastically changing their current WNV distribution. Several Brazilian areas will also increase the likelihood of presenting WNV, mainly in the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Pantanal biome. The Galapagos Islands will also probably increase their geographic range suitable for WNV occurrence. It is necessary to develop preventive policies to minimize potential WNV infection in humans and enhance active epidemiological surveillance in birds, humans, and other mammals before it becomes a more significant public health problem in South America.

Emeterio Diez Puertas

En la década de 1940, en un periodo de aislamiento internacional, Argentina y España coincidieron en intercambiarse un número importante de comedias sentimentales. En ellas podía observarse dos modelos de feminidad: la ingenua y la pituca. Ambos estereotipos eran adaptaciones hispanas de modelos narrativos hollywoodienses. El intercambio se hacía en virtud de la política autárquica española que era, a la vez, un control de la balanza de pagos y, en principio, una garantía del contenido de las películas, pues lo importado y lo exportado provenía de países afines por cultura, tradición o ideología.

Jorge Norberto Cornejo, Haydée Santilli

M. B. Hastings

This is a personal history of the Hastings-Michalakis proof of quantum Hall conductance quantization.

Benjamin Charles Germain Lee, Jaime Mears, Eileen Jakeway et al.

Chronicling America is a product of the National Digital Newspaper Program, a partnership between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities to digitize historic newspapers. Over 16 million pages of historic American newspapers have been digitized for Chronicling America to date, complete with high-resolution images and machine-readable METS/ALTO OCR. Of considerable interest to Chronicling America users is a semantified corpus, complete with extracted visual content and headlines. To accomplish this, we introduce a visual content recognition model trained on bounding box annotations of photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, and editorial cartoons collected as part of the Library of Congress's Beyond Words crowdsourcing initiative and augmented with additional annotations including those of headlines and advertisements. We describe our pipeline that utilizes this deep learning model to extract 7 classes of visual content: headlines, photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, editorial cartoons, and advertisements, complete with textual content such as captions derived from the METS/ALTO OCR, as well as image embeddings for fast image similarity querying. We report the results of running the pipeline on 16.3 million pages from the Chronicling America corpus and describe the resulting Newspaper Navigator dataset, the largest dataset of extracted visual content from historic newspapers ever produced. The Newspaper Navigator dataset, finetuned visual content recognition model, and all source code are placed in the public domain for unrestricted re-use.

Anna Cant, Claudio Robles Ortiz

          Agradecendo a grande quantidade de pessoas que em vários países e três continentes contribuíram tão generosamente com seu esforço, iniciativa e compromisso a esse projeto editorial, nos compraz apresentar a revista História Agrária da América Latina (HAAL). O principal propósito dessa revista é promover e difundir a investigação e o debate interdisciplinar sobre a história das sociedades rurais da América Latina e do Caribe. Nossa perspectiva editorial está informada por uma concepção da história agrária como um campo disciplinar complexo e diverso. Assim, buscamos difundir trabalhos que tratam de uma ampla variedade de tópicos, processos e problemas, desde assuntos técnicos e econômicos, como os métodos de produção, no desafiante âmbito da “história das vacas e arados”, às representações culturais do “campo” que, com frequência, são politicamente carregadas e nem sempre sutis ou sofisticadas. Pensamos que uma revista com essa perspectiva ajudará não apenas a conhecermos melhor o passado rural, como também refletir sobre as sociedades nas quais vivemos.           Ao mesmo tempo, essa revista pretende ser uma instância de encontro das historiografias agrárias da América Latina e do Caribe. Nos interessa divulgar pesquisas realizadas em diferentes países, mas também promover o diálogo sobre enfoques teórico-metodológicos e debates historiográficos.  Assim, esperamos que as histórias rurais nacionais, regionais e locais sejam relevantes para além de seu conteúdo empírico e para fins comparativos, e que ofereçam ideias e estratégias que possam ser adotadas e adaptadas para o avanço dos estudos em história agrária de outros países, regiões e lugares. Para facilitar este encontro entre as historiografias da região, às vezes muito desconhecidas para além das suas próprias fronteiras, a revista publicará artigos e resenhas de livros em espanhol, português e inglês, os idiomas escritos, lidos e certamente utilizados por aqueles que estudam a história rural da nossa região. Além disso, a revista busca promover o diálogo interdisciplinar. Por isso, serão também bem-vindos trabalhos em economia, antropologia, ciências política, sociologia, estudos culturais e outras disciplinas, que examinem assuntos da sociedade rural com uma perspectiva histórica. Convidamos vocês à leitura do primeiro número.   Anna Cant & Claudio Robles Responsáveis pelo primeiro número de HAAL

John Alexander Arredondo García, Camilo Ramírez Maluendas

In this paper, we chronologically recount several situations that have contributed to the development and formalization of the objects known as imaginary or complex numbers. We will begin by introducing the earliest documented knowing for calculating the square root of a negative quantity, attributed to the Greek mathematician Heron of Alexandria. From there, we will progress through history to explore the formal concept of complex numbers given by William Rowan Hamilton.

Sônia Meneses

Este artigo pretende realizar uma discussão sobre problemas contemporâneos relacionados às relações entre história e mídia, destacando o papel desempenhado pela Internet na produção de memória e artefatos históricos no universo virtual. Ressalta-se assim, os paradoxos produzidos por uma   espécie de - memo - história distribuída nesse veículo sublinhado a dificuldade de selecionarmos  diante  do excesso de informação e os desafios de preservamos o passado para o futuro. Em  busca  de  uma  chave  de compreensão para problemas, realiza-se  um diálogo com Paul Ricoeur  e  suas  reflexões  sobre  os abusos de memória e esquecimento. Palavras Chaves: História, Mídia, Esquecimento, Internet

Susana Beatriz Petroski

D. Hall