Hasil untuk "History (General)"

N. Andreasen, J. Endicott, R. Spitzer et al.

J. Anderson, Sheila M. Williams, R. McGee et al.

J. Metz, R. Nisbet, S. Geritz

Geoffrey B. West, James H. Brown, B. Enquist

P. Adler, R. Salguero‐Gómez, A. Compagnoni et al.

J. Maluf

A review of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity is presented. It is emphasized that general relativity may be formulated in terms of the tetrad fields and of the torsion tensor, and that this geometrical formulation leads to alternative insights into the theory. The equivalence with the standard formulation in terms of the metric and curvature tensors takes place at the level of field equations. The review starts with a brief account of the history of teleparallel theories of gravity. Then the ordinary interpretation of the tetrad fields as reference frames adapted to arbitrary observers in space–time is discussed, and the tensor of inertial accelerations on frames is obtained. It is shown that the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field equations allow us to define the energy, momentum and angular momentum of the gravitational field, as surface integrals of the field quantities. In the phase space of the theory, these quantities satisfy the algebra of the Poincaré group.

Piotr J. Wróbel

General Lucjan Żeligowski’s dilemmas regarding his national identity reflect the difficult choices faced by millions of people living in the borderlands between Russia and various East-Central European nations over the past several centuries. Born and raised in a Polish-patriotic family in 1865 in the heart of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was controlled by Tsarist Russia, he joined the Russian Army out of poverty and became almost entirely Russified. Seeking a compromise between his Polish and Russian identities, he became interested in Slavophile ideology. By the end of World War I, his Polish identity had prevailed over his Lithuanian and Russian sentiments, and he contributed to the rebirth of Poland. However, he noticed a distinction between Poles from central Poland and himself, a “Polish” or “Slavic Lithuanian”. He was very critical of Warsaw’s policies towards the regions of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and endeavoured to preserve their separate character. In 1939, he escaped from Poland and joined the Polish émigré authorities. In the West, he returned to Pan-Slavic ideology, hoping it would help bridge the Polish-Soviet chasm. Also, his political views shifted. In interwar Poland, he became an agrarian, but he was moving to the left, dreaming of a “People’s Poland”. This allowed him to stay connected with the Soviets during World War II and later to decide on his return to communist-controlled Poland. He had never found peace of mind and paid a steep price for his numerous identity crises. He was not alone; millions traversed similar mental paths, impacting the entire history of Eastern and East Central Europe.

Jones Akuaku, Rita Sam

The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a priority Pan-African tree species. Insect pests that are associated with and damage domesticated baobab are largely unknown in the production areas of baobab. To identify and document insect pests associated with domesticated African baobab for the first time, mature and young domesticated baobab plants were, respectively, surveyed on the research fields and nursery of the Ho Technical University in Ho, Ghana. The survey targeted all insects found on baobab with the goal of documenting pests that infest baobab plants. Collected insect samples were photographed and searched using Google Lens and the iNaturalist insect identification application for their identification and taxonomic classification. The entomological specimens collected were classified into 7 orders, 11 families, and 16 insect species. The most frequent orders were Hemiptera (37.5%) and Coleoptera (31.25%). The incidence of the remaining orders (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, and Dictyoptera) was very low with 6.25% abundance each. Regarding absolute counts, the Coleopteran order had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher number of insects (51.48 ± 7.42955) than the other orders; Araneae (4.70 ± 7.42955), Hemiptera (1.10 ± 7.42955), Dictyoptera (0.45 ± 7.42955), Orthoptera (0.40 ± 7.42955), Hymenoptera (0.30 ± 7.42955), and Lepidoptera (0.05 ± 7.42955). No significant difference was observed among these remaining orders. The cocoa weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus) was the most dominant insect pest. Some beneficial insects were also found on the baobab plants. Monitoring and management interventions, particularly integrated pest management (IPM), that target the identified insect pests can be implemented to ensure the sustainable cultivation of baobab. Further research is required to identify and classify insect pests that may not have been captured and identified in this study.

Abdulla Mohamed, Samma Eraqe, Mai Mattar et al.

Introduction: Retronychia is a unique type of nail ingrowth that has been described by De Berker and Renall in 1999. We present a case that was diagnosed and treated involving a multidisciplinary team consisting of dermatologist, radiologist, and a general surgeon. Furthermore, recurrence of such condition was prevented by patient education and empowerment. Case presentation: This is a young female who presented with two months history of right great toe pain and discharge. Antibiotic alone was prescribed but did not show improvement. She previously underwent left side nail avulsion for a similar complaint. In examination, she had tender hallux valgus of the right big toe, associated with turbid discharge from the nail bed. We confirmed the diagnosis of retronychia using ultrasound and treated the condition with nail avulsion. However, she had signs of recurrence during follow up, and we advised her to raise the distal end of the nail manually using a local anesthetic which was successful. Discussion: This unique condition needs timely diagnosis to choose the proper treatment. Treatment depends on the stage, and starts with topical steroids and eventually might end with nail avulsion. Recurrence is uncommon, unlike our case. We hypothesized that early lifting of the distal end of the nail can prevent full recurrence. This maneuver proved to be effective in our case and there was no recurrence. Conclusion: Retronychia is a new term that shares treatment with other nail disorders. Patient education and empowerment is crucial in the treatment. Further studies in that matter are needed.

Ji-Sook Kong, Mi Kyung Kim

Background and objectives: There is increasing evidence suggesting that lifestyle factors play a significant role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Rather than occurring individually, these conditions often coexist. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of lifestyle factors on the risk of hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity. Methods: This study included 9608 adults aged 19 years and above from the cross-sectional Korean National Health Examination Study between 2019 and 2021. An unhealthy lifestyle score was derived from five factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), diet, and physical activity. Each participant was assigned an unhealthy lifestyle score based on the cumulative number of unhealthy factors present. A logistic regression model and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after adjusting for confounders. The analysis aimed to assess the association between an unhealthy lifestyle and the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and their comorbidity. Results: The prevalence of hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity was 12.9%, 19.6%, and 16.4%, respectively. In the multivariable model, higher odds of hypertension alone were significantly associated with alcohol consumption and BMI status. Dyslipidemia alone and the comorbidity of hypertension and dyslipidemia were associated with all individual lifestyle factors. When compared to individuals with the highest unhealthy lifestyle score (4–5 scores), those with the lowest score (0–1 scores) had increased ORs of 5.38 (95% CI: 3.15–9.19), 4.08 (95% CI: 2.84–5.85), and 16.0 (95% CI: 9.34–27.5) for hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity, respectively. Furthermore, even after stratifying by family history, individuals with the lowest lifestyle score were still associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and their comorbidity compared to those with the highest lifestyle score, regardless of their family history. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate a positive association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and the risk of comorbidity of hypertension and dyslipidemia, as well as hypertension and dyslipidemia alone. Moreover, lifestyle factors may influence the risk of hypertension and dyslipidemia, even in individuals with a family history of these conditions.

Fan Xia, Peiyu Xing, Hao Zhang et al.

We performed a retrospective, observational study of 51 eyes in 51 treatment-naïve patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), whose lesion ranged within the 6 × 6 mm scope of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The patients were divided into an ill-defined group and a well-defined group based on the pattern of branching vascular network (BVN) on OCTA. BVN morphology was not related to baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). However, the BCVA in the ill-defined BVN group (−0.18 [interquartile range: −0.40 to 0.00]) was significantly improved after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, compared with that (0.00 [interquartile range: −0.18 to 0.00]) in the well-defined group (z = 2.143, <i>p</i> = 0.032). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, fewer injections, and the presence of polypoidal lesions on OCTA images at baseline predicted a poor prognosis in patients with polypoidal lesions on OCTA images after anti-VEGF therapy (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). Finally, BCVA at baseline and the number of injections were protective factors for BCVA after anti-VEGF therapy (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). In contrast, a history of hypertension and macular edema at baseline were risk factors for BCVA after anti-VEGF injections (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). Our results revealed the visual and morphological prognosis of patients with active subfoveal circumscribed PCV after anti-VEGF therapy.

Joff P. N. Bradley, Mateo Belgrano (trad.)

Megan Yu

Photo by Scott Van Daalen on Unsplash INTRODUCTION LASIK surgery, one of the most common elective procedures worldwide, aims to decrease or eliminate the need to wear glasses or contact lenses by reshaping the cornea’s curvature to restore the eye’s refractive power.[1] There is a popular belief among the public that the procedure is “virtually foolproof”,[2] which is largely shaped by LASIK advertising and marketing techniques.[3] However, recent studies and news reports suggest that complications after LASIK surgery are not uncommon and that many eye centers and LASIK advertisements continue to promise “20/20 vision or your money back” or fail to disclose possible LASIK complications.[4] In fact, a recent study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found that 1 to 4 percent of participants were dissatisfied with the visual complications after LASIK surgery.[5] Misleading information provided to the public about the procedure contributes to the popularity of LASIK. This paper discusses the ethical issues currently associated with both advertising and physicians’ disclosures of risks surrounding the procedure and provides recommendations to address these LASIK complications. LASIK is the most popular procedure used to correct the refractive error, which includes myopia and hyperopia.[6] Using this procedure, the ophthalmologist reshapes the cornea by removing eye tissue in different areas depending on the patient’s condition.[7] A flap approximately the size of a contact lens is formed using a femtosecond laser. This flap folds back in place and adheres to the corneal surface.[8] ANALYSIS Misleading LASIK Advertising & Failure to Disclose Business Relationships Misleading advertisements that portray LASIK surgery as a complication-free procedure are unethical. Many eye centers continue to display misleading advertisements by using phrases such as “20/20 vision or your money back” or “package deals.”[9] Direct to consumer advertisements created by ophthalmology groups, laser vision centers, and other LASIK providers make inflated claims regarding the efficacy or safety of LASIK surgery. For instance, some feature images that imply patients who had undergone LASIK surgery would be permanently free from glasses or claim LASIK surgery is a “safe and painless” alternative to glasses and omit any relevant complications of LASIK surgery.[10] Complex bioethical issues arise from false and misleading advertising. Any partnership ophthalmologists have with the companies that manufacture LASIK surgery equipment undermines physician integrity and may create pressure on ophthalmologists not to disclose LASIK surgery’s risks and limitations. Deceptive marketing tactics and business profits may also interfere with the physician’s professional obligation to patients and entice a patient to undergo risky surgery. These issues violate the principle of non-maleficence because they expose patients to unnecessary risks violating physicians’ obligations not to harm patients. Patients also suffer financially, as they may have to pay thousands of dollars for a procedure that may be ineffective or harmful. Ophthalmologists also violate the principles of virtue ethics and beneficence because physicians should display virtuous qualities, such as integrity and honesty in their practice and should promote good to their patients. The American Academy of Ophthalmology (Academy) and the FDA should oversee the behavior of ophthalmologists to ensure any financial or professional ties they have with the manufacturers that make the lasers for LASIK surgery do not override the professional obligation to disclose the risks and limitations of LASIK surgery. Government and professional associations should also discourage scientific journals from publishing studies where the authors have financial or professional ties with manufacturers that make the lasers used in LASIK surgery unless full disclosure is made clear. Financial ties and perverse incentives to overtreat are ethical issues that undermine trust. Failure to Disclose Possible Complications of LASIK Surgery by Ophthalmologists The FDA and the Academy have issued statements that compel ophthalmologists to properly inform patients of the indications, limitations, and complications of LASIK surgery and the lasers used during this procedure in 2008, 2009, and 2011.[11] Yet some ophthalmologists neglect to disclose possible LASIK surgery complications to patients or fail to take the time to answer patients’ questions regarding LASIK surgery,[12] which could cause long-term medical harm to the patient. In 2019, two Canadians filed a lawsuit against LASIK MD Clinics for neglecting to warn them that they could potentially develop corneal neuralgia after LASIK surgery,[13] which is a rare complication of LASIK surgery that is often misdiagnosed as dry eye.[14] Some patients have reported years of suffering from debilitating eye pain and visual symptoms such as glares and halos,[15] and some patients who had undergone LASIK surgery testified at an FDA meeting that they experienced impaired vision after LASIK surgery that resulted in job loss and social isolation. Suicides have also been reported.[16] Based on patient reporting of adverse events, ophthalmologists must disclose serious consequences. A failure to disclose complications of any medical procedure is a severe ethical breach. In the US, Canterbury v. Spence set forth a strong stance on failure to disclose rare severe side effects.[17] Informed consent is a cornerstone of bioethics—patients must know the risks before they agree to undergo any procedure. The moral foundation of informed consent is the protection of bodily integrity and respect for autonomy.[18] Patients have a fundamental liberty interest in being free of non-consensual bodily intrusion. Without accurate information, informed consent has not transpired; the agreement to undergo the procedure is based on misinformation. Doctors must disclose risks to educate the patient. It is the doctor’s duty to ensure that the patient is informed. Failing to disclose LASIK surgery’s possible complications violates the principles of virtue ethics and non-maleficence as it withholds knowledge from patients that is essential to the sound management of their health. It also tarnishes the doctor-patient relationship's fiduciary nature as patients may place less trust in their physicians after discovering they withheld essential knowledge from them. There is moral value in the life-changing benefits of LASIK Surgery Restoring one’s vision can be life-changing for many patients. Those who previously had to rely on glasses or contact lenses to see clearly could feel empowered and gain more autonomy after having LASIK surgery. LASIK helps patients avoid having contact lens intolerance. A successful LASIK surgery also allows patients to pursue certain professions or sports that they previously could not, such as becoming a chef or swimming. The ethics of advertising to enable potential LASIK patients to learn more about LASIK are compelling. More patients with poor vision will learn about an important solution. Advertising brings patients to doctors who must discuss the procedure realistically. Advertising LASIK would be ethically prohibited if it drew in patients with unrealistic expectations, and the doctor did not clearly state the efficacy, risks, and side effects. Continuing to allow advertising is the better moral choice as it allows many in need of help to seek it. However, it is a moral choice that is dependent on truth-telling and full disclosure by doctors. Despite the life-altering benefits of LASIK surgery, ophthalmologists have a professional obligation to patients and the public to provide truthful, informative advertising of LASIK surgery and ensure patients fully understand the purpose, benefits, limitations, and complications of LASIK surgery before having the procedure. Beneficence should compel ophthalmologists to act in the best interests of patients, as the intended purpose of LASIK surgery is to help patients improve their vision. LASIK can be a life-changing improvement ethically compelling its availability to patients for whom it is the right fit. Appropriate advertising and risk disclosure empower the patient in making an informed decision to undergo LASIK surgery. Actions to ensure an ethical process for patients deciding to undergo LASIK surgery To ensure full transparency, ophthalmologists should confirm patients understand the nature, purpose, and risks of the procedure by encouraging them to ask questions during consultations and taking the time to answer their questions. They should ensure patients read and understand the fine print of informed consent forms and screen for patients who may not be suitable for LASIK surgery. Physicians also should substantiate any claim they made with the latest evidence from scientifically robust clinical studies. If an advertisement claims “90% of LASIK patients achieve 20/40 vision or better,”[19] the ophthalmologist should corroborate the claim with a reliable clinical study and ensure his outcomes do not differ significantly from the study’s outcomes. Ophthalmologists should verify they did not omit any relevant information regarding the effectiveness or nature of LASIK surgery as the omission might influence the patient’s decision to undergo surgery.[20] Any claim made in advertisements and marketing materials, whether implicitly or explicitly, must provide an accurate impression of LASIK surgery.[21] For instance, a LASIK advertisement that features a man throwing away his glasses might cause patients to believe they would be permanently free from glasses or contact lenses after LASIK surgery. Federal and global organizations, such as the Academy and the FDA should promote public awareness about LASIK’s risks and benefits and continue to regulate any promotional material that ophthalmologists use to promote LASIK surgery. The FDA should take action if an eye center in violation of the policies chooses not to comply. The Academy and the FDA should also prohibit ophthalmologists from classifying LASIK surgeries “successful” based on achieving “20/20 or 20/40 or better vision” after surgery if a complication was reported.[22]   CONCLUSION Physicians must bar misleading advertisements and fully disclose the complications of LASIK surgery to patients. Through these measures, patients would make more informed choices about whether they should undergo LASIK surgery. Rather than marketing LASIK to those with minor vision impairment or with higher risk profiles, ophthalmologists must behave according to the ethical foundation of their profession. Even with relatively few risks, doctors must be certain to minimize risk by evaluating patient eligibility for LASIK, cautioning all patients about the risks, and ensuring proper advertising and marketing practices. LASIK can give people enhanced vision expanding career and athletic opportunities and make life simpler with less need for contacts, and glasses for the right candidates. [1] Tran, Khai et al., “Laser refractive surgery for vision correction: A review of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness,” CADTH Rapid Response Report: Summary with Critical Appraisal, June 22, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532537. [2] Rabin, Roni, “Blurred Vision, Burning Eyes: This Is A Lasik Success?” June 11, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/well/lasik-complications-vision.html. [3] LasikComplications.com, “THE LASIK REPORT: A Call for the Discontinuation of a Harmful Procedure,” April, 2008. https://www.lasikcomplications.com/The-LASIK-Report.pdf. [4] Rabin, Roni, 2018; The Associated Press, “Witnesses Tell of Suffering after Lasik,” April 25, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/25/business/aplasik-web.html; Eydelman, Malvina et al., “Symptoms and satisfaction of patients in the patient-reported outcomes with laser in situ keratomileusis (PROWL) studies,” JAMA Ophthalmology 135, no. 1 (2018): 13-22; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “What are the risks and how can I find the right doctor for me?” August 8, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/lasik/what-are-risks-and-how-can-i-find-right-doctor-me; American Academy of Ophthalmology, “Guidelines for refractive surgery advertising,” October 2008. https://www.aao.org/about/policies/guidelines-refractive-surgery-advertising [5] Eydelman, Malvina et al, p. 13 [6] Wilkinson, John et al., “Refractive eye surgery: Helping patients make informed decisions about LASIK,” American Family Physician 95, no. 10 (2017): 637-644 [7] Wilkinson, John, et al., p. 638 [8] Wilkinson, John, et al., p. 639 Other procedures, such as laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis, epithelial LASIK, femtosecond laser extraction, and small incision lenticular extraction, have been developed that have similar effectiveness as LASIK but their long-term outcomes are unknown. Some contraindications to LASIK surgery include corneal abnormalities, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, uncontrolled glaucoma, and significant cataracts, and patients with abnormal wound healing, controlled diabetes, glaucoma, a history of herpetic keratitis, or systemic autoimmune disease should be cautioned before undergoing LASIK surgery. Some complications of LASIK surgery include dry eye, visual symptoms (including glare, halos, and starbursts), diffuse lamellar keratitis, and infections, with dry eye and visual symptoms accounting for 20-40 percent and 20 percent of the complications, respectively. (Wilkinson 639, 640 & 641) [9] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2018; American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [10] American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Letter to Eye Care Professionals (May 22, 2009)” May 22, 2009. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/lasik/fda-letter-eye-care-professionals-may-22-2009; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Letter to Eye Care Professionals (September 23, 2011)” September 23, 2011. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/lasik/fda-letter-eye-care-professionals-september-23-2011; American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [12] Aubry, Allison, “Some patients say life after lasik not perfect,” May 1, 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90070220 [13] Favaro, Avis et al., “Lasik MD patients allege nerve damage, file class action lawsuit,” November 21, 2019. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/lasik-md-patients-allege-nerve-damage-file-class-action-lawsuit-1.4697069 [14] Theophanous Christos et al., “Corneal Neuralgia after LASIK,” Optometry and Vision Science 92, no. 9 (2015): e233-e240 [15] Robin, Roni, 2018 [16] The Associated Press, 2008 [17] Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F. 2d 772 (1972) [18] Schoendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 106 N.E.93 (N.Y. 1914)(every patient has the right to decide what is done with “his own body.”) [19] American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [20] American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [21] American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 [22] LasikComplications.com, 2008

H. Caswell

I. G. Dokuchaeva

The evacuation of industrial enterprises, educational institutions, and millions of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War is a tragic page in the history of Russia. This complex operation involved the evacuation and placement of hundreds of schools and factory training institutions in the rear areas of the country. The article describes the scale and complexity of the restoration of the work of educational institutions of Labor Reserves in the conditions of Western Siberia at the initial stage of the war. It includes an analysis of the restructuring process of Labor Reserve schools. The author evaluates the importance of mobilization measures taken to attract young people to accelerated vocational training. The paper also features the problem of the relationship between the management of the Labor Re-serves and the industrial and transport enterprises where students had to do practical training and got employed after graduation. The research offers a comparative statistics of growth in the number of educational institutions and stu-dents.

Александр Александрович Гужаловский

Софија Лазаревић

Овај рад износи основне поставке теорије Ајрис Јанг која, насупрот идеалу универзалног грађанства и једнакости жена истиче неопходност структурне и историјске анализе положаја различитих категорија жена. У њеним размишљањима се могу наћи елементи феминистичких теорија, политичке филозофије, марксизма и афроамеричке филозофије истичући важност и анализу положаја жена, структурно, али и историјски. Први део рада се бави темом одговорности и права где Јанг позива своје читаоце да размишљају о одговорности и обавезама друштва у стварању правде/исправљању неправде. У другом делу рада се говори о универзалном грађанству и остваривању једнаког права за све у друштву. Следећи део рада се тиче партиципативне демократије и хетерогене јавности. Уместо универзалног грађанства залаже се за групно диференцирано грађанство и хетерогену јавност. Јангова се не задржава само на критици споменутих теорија, него нуди и алтернативно решење засновано управо на њеним ставовима који представљају комбинацију феминизма, марксизма и теорија парципативне демократије.

Mehmet Özçağlayan, Filiz Yavuz Çakıcı

Nükleer enerji hükümetler üstü bir konu; bir devlet politikasıdır. Dolayısıyla siyasi görüşleri farklı olsa da 1970’lerden itibaren hükümetler eliyle nükleer enerjiye geçiş sürecinde ısrar edilmiştir. Öte yandan nükleer enerji, başta yöre insanı olmak üzere tüm halkın yaşamını etkileyecek nitelikte bir konudur. Bu yüzden sürecin başarıya ulaşması, halkın, Türkiye’nin nükleer enerjiye geçişine rıza göstermesine bağlıdır. Medya ise halkın rızasını sağlamak için egemen söylemi yeniden ve yeniden üreterek yayan bir kurum olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kavramsal temelini Gramsci’nin hegemonya kuramının oluşturduğu bu makalede, Teun van Dijk’in Eleştirel Söylem Analizi disiplininden yararlanılarak, Bülent Ecevit’in başbakanlık koltuğuna oturduğu 11 Ocak 1999 ile Akkuyu nükleer santral ihalesini iptal ederek nükleer enerji konusunu rafa kaldırdığı 25 Temmuz 2000 tarihleri arasında, nükleer karşıtı hareketin Milliyet gazetesindeki temsiliyetine odaklanılmış ve bu süreçte, Milliyet gazetesinin nükleer enerjiyle ilgili egemen söylemi üretip üretmediği ve topluma karşı sorumluluğunu ne kadar ve nasıl yerine getirdiği değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. / Nuclear energy is a supra-governmental issue and a state policy. Therefore, although their political views were different, transitioning to nuclear energy by governments since the 1970s has been insisted. Contrarily, nuclear energy affects all people’s lives. Hence, the success of Turkey’s nuclear phase-in depends on the general public’s consent. To provide it, the media emerges as an institution reproducing the dominant discourse. The article, having a conceptual base from Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and using the discipline of Teun van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis, focuses on the representation of the anti-nuclear movement in the Milliyet Daily between January 11, 1999, when Bülent Ecevit became the Prime Minister, and July 25, 2000, when the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant bid was cancelled; and in this process, it was evaluated whether the Milliyet Daily produced the dominant discourse on nuclear energy and how and how much it fulfilled its responsibility towards society.

Álvaro Ribagorda

La historiografía no ha dedicado mucha atención a las particularidades de la ciencia española durante la Segunda República, quedando diluida esta etapa dentro de las visiones generales del primer tercio del siglo XX que suelen abordar las historias de la cien­cia española. A partir de la revisión de la bibliografía concerniente a este tema, se plantea aquí el interés de desarrollar una perspectiva historiográfica espe­cífica sobre el mismo.

Manuel Rivero Rodríguez

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