This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.
This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.
The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.
Este artículo estudia la real proclamación de Luis I en la capital del reino de Mallorca, Palma. La proclamación en Palma de este monarca es especialmente significativa ya que se introduce el modelo de ceremonial castellano tras el decreto de Nueva Planta que era ajeno a la costumbre mallorquina. El propósito es conocer quiénes fueron los protagonistas, cómo se organizó, así como la ceremonia de la proclamación real en la capital del reino insular.
The departmental prefecture of Kraków was established in April 1810 on the basis of the Administrative Office of the Kraków Powiat, established by the provisional Polish authorities during the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809). The creation of the prefecture was preceded by a dispute over the scope of powers of this institution and an attempt to grant Kraków a special status outside the departmental structures in the Duchy of Warsaw. In political terms, the prefect of the department presented pro-Napoleonic views until May 1813. After the seizure of Kraków by the Russian army, he switched to pro-Russian positions, seeing Tsar Alexander as the protector of the Polish cause. The Kraków Department was managed efficiently by the prefecture. In some cases (Kraków’s local governance, limitation of Jewish economic activities), the prefect of the Department applied solutions that were inconsistent with the applicable law. For the next two prefects of the Kraków Department (Stanisław Wodzicki and Kasper Wielogłowski) this office was the first stage of their official career, which ended for them with the function of the president of the Senate of the Free City of Kraków.
José Elguero Videgaray fue uno de los hispanistas mexicanos más destacados de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Abogado por formación, aunque periodista por oficio y vocación, cultivó el ejercicio de la palabra impresa en infinidad de artículos publicados en importantes periódicos de la época, como El País o Excélsior. Su pluma no aceptó ataduras y, por ello, acabó padeciendo la experiencia del exilio en varias ocasiones. De este periodista, escritor y académico michoacano, que vivió el régimen porfiriano y las primeras décadas de la revolución mexicana, versará el presente artículo con vistas a alcanzar un acercamiento a su desconocida trayectoria de vida.
The birth of the Timor question is a paradigmatic case of the difficulties of the colonial legacy and the complexity of the double process of internal and international normalisation that Portugal had to manage in its democratic infancy. In this context, this article develops an analysis of the contexts, ideas and strategies of Portuguese foreign policy towards Timor between 1976 and 1985. Based on a cross-referencing of primary and secondary sources, the article identifies the fundamental ideas, strategies and contexts of the Timorese question within the formulation of Portuguese foreign policy, highlighting its main turning points. More than the presentation of facts, the article develops a comprehensive reading that intends to explain the reasons why the Timorese issue was not considered one of the priorities of Portuguese foreign policy in this period. This article is part of the special theme section on The Self-Determination of East Timor, guest-edited by Rui Graça Feijó.
The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.
Los grupos de traficantes de droga son agentes predominantes en el escenario de hiperviolencia que lacera a México, y las palabras crimen organizado, cárteles o narcotráfico han sido utilizadas de manera imprecisa o arbitraria para definirlos, lo que propicia desaciertos conceptuales, desviaciones semánticas o viabilizar el intervencionismo y la criminalización. Pero en especial, esos conceptos resultan insuficientes para captar la evolución de dichos agentes, por lo que con la intención de redefinirlos como Redes Transnacionales de Criminalidad (rtc), se asume aquí una posición académica crítica a la postura dominante en materia de seguridad y se dimensiona su incidencia en los planos político, económico y social. El análisis da cuenta de los cambios en la relación agentes criminales-Estado; la división del trabajo al interior de las rtc; el engarce entre capitales lícitos-ilícitos; la inserción del capital criminal en el patrón de acumulación global y la ramificación de sus delitos.
One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.
A história dos preços no Brasil não é gênero que tenha cativado a muitos historiadores. No entanto, muitos pesquisadores têm nos últimos anos procedido ao estabelecimento de séries de preços como recurso axial ou auxiliar, em particular para o período posterior a 1808, ma so mesmo não ocorre para os séculos XVII e XVIII. Este trabalho pretende sistematizar algumas questões de método relativas à construção de séries de preços, com especial atenção para as possibilidades de estabelecimento de um fator de conversão para algumas moedas estrangeiras do período.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo problematizar um tema ainda pouco debatido dentro dos estudos de escravidão, que são os relacionamentos afetivos entre escravizados, com um olhar para a construção das masculinidades. Buscamos entender quais os significados e ajustamentos destes relacionamentos, sobretudo para as mulheres, e como se davam estas relações entre pessoas que dividiam a mesma condição jurídica e de raça, mas não de gênero.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.
John Alexander Arredondo García, Camilo Ramírez Maluendas
In this paper, we chronologically recount several situations that have contributed to the development and formalization of the objects known as imaginary or complex numbers. We will begin by introducing the earliest documented knowing for calculating the square root of a negative quantity, attributed to the Greek mathematician Heron of Alexandria. From there, we will progress through history to explore the formal concept of complex numbers given by William Rowan Hamilton.
An overview of the history of projective representations (= spin representations) of groups, preceded by the prehistory of studies on the theory of quaternion due to Rodrigues and Hamilton. Beginning with Schur, we cover many mathematicians until today, and also physicists Pauli and Dirac. This is a self translation of Appendix A of my book "Introduction to the theory of projective representations of groups" in Japanese, 2018, Sugakushobo, and may serve as an introduction to our paper arXiv: 1804.06063 [math.RT] which will appear in Kyoto J. Math.