Hasil untuk "Europe (General)"

J. Kanis, N. Burlet, C. Cooper et al.

SummaryGuidance is provided in a European setting on the assessment and treatment of postmenopausal women with or at risk from osteoporosis.IntroductionThe European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone disease (subsequently the International Osteoporosis Foundation) published guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in 1997. This manuscript updates these in a European setting.MethodsThe following areas are reviewed: the role of bone mineral density measurement for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk; general and pharmacological management of osteoporosis; monitoring of treatment; assessment of fracture risk; case finding strategies; investigation of patients; health economics of treatment.Results and conclusionsA platform is provided on which specific guidelines can be developed for national use.

G. Logroscino, B. Traynor, O. Hardiman et al.

Krishna Sharma, Khemraj Bhatt, Indra Giri

This paper examines whether a major U.S. regulatory clarification coincided with cross-border spillovers in crypto-asset entrepreneurial finance. We study the Securities and Exchange Commission's July 2017 DAO Report, which clarified the application of U.S. securities law to many initial coin offerings, and analyze how global issuance activity adjusted across regions. Using a comprehensive global dataset of ICOs from 2014 to 2021, we construct a region-month panel and evaluate issuance dynamics around the announcement. We document a substantial and persistent reallocation of ICO activity toward Europe following the DAO Report. In panel regressions with region and month fixed effects, Europe experiences an average post-2017 increase of approximately 14 additional ICOs per region-month relative to other regions, net of global market cycles. The results are consistent with cross-border regulatory spillovers in highly mobile digital-asset markets.

Tom Dobber, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius

In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.

Joaquín Serrano del Pozo

Antón M. Pazos

Andrea D'Angelo, Tiziana Catarci, Antinisca Di Marco et al.

This study aims to enrich and leverage data from the Informatics Europe Higher Education (IEHE) data portal to extract and analyze trends in female participation in Informatics across Europe. The research examines the proportion of female students, first-year enrollments, and degrees awarded to women in the field. The issue of low female participation in Informatics has long been recognized as a persistent challenge and remains a critical area of scholarly inquiry. Furthermore, existing literature indicates that socio-economic factors can unpredictably influence female participation, complicating efforts to address the gender gap. The analysis focuses on participation data from research universities at various academic levels, including Bachelors, Masters, and PhD programs, and seeks to uncover potential correlations between female participation and geographical or economic zones. The dataset was first enriched by integrating additional information, such as each country's GDP and relevant geographical data, sourced from various online repositories. Subsequently, the data was cleaned to ensure consistency and eliminate incomplete time series. A final set of complete time series was selected for further analysis. We then used the data collected from the internet to assign countries to different clusters. Specifically, we employed Economic Zone, Geographical Area, and GDP quartile to cluster countries and compare their temporal trends both within and between clusters. We analyze the results for each classification and derive conclusions based on the available data.

Christian K. Melby

Norsk fremtidskrigs- og invasjonslitteratur fra årene før 1914 har i liten grad blitt studert og analysert av historikere. Denne artikkelen viser at sjangeren hadde fått et fotfeste i Norge i tiåret før utbruddet av første verdenskrig, og at norske forfattere i stor grad var inspirert av og fulgte europeiske trender innenfor sjangerens utvikling. Artikkelen setter norsk fremtidskrigs- og invasjonslitteratur inn i en større skandinavisk kontekst, og viser at fortellingene kun i unntakstilfeller kan benyttes for å forklare eller analysere noen form for førkrigsstemning eller folkemening i Norge.

J. L. Hernández-Pastora

In the standard Einstein's theory the exterior gravitational field of any static and axially symmetric stellar object can be described by means of a single function from which we obtain a metric into a four-dimensional space-time. In this work we present a generalization of those so called Weyl solutions to a space-time-matter metric in a five-dimensional manifold within a non-compactified Kaluza-Klein theory of gravity. The arising field equations reduce to those of vacuum Einstein's gravity when the metric function associated to the fifth dimension is considered to be constant. The calculation of the geodesics allows to identify the existence or not of different behaviours of test particles, in orbits on a constant plane, between the two metrics. In addition, static solutions on the hypersurface orthogonal to the added dimension but with time dependence in the five-dimensional metric are also obtained. The consequences on the variation of the rest mass, if the fifth dimension is identified with it, are studied.

Аліса Ложешник, Ніла Ложешник

У статті висвітлюється становлення та громадська діяльність товариства «Просвіти» (м. Одеса) та його спадкоємців – товариства «Український клуб» і спілки «Українська хата». Товариство «Просвіта» стало першою на Наддніпрянщині та Причорноморщині просвітянською організацією. На початку 1910 р. на основі «Просвіти» було створено Український клуб для забезпечення розваг і задоволення мешканців міста та музично-драматичну спілку «Українська хата». Завдяки такому кроку просвітяни зберегли матеріальну базу Товариства (бібліотеку, книгарню, історичний музей) й отримали можливість продовжити свою діяльність. Одеська «Просвіта», як легальна форма існування Південної громади, була одним з етапів розвитку національно-визвольного руху у Причорномор’ї, що мав місцеве підґрунтя і водночас, був частиною загальноукраїнського процесу другої половини XIX – початку XX ст. Головними напрямками її діяльності були: проведення курсів українознавства, розбудова української освіти, видання та поширення україномовної преси і книжок, розвиток української науки, літератури та мистецтва.

Pedro Emanuel Mendes

The birth of the Timor question is a paradigmatic case of the difficulties of the colonial legacy and the complexity of the double process of internal and international normalisation that Portugal had to manage in its democratic infancy. In this context, this article develops an analysis of the contexts, ideas and strategies of Portuguese foreign policy towards Timor between 1976 and 1985. Based on a cross-referencing of primary and secondary sources, the article identifies the fundamental ideas, strategies and contexts of the Timorese question within the formulation of Portuguese foreign policy, highlighting its main turning points. More than the presentation of facts, the article develops a comprehensive reading that intends to explain the reasons why the Timorese issue was not considered one of the priorities of Portuguese foreign policy in this period. This article is part of the special theme section on The Self-Determination of East Timor, guest-edited by Rui Graça Feijó.

Philipp C. Böttcher, Leonardo Rydin Gorjão, Christian Beck et al.

When Russia invaded Ukraine on the 24\textsuperscript{th} of February 2022, this led to many acts of solidarity with Ukraine, including support for its electricity system. Just 20 days after the invasion started, the Ukrainian and Moldovan power grids were synchronized to the Continental European power grid to provide stability to these grids. Here, we present an initial analysis of how this synchronization affected the statistics of the power grid frequency and cross-border flows of electric power within Continental Europe. We observe faster inter-area oscillations, an increase in fluctuations and changes in the cross-border flows in and out of Ukraine and surrounding countries as an effect of the synchronization with Continental Europe. Overall these changes are small such that the now connected system can be considered as stable as before the synchronization.

Alberto Martínez-Ortí, Sonia Adam, Giovanni Garippa et al.

Urogenital schistosomiasis has been present naturally in the South of Europe since the beginning of the 20 th century and nowadays its presence is also known, at least imported by Sub-Saharan emigrants and tourists, in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. One of the intermediate hosts of this trematode present in Europe is the bulinid mollusc Bulinus truncatus, non-native species that can be reached to Europe by humans and birds. In order to know this mollusc better, we carried out a morpho-anatomical study, of the shell, the reproductive system, radula, the respiratory organs and pseudobranch of several populations from Italy, France and Spain. Spanish conchological material studied comes from different populations, from material deposited in the "Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" of Madrid and the "Museu de Ci{è}ncies Naturals" of Barcelona, as well as from its own material deposited in the "Museu Valenci{à} d'Hist{ò}ria Natural" of Alginet (Valencia). The shell growth in captivity and the estimation of the population age of B. truncatus from El Ejido (Almer{í}a, Spain), has also been studied. Finally, the finding of aphallic and euphallic specimens in the different populations of southern Europe studied is presented and taxonomic and ecological data of the genus Bulinus are shown.

F. Fernandez, P. Falcoz, B. Kozower et al.

Peter O. Müller, I. Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen et al.

Emmanuel Hourcade

Branko Bubalo

The purpose of this dissertation is to present an overview of the operational and financial performance of airports in Europe. In benchmarking studies, airports are assessed and compared with other airports based on key indicators from a technical and an economic point of view. The interest lies primarily in the question, which key figures can best measure the perception of quality of service from the point of view of the passenger for the services at an airport.

Ferhat İlgen

Osmanlı Devleti’nin son 200 yıllık siyasetini, devleti kurtarma planları meşgul etmiştir. 1808 yılında imzalanan Sened-i İttifak’ın ardından Tanzimat Fermanı ve Islahat Fermanı’nın ilan edilmesi Osmanlı Devleti’nin siyasi alanda yaşadığı dönüşümü göstermiştir. 1876 yılında ilan edilen Kanun-ı Esasi ile başlayan meşrutiyet döneminde, Osmanlı siyasetinde partiler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. 1920 yılına kadar çeşitli aksaklıklara rağmen devam eden meşruti yönetim, 1923 yılından itibaren tamamen yıkılmış ve yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin Halk Fırkası’na dönüşmesinden sonra 1924 yılında Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası ve 1930 yılında Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası kurulmuş fakat beklenen netice alınamamıştır. 1945’ten sonra, Türk siyasi hayatında yaşanan iç ve dış gelişmeler neticesinde çok partili sisteme geçiş zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Türk siyasi hayatında çok partili sisteme geçiş sürecinde yaşanan iç ve dış gelişmeler analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Angelo Alves Carrara

A história dos preços no Brasil não é gênero que tenha cativado a muitos historiadores. No entanto, muitos pesquisadores têm nos últimos anos procedido ao estabelecimento de séries de preços como recurso axial ou auxiliar, em particular para o período posterior a 1808, ma so mesmo não ocorre para os séculos XVII e XVIII. Este trabalho pretende sistematizar algumas questões de método relativas à construção de séries de preços, com especial atenção para as possibilidades de estabelecimento de um fator de conversão para algumas moedas estrangeiras do período.

N. T. Henthorn, O. Sokol, M. Durante et al.

Particle therapy is a growing cancer treatment modality worldwide. However, there still remains a number of unanswered questions considering differences in the biological response between particles and photons. These questions, and probing of biological mechanisms in general, necessitate experimental investigation. The Infrastructure in Proton International Research (INSPIRE) project was created to provide an infrastructure for European research, unify research efforts on the topic of proton and ion therapy across Europe, and to facilitate the sharing of information and resources. This work highlights the radiobiological capabilities of the INSPIRE partners, providing details of physics (available particle types and energies), biology (sample preparation and post-irradiation analysis), and researcher access (the process of applying for beam time). The collection of information reported here is designed to provide researchers both in Europe and worldwide with the tools required to select the optimal center for their research needs. We also highlight areas of redundancy in capabilities and suggest areas for future investment.