Hasil untuk "Geodesy"

Titi Sari Nurul Rachmawati, Mustika Sari, Daniel Darma Widjaja et al.

Green building incentives constitute a policy instrument for mitigating economic, technical, and behavioral barriers to the adoption of green buildings, yet existing studies remain fragmented across incentive types, stakeholders, and building life cycle stage. A coherent synthesis that explains how incentive strategies evolve and interact across these dimensions is still missing. This study addresses that gap through a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA 2020 protocol. A total of 69 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 were identified from Scopus and analyzed using thematic synthesis. The review maps temporal trends, incentive typologies, stakeholder roles, and implementation challenges across different regional and market contexts. The findings indicate that incentive effectiveness depends on alignment between life cycle stage, market maturity, and stakeholder capacity, rather than on any single policy instrument. Financial incentives remain critical in early market phases, while non-financial and regulatory instruments gain prominence as markets mature. The synthesis also demonstrates how evolutionary game theory has been increasingly applied to analyse dynamic incentive and penalty strategies under bounded rationality, offering a structured lens for adaptive policy design. By integrating life cycle perspectives, stakeholder interactions, and game theoretical insights, this study advances current understanding of these incentive designs. The results provide a foundation for more adaptive and context-sensitive incentive frameworks and identify clear directions for future empirical and comparative policy research.

Trias Aditya, Adrian N. Pamungkas, Faishal Ashaari et al.

Synchronous interactions from different locations have become a globally accepted modus of interaction since the COVID-19 outbreak. For centuries, professional cadastral survey activities always required an interaction modus whereby surveyors, neighboring landowners, and local officers were present simultaneously. During the systematic adjudication and land registration project in Indonesia, multiple problems in the land information systems emerged, which, up to date, remain unsolved. These include the presence of plots of land without a related title, incorrect demarcations in the field, and the listing of titles without a connection to a land plot. We argue that these problems emerged due to ineffective survey workflows, which draw on inflexible process steps. This research assesses how and how much the use of augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies can make land registration services more effective and expand collaboration in a synchronous and at distant manner (the so-called same time, different place principle). The tested cadastral survey workflows include the procedure for a first land titling, the one for land subdivision, and the updating and maintenance of the cadastral database. These are common cases that could potentially benefit from integrated uses of augmented and virtual reality applications. Mixed reality technologies using VR glasses are also tested as tools, allowing individuals, surveyors, and government officers to work together synchronously from different places via a web mediation dashboard. The work aims at providing alternatives for safe interactions of field surveyors with decision-making groups in their endeavors to reach fast and effective collaborative decisions on boundaries.

Jiang Guo, Jianghui Geng

Abstract The discrimination test of ambiguity resolution, also known as ambiguity validation, is a vital procedure to quantify the reliability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ambiguity-fixed solutions. Several well-known tests, including the R-ratio, W-ratio, and Ambiguity Dilution of Precision, usually employ empirical thresholds for the discrimination of integer candidates. We aim at improving the reliability of ambiguity validation by integrating these tests using a machine learning model called the Support Vector Model (SVM). The dataset used consists of simulated real-time Precise Point Positioning Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) solutions in 1-day batch. Specifically, the training dataset is derived using the observations from days 1–31 of year 2023, while the testing dataset is generated using the observations from days 153–159 of years 2022 and 2024. The results reveal that the SVM validates PPP-AR at a success rate of 83% for the independent testing dataset. At the same time, the mean error of the convergence time predicted by the SVM is about 1.0 min, whereas that by the R-ratio test up to 5.0 min. A vehicle-borne experiment conducted on day 362 of year 2020 further demonstrates the improvement of this method in a kinematic scenario, with a success rate of 92% compared to 82% with the conventional R-ratio test.

Ekrem Bektašević, Satko Filipović, Kemal Gutić et al.

Testing the integrity of piles is a key aspect of geotechnical analysis, and the application of non-destructive methods allows for a reliable assessment of the condition of piles without causing physical damage to the structure. This paper focuses on the application of the Pile Echo Test (PET) method for verifying the mechanical properties and quality of piles that serve as supports for portal structures. The testing showed that the measured velocities ranged from 4000 to 5000 m/s, with amplifications between 25% and 35%, indicating that the piles do not have serious structural issues and that no material degradation has occurred that would affect the load-bearing capacity or stability of the piles. By using the PET method, the integrity of the piles can be precisely determined, thereby enhancing the safety and long-term stability of portal structures. The results of this study confirm the importance of applying this method in geotechnical analyses as a reliable technique for verifying the quality of piles.

Mingyang Lei, Huifang Li, Liying Xu et al.

The existence of thin clouds within remote sensing images results in the loss of image information. The removal of thin clouds is crucial for enhancing data quality and increasing the application scope of remote sensing imagery. A method that combines model-driven homomorphic filtering and data-driven diffusion models for thin cloud removal is proposed in this paper. Homomorphic filtering guidance and spatial domain guidance are employed to transform the generation process of a pre-trained unconditional cloud-free remote sensing images generative model from random to directed, thereby generating a cloud-free image that corresponds to the provided thin-cloud image. Unlike most existing data-driven methods, this approach requires only cloud-free images for model training, thus avoiding the difficulties associated with dataset construction. Additionally, the prior knowledge obtained from the diffusion model is used to compensate for the inherent color loss in homomorphic filtering, addressing the limitations of traditional model-based methods. Comparative experiments were conducted by training on 655 cloud-free GaoFen-2 satellite scenes and testing on 68 simulated and 20 real thin-cloud scenes. On the simulated set, the proposed method achieved an average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 26.0 dB and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of 0.873. On real scenes, it raised image sharpness and color saturation by 22% and 40%, respectively, while preserving ground features more effectively than competing methods. These results demonstrate the effective removal of thin clouds and the superior generalization capability of the proposed approach.

Kaidan Shi, Yanan Su, Jinhao Xu et al.

Reservoirs play a critical role in terrestrial hydrological systems, but the contribution of small and medium-sized ones is rarely considered and recorded. Particularly in developing countries, there is a rapid increase of such reservoirs due to their quick construction. Accurately identifying these reservoirs is important for understanding social and economic development, but distinguishing them from other natural water bodies poses a significant challenge. Thus, we propose a method to identify reservoirs using high-resolution satellite images and deep learning algorithms. We trained models with various parameters and network structures, and You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) outperformed other algorithms and was selected to build the final model. The method was applied to a region in northwestern Iran, characterized by an abundance of reservoirs of various sizes. Evaluation results indicated that our method was highly accurate (mAP: 0.79, Recall: 0.76, Precision: 0.82). The YOLOv7 model was able to automatically identify 650 reservoirs in the entire study region, indicating that the proposed method can accurately detect reservoirs and has the potential for broader-scale surveys, even global applications.

Ivan Benkov, Stefan Tsakovski, Tony Venelinov

Evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their impact on receiving surface water bodies is a complex and highly significant task due to its regulatory implications for both environmental and public health. The monitoring of many water quality parameters related to the compliance of treated wastewater with environmental standards has led to the development of a unitless metric, the Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI), which serves as a practical tool for regulatory authorities. The aim of this research is to propose an appropriate WWQI methodology, incorporating a set of water quality indicators and a weighting approach, to evaluate wastewater effluents under operational monitoring. In this study, WWQI was successfully applied to access the operation of 21 WWTPs’ effluents within a single monitoring campaign, outside the mandatory monitoring schemes. The WWQI was computed for physical-chemical parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, priority substances (Cd, Ni and Pb) and a specific contaminant (Cr) using the weighted approach in the WWQI calculation, based on equal weighting, expert judgement and PCA weighing using factor loadings. The three approaches give similar results for the calculated WWQI. The expert judgment approach is more suitable for evaluating WWTP performance during a single monitoring campaign due to its simplicity compared to the PCA-based approach and its ability to prioritize specific water quality parameters over an equal weightage method.

Thanh Thach Luong, An Dinh Nguyen, Dinh Hai Nguyen et al.

The mean sea surface in different regions is non-equipotential, rendering Vietnam's traditional approach, which relies on the Hon-Dau tide gauge station as a reference, not yet scientifically invalid. To overcome this, our study utilized the Vietnam national mean dynamic topography model (MDTVN22) for depth observations, particularly in the Gulf of Tonkin. Covering 3430 monitoring sites in Hai Phong and 813 sites in Quang Ninh, our experiments highlighted a 5 to 6 mm difference between the mean sea surface and MDTVN22 references. • Our research establishes a resilient methodology, integrating shore tide gauge station data and the MDTVN22 model, aimed at enhancing precision in depth observations. • Validation experiments in Hai Phong demonstrate a minimal discrepancy of ±0.006 m between measurements obtained from the traditional mean sea surface and the MDTVN22 model. • These findings underscore the significance of adopting the MDTVN22 model for improved accuracy in assessing Vietnam's seabed topography.

Maurizio Petrelli, Mónica Ágreda López, Alessandro Pisello et al.

Abstract We review pre-eruptive dynamics and evidence of open-system behavior in the volcanic plumbing system beneath Campi Flegrei Caldera, together with estimates of magma residence time, magma ascent, and mixing-to-eruption timescales. In detail, we compile pre- and syn-eruptive dynamics reported in the literature for (a) the Campanian Ignimbrite ~ 40 ka, (b) the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (~ 15 ka), and (c) the recent activity within the Phlegrean area. We first summarize geochemical and textural evidence (e.g., magma mixing, crystal disequilibria, vertical zonings, and isotopic records) of open-system behavior for the pyroclasts erupted in the last 40 ky at Campi Flegrei Caldera. We show that the fingerprint of open-system dynamics is ubiquitous in the deposits associated with the volcanic activity at the Campi Flegrei Caldera in the last 40 ky. Then, we describe the results of geophysical and petrological investigations that allow us to hypothesize the structure of the magma feeding system. We point to a trans-crustal magmatic feeding system characterized by a main storage reservoir hosted at ~ 9 km that feeds and interacts with shallow reservoirs, mainly placed at 2–4 km. Finally, we define a scenario depicting pre-eruptive dynamics of a possible future eruption and provide new constraints on timescales of magma ascent with a physical model based on magma-driven ascending dyke theory. Results show that considerably fast ascent velocities (i.e., of the order of m/s) can be easily achieved for eruptions fed by both shallow (i.e., 3–4 km) and deep (i.e., ~ 9 km) reservoirs. Comparing the results from experimental and numerical methods, it emerges that mixing-to-eruption timescales occurring at shallow reservoirs could be on the order of minutes to hours. Finally, we highlight the volcanological implications of our timescale estimates for magma ascent and mixing to eruption. In particular, explosive eruptions could begin with little physical ‘warning’, of the order of days to months. In this case, the onset of volatile saturation might provide pre-eruptive indicators. Graphical Abstract

Abdullah A. Alotaibi, Norbert H. Maerz, Kenneth J. Boyko et al.

Rockfalls and unstable slopes pose a serious threat to people and property along roads/highways in the southwestern mountainous regions of Saudi Arabia. In this study, the application of terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology was applied aiming to propose a strategy to analyze and accurately depict the detection of rockfall changes, calculation of rockfall volume, and evaluate rockfall hazards along the Habs Road, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. A series of temporal LiDAR scans were acquired at three selected sites. Our results show that these three sites have different degrees of hazard due to their geological differences. The mean volume loss of sites A1, A2, and A3 is 327.1, 424.4, and 3.7 L, respectively. Statistical analysis confirms the significance of the influence of site type on rockfall volume, with a probability value of < 0.0105. The rockfall volume and change detection values are then correlated with precipitation, which is a triggering factor. The study also reveals that the use of terrestrial LiDAR could reduce time and effort, increase accessibility, and produce effective solutions. LiDAR could be an indispensable tool for disaster risk assessment, response and recovery process.

Janelle M. Simpson, Graham Heinson

Abstract Prospective Proterozoic units in the southern Mount Isa Province are concealed by a poorly defined extent of younger basin cover, leading to poor exploration success. Collection of a magnetotelluric (MT) survey in the area containing 809 broadband MT (BBMT) and 855 audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) stations in 2014–2015, offers an opportunity to better model the depth to basement to enable effective exploration. MT inversion models are inherently non-unique, requiring independent geophysical and geological constraint to reduce model uncertainty. Where data are not available to constrain inversion, alternative approaches to dealing in inversion variability are required. This study uses synthetic modelling based on well data combined with two kinds of inversion to generate an interpretation and quantify associated uncertainty. Downhole resistivity logs were obtained from three petroleum wells adjacent to the study area, and 1D resistivity models were generated from the downhole data. A suite of 1D and 2D MT inversion algorithms were tested to determine their ability to resolve basin layering and the basement interface. All inversion algorithms reproduced basin layering, but the basement interface was poorly resolved. A combination of Occam2D and 1D rjMcMC inversions were used to produce interpretation of the base of the Eromanga Basin, an intra-Georgina Basin low-resistivity layer and depth to basement, all of which have associated error estimates. This work highlights the importance of understanding inversion variability during interpretation of geological features, particularly in the absence of constraining information. Distribution of uncertainty between the interpretation features is significantly non-uniform, necessitating careful consideration of inversion results. By quantifying uncertainty rather than ignoring it, we produce an interpretation commensurate with data limitations that still provides valuable new information about the geology of the southern Mount Isa Province.

Harasymiuk Jolanta, Hanna Szafranko Elżbieta, Tyburski Jan

A building investment, especially in nature valuable areas, is almost always inseparable with a bigger or smaller environmental interference. For a few years there are legal regulations created to protect these areas. One of them is the requirement to conduct a habitat evaluation and to prepare a habitat report if there is a indication of significant impact on the Natura 200 site. The quality of such a report is crucial for completion an investment in a chosen localisation as well as for shortening a preparation stage with respect to environmental requirements. A defective report can result in a agreement refusal of investment completion conditions of an investment by an authorised body, and can be a reason for protests of a community which is affected by the planned investment. A well-made report, on the other hand, results in a smooth acceptance of the project without the need for consultation of the investor with the proceeding body and saving the cost of correction of a defective documentation. An review of the literature done by the authors and the talks carried out with the staff making an assessment of reports of an impact on Natura 2000 sites showed the lack of common use in practise of a formalised set of criteria of evaluation of such documents. The aim of the study was to prepare a set of evaluation criteria for reports on environmental impact on Natura 2000 sites. The set was tested on already made reports and it showed their basic omissions and disparities. The set prepared can be used by an investor in the course of making a report. It can be also a useful tool for a verifying clerk while evaluating a report for its completeness and adequacy. On the basis of the prepared set of evaluation criteria, a procedure was proposed allowing an impartial verification of reports. As a result of analyses made, a procedure was worked out which is presented in the diagram concluding this paper.

Kishan Singh Rawat, V.K. Sehgal, S.S. Ray

In this paper, integration of two models TsHARP (Tsharp) and Thin plate spline (TPS) has been performed for spatial sharpening of 1 km (coarse) resolution of MODIS thermal imagery to 250 m resolution. Afterwards it was validated with LANDSAT-7 thermal data (after resampled to 250 m pixel). The results showed that LST based on integration of two (TsHARP and TPS) models is consistent with true data (LANDSAT-7 ETM+, thermal data). We have observed R2 at pure cropped area, cropped area with low settlement and cropped area with high settlement is showing, 0.74 (Multi R = 0.80, Adju R = 0.75 and p = .001), 0.72 (Multi R = 0.78, Adju R = 72 and p = .001) and 0.71 (Multi R = 0.78, Adju R = 0.71 and p = .001) respectively. While overall R2 of 0.69 (Multi R = 0.76, Adju R = 0.71 and p = .000) for all categories of classes (cropped area + cropped area with low settlement + cropped area with high settlement). LST shows root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.307 °C, Relative-RMSE (R-RMSE) = 0.167 °C, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.033 °C, normalized RMSE (NRMSE) = 0.018 °C, index of agreement (d) = 0.99, RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) = 0.39 and RMSE% = 0.02 for merging process based LST. We conclude that combination of TsHARP and TPS model has a great potential to estimate LST at 250 m with high temporal resolution. This LST can be used as an input in various models to estimate other components which are LST dependent. Keywords: Downscaling, TsHARP, TPS, MODIS, LANDSAT-7

Xue Li, Cong Zhan, Jianbing Tao et al.

Time series monitoring of earthquake-stricken areas is significant in evaluating post-disaster reconstruction and recovery. The time series of nighttime light (NTL) data collected by the defense meteorological satellite program-operational linescan system (DMSP/OLS) sensors provides a unique and valuable resource to study changes in human activity (HA) because of the long period of available data. In this paper, the DMSP/OLS NTL images’ digital number (DN) is used as a proxy for the intensity of HA since there is a high correlation between them. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to analyze the changes of intensity and distribution of HA in different areas affected by a 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, China. In order to compare the trends of HA before and after the earthquake, the DMSP/OLS NTL images from 2003 to 2013 were processed and analyzed. However, their analysis capability is greatly limited owing to a lack of in-flight calibration. To improve the continuity and comparability of DMSP/OLS NTL images, this study developed an automatic intercalibration method to systematically correct NTL data. The results reveal that: (1) compared with the HA before the earthquake, the reconstruction and recovery of the Wenchuan earthquake have led to a significant increase of HA in earthquake-stricken areas within three years after the earthquake; (2) the fluctuation of HA in a severely-affected area is greater than that in a less-affected area; (3) recovery efforts increase development in the most affected areas to levels that exceeded the rates in similar areas which experienced less damage; and (4) areas alongside roads and close to reconstruction projects exhibited increased development in regions with otherwise low human activity.

Gladys Villegas, Wenzhi Liao, Ronald Criollo et al.

Close-range hyperspectral images are a promising source of information in plant biology, in particular, for in vivo study of physiological changes. In this study, we investigate how data fusion can improve the detection of leaf elements by combining pixel reflectance and morphological information. The detection of image regions associated to the leaf structures is the first step toward quantitative analysis on the physical effects that genetic manipulation, disease infections, and environmental conditions have in plants. We tested our fusion approach on Musa acuminata (banana) leaf images and compared its discriminant capability to similar techniques used in remote sensing. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of our fusion approach, with significant improvements over some conventional methods.

Marek Fraštia, Marián Marčiš, Ondrej Trhan

The image based modeling finds use in applications where it is necessary to reconstructthe 3D surface of the observed object with a high level of detail. Previous experiments showrelatively high variability of the results depending on the camera type used, the processingsoftware, or the process evaluation. The authors tested the method of SFM (Structure fromMotion) to determine the stability of gabion walls. The results of photogrammetricmeasurements were compared to precise geodetic point measurements.

Levent TAŞÇI

The results of deformation measurements are related to safety of engineering structures and human life. To avoid a wrong interpretation of displacements, an appropriate deformation monitoring network must be established and the data obtained from deformation monitoring network must be carefully evaluated. Deformation measurements and analysis require the use of very accurate surveying equipment and analysis methods. The Global Positioning System (GPS) meets all the requirements stated above and therefore GPS receivers were used for this research. The purpose of this work was to monitor and analyze the deformation at the crest of the Altınkaya dam which was caused by the water load at different water levels combined with the dam’s weight. The secondary goal was to determine whether GPS measurements could meet the accuracy requirements for dam deformation measurements. As working area the Altınkaya dam is selected as a rockfill. In order to monitor and examine the deformation, a monitoring network consisting of 6 reference points and 11 object points was established. Measurements were made 4 times over 2 years using dual frequency GPS receivers with static methods. The measurements were performed and point coordinates have been determined. Then differences were calculated between periods and analyzed by iterative weighted transformation and Least Absolute Sum methods to determine the points stability. Article in English Užtvankų deformacijų matavimai taikant GPS Santrauka. Su deformacijų matavimų rezultatais tiesiogiai susijusi grėsmė inžineriniams statiniams ir žmonių gyvybei. Siekiant išvengti klaidingų poslinkių interpretacijų turi būti įrengti tinkami deformacijų monitoringo tinklai, o gaunami duomenys rūpestingai vertinami. Deformacijų matavimai ir analizė turi būti atliekami labai tiksliais geodeziniais prietaisais ir tyrimo metodais. Globalinė padėties nustatymo sistema (GPS) tokius reikalavimus atitinka, todėl ir atliekant šį tyrimą taikyti GPS imtuvai. Darbo tikslas buvo stebėti ir analizuoti Altinkaya užtvankos sprūdį, kurį, be pačios užtvankos svorio, lėmė vandens pakilimas įvairiais lygiais. Kitas tikslas buvo nustatyti, ar GPS matavimai atitinka užtvankų deformacijų matavimo tikslumo reikalavimus. Darbo vieta parinkta Altinkaya – užtvanka iš akmenų. Deformacijų stebėsenai ir tyrimui sudarytas 6 atraminių punktų ir 11 stebimų taškų tinklas. Matavimai atlikti statiniu metodu 4 kartus per dvejus metus taikant dvidažnius GPS imtuvus. Duomenys apdoroti, ir rastos taškų koordinatės. Nustatyti matavimų periodų koordinačių skirtumai. Jie analizuoti taikant iteracinį svorinį transformavimą. Punktų stabilumas nustatytas mažiausiųjų absoliučiųjų sumų metodu.

Ona Vileikis, Mario Santana Quintero, Koen Van Balen et al.

This paper discusses the application of Information Management Systems (IMS) in cultural heritage. IMS offer a set of tools for understanding, inventorying and documenting national, regional and World Heritage properties.  Information Management Systems can assist State Parties, stakeholders and heritage site managers involved in cultural heritage management and conservation by easily mining, sharing and exchanging information from multiple sources based on international standards. Moreover, they aim to record, manage, visualize, analyze and disseminate heritage information. In close collaboration with five Central Asian countries, namely, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; a Belgian consortium headed by the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation (RLICC), K.U.Leuven is developing the Silk Roads Cultural Heritage Resource Information System (CHRIS). This Web-based Information Management System supports the preparation of the Central Asia Silk Roads serial and transnational nominations on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The project has been set up thanks to the financial support of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and in collaboration with UNESCO World Heritage Centre in conjunction with the People’s Republic of China and the Japanese Funds-in-Trust UNESCO project. It provides a holistic approach for the recording, documenta tion, protection and monitoring tasks as part of the management of these potential World Heritage Properties. The Silk Roads CHRIS is easily accessible to the general user, presented in a bilingual English and Russian frame and interoperable, i.e. open for other applications to connect to. In this way, all information for the nomination dossiers is easily verified regarding consistency and quality and ready for managing, periodic reporting and monitoring processes in the respect to the property listed. Fina lly, this study provides a general framework to establish the effectiveness and limits of the use of information systems for serial transnational nominations of World Heritage Properties and to demonstrate the potentials of an improved heritage documentation system.

Ahmed A. Madani

This research aims to generate a favorability map for gold exploration at the Bulghah gold mine area using integration of geo-datasets within a GIS environment. Spatial data analyses and integration of different geo-datasets are carried out based on knowledge-driven and weighting technique. The integration process involves the weighting and scoring of different layers affecting the gold mineralization at the study area using the index overlay method within PCI Geomatica environment. Generation of the binary predictor maps for lithology, lineaments, faults and favorable contacts precede the construction of the favorability map. About 100 m buffer zones are generated for favorable contacts, lineaments and major faults layers. Internal weighting is assigned to each layer based on favorability for gold mineralization. The scores for lithology, major faults, lineaments and favorable contacts layers in the constructed favorability map are 50%, 25%, 10% and 15%, respectively. Final favorability map for the Bulghah gold mine area shows the recording of two new sites for gold mineralization located at the northern and southern extensions of tonalite–diorite intrusions. The northern new site is now exploited for gold from the Bulghah North mine. The southern new site is narrow and small; its rocks resemble those of the Bulghah gold mine.

Drago Kladnik

The Slovene language is relatively rich in exonyms. Particular Slovenized foreign geographical names in different published sources are often written as variant names, therefore the unification of their usage is necessary. Upon checking sixteen world atlases, theGreat Lexicon and the Slovene orthography, all naturalised foreign geographical names in different forms were collected. As an approach towards unification and the possible standardization weelaborated two tables containing variant naturalised foreign geographical names and also real Slovene exonyms. The next step should be their evaluation by the experts from different study fields who are included into the Slovene Commission on the Standardization of Geographical Names. It is expected that the linguistic and etymological treatment will be singled out.