Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Edyta Mioduchowska-Jaroszewicz, Wiktoria Chybowska, Marcin Magac

This article examines the scope, consistency and comparability of non-financial reporting by companies from the Polish apparel sector. The analysis centres on the reporting practices in the period before the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) became binding for large enterprises in 2024. The research adopts a qualitative case study approach. Reports from companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange are assessed, with particular attention to the disclosure of environmental, social and governance information. The apparel sector is used as an illustrative example, given its significant environmental impact and the global debate over sustainable business practices. The findings reveal substantial inconsistencies in the completeness, comparability and reliability of published non-financial data, which reflects the absence of a unified reporting standard before the CSRD. Voluntary reporting was frequently selective, not easily comparable and prone to strategies of greenwashing. This study demonstrates the necessity for harmonised standards and draws policy implications, such as the need for robust regulatory oversight, further standardisation, and support for companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, adapting to new sustainability reporting requirements.  The results also have important policy implications, indicating the need for robust regulatory oversight, further standardisation, and targeted support for companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, adapting to new sustainability reporting requirements. Future research should explore the long-term influence of the CSRD on the quality and usefulness of non-financial disclosures in Poland and in other regions characterised by high environmental risk.

Piotr Nowaczyk

This article identifies the importance of marine recreational fishing to the economy of the Koszalin subregion and Poland as a whole. The study behind the paper was limited to the seaport of Kołobrzeg, a harbour of crucial significance for marine recreational fishing. The aim set was accomplished based on survey results and by using the input-output method. The economic impact was analysed by distinguishing between direct, indirect, and induced effects and utilising the three indicators: output value, added value and employment. The study showed that most of the economic benefits are limited to the local economy. Recreational fishing for the Koszalin subregion generates PLN 7.09 million of output value and PLN 3.67 million of added value and provides nearly 43 jobs. For the whole country, these indicators are PLN 10.50 million and PLN 5.03 million, respectively, providing nearly 50 jobs. In a counterfactual scenario based on the higher cod fishing quotas in force until 2019, recreational fishing becomes an important sector of the local economy. The significance of marine recreational fishing in Poland is far lower than in that of the countries adopted for comparison in the study. The future of marine recreational fishing depends on whether Poland’s territorial waters can be excluded from the ban on angling and whether the regulations governing the activities of angling vessels can be relaxed.

Izabela Anna Tałałaj, Sławomira Hajduk, Anna Wiszniewska

The aim of the paper is to determine the dynamics of change in biowaste quantity as well as to forecast the amount of biowaste generated in 4 functionally different regions of Poland. The analysis was made for a period of 16 years (2007-2022), and a prognosis was made for the next 4 years (2023-2026). Based on the obtained data, the following calculations were made: share of biowaste from households in the quantity of total municipal biowaste, accumulation rate of biowaste from households, medium-term change rate in the amount of biowaste from households, and prediction of changes in the biowaste accumulation index until 2026. In all the analysed regions, an increasing trend in the collected biowaste mass index has been observed. The agricultural and recreational regions were characterised by the highest dynamics of changes in collected biowaste quantity (T=0.21 and 0.25, respectively) and by the lowest values of their accumulation indicator (48.9 and 44.7 kg/ca per year, respectively). The highest quantity of biowaste is predicted to be generated in urbanised and industrialised regions (62.1 and 53.2 kg/ca per year, respectively).

Adam Polko

The aim of this theoretical article is to organise and systematise knowledge about urban commons by translating the concept of commons into the realm of urban studies. The article demonstrates that urban commons constitute a complex relationship between shared urban resources and urban communities, and that the key process in understanding urban commons initiatives is the process of commoning. In this paper, an attempt is made to advance the conceptualisation of the urban commons in order to better understand pathways of governing shared urban resources.

Bozena Gajdzik, Barbara Piontek

The paper presents the problematic scope of decarbonisation of the heavy processing of the energy and carbon-intensive industry in relation to Polish conditions. The paper is part of the ongoing discussion of scientists and practitioners on the strategic challenges of the decarbonisation of industry in Poland. The paper is the result of conceptual research carried out on the basis of a review of secondary sources of information. In line with EU requirements, the industrial strategy must include a vision for 2050 decarbonisation. The ambitious “net zero” target – the prospect of zero CO2 emissions by 2050 – requires significant financial outlays and profound technological and organisational changes in many industries. The paper is an introduction to the discussion on the preparation of Polish industry for profound changes in decarbonisation.

Alina Yakymchuk, Małgorzata Rataj

This research examines the symbiotic relationship between the creation of green jobs within enterprises, economic growth, and the consequential reduction in CO2 emissions. It delves into the multifaceted advantages derived from integrating sustainable employment practices within businesses, emphasising their substantial contribution to fostering economic prosperity while concurrently mitigating adverse CO2 emissions. The main goals of this article are as follows: to study the experience of developed countries regarding the costs of their sustainable development strategies and the effects that have been achieved; generalise the main tools for ensuring decent work on the example of large companies, evaluate the relationship between reducing nitrogen dioxide emissions and providing green jobs. A comparison of financial instruments for maintaining green workplaces at enterprises in developed countries (USA, Norway, China, Germany, Sweden, and Poland) has been made. CO2 emissions reduction strategies, expenditure, funding, financing, and green jobs by countries have been analyzed. By investing in green initiatives and restructuring operational frameworks to prioritise sustainability, enterprises actively mitigate their carbon footprint, ultimately contributing to a greener and more environmentally conscious business landscape. This comprehensive study explores recent advancements in green job creation and renewable energy development in different countries of the world. The strategies of reducing CO₂ emissions by such companies as IKEA, Google, Unilever, and Tesla show not only positively impact the environment but can also be profitable for their businesses and guarantee decent work for their employees.

Darius Bazaras, Edgar Sokolovskij, Veslav Kuranovič et al.

  The paper highlights the importance and validity of the research problem: the major consequence for logistics arising from China’s logistics market due to its effective short-term and long-term strategies and developing transportation wholesale. The presented viewpoint helps to clearly understand the international perspective of the vastly enlarging China’s supply chain market due to its strong links with logistics centres. In recent years, much scientific research and studies have been conducted in China and Europe regarding China’s transport evolution era, from the production stage to the physical distribution stage, involving multiple steps until loads are in customers’ hands. The article considers the optimisation problem of a supply chain with multiple periods and diverse means of transportation. The considered problem can be formulated as a dynamic multi-criteria decision-making problem, in which the criteria are minimising the total cost, minimising the carbon footprint, and minimising the average transporting time. 

Grzegorz Pietrek

The research objective of this article is to determine the possibilities to influence the shaping of the safety culture in road transport, taking into account the education policy of the state. As a result, the research problem is as follows: "What are the possibilities of effective shaping of the safety culture in transport by the state?". Therefore, a hypothesis was put forward, which comes down to the statement that the most effective way of shaping the safety culture in transport is to pursue an appropriate education policy. To achieve such a research objective, answer the research question and confirm the hypothesis, a range of theoretical research methods were applied, including comparison, analysis of literature, analysis of legal acts, synthesis and analysis, inference (induction and deduction), and abstraction. 

Ian M. Miller, Jason E. Maltz

Chinese sailing ships, often called “junks,” were a flexibly technology that economized on materials, a key to both the military and commercial flourishing of Qing China (c. 1644-1912) until the Opium War (1839-42). During periods of conflict, shipwrights incorporated new designs to maximize speed, maneuverability, and firepower. During periods of peace, they responded to regulatory constraints and limitations in the timber supply. The principal timber, China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), remained widely available thanks to flourishing plantations. However, shipbuilding put serious pressure on slower-growing tree species, and the demand for timber furthered the colonization of the southwest and Taiwan. The main government response to regional scarcity and rising timber prices was to economize, while many private shipbuilders shifted their operations to Southeast Asia. Catastrophic defeat by the British steamship Nemisis signaled the end of junks’ military dominance, although they remained commercially important for another century.

M. Karbalaei, M. Keikha

Vector-borne and zoonotic infections (VBZI) should be considered a serious biological threat to humans that can affect global travel. Vectorborne diseases originate from non-human vertebrates, especially livestock, as well as wildlife animals that can be transmitted to humans. There are approximately 2.5 billion cases as well as 2.7 million deaths from zoonotic diseases worldwide, not including economic losses [1]. Although emerging vector-borne diseases mainly affect developing countries, these infectious agents do not spare richer regions due to travel, migration, and climate change, as well as other multiple implicated factors. However, it is obvious that the diversity of geographical differences as well as economic status mainly influence the distribution of zoonotic and vector-borne emerging tropical infectious diseases in the world [2]. Rapid control as well as global elimination of these diseases requires measures such as evidence-based surveillance, veterinary medicine, herd immunization, and other countermeasures. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in recent years, the growing recognition of Aedes-borne viruses particularly chikungunya virus, zika virus, as well as dengue virus has become a global concern across the world, especially in West Africa [3]. Unfortunately, due to lack of vector-borne disease surveillance, there is no a comprehensive knowledge about the arboviral diseases, accordingly these are lurking behind the malaria. Underestimation of arboviral diseases may lead to misdiagnosis as well as unnecessary health care expenditures, especially in febrile illnesses suspicious to malaria. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understanding about the epidemiology of arboviral transmission using implementation some strategies such as nationwide surveillance system, detection of relevant vectors, and also recognition of high transmission risk areas to establish travel ban rules. Developing countries are more affected by emerging arboviral diseases for reasons including high poverty, rapid urbanization, vector habitat, climate changes, poorly documented epidemiology of these infectious agents, as well as travels [4]. In addition, the emergence of vector-borne zoonotic diseases can even co-circulate and co-infest a large portion of residents in such regions as Africa [5]. This may obscure medical suspicion, as the clinical manifestations and symptoms of many of these pathogens may overlap; as expected, coinfection between arboviral pathogens e.g. dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2 variants is also now increasingly reported, exacerbating the current situation [6,7]. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-associated virus that has been sporadically identified from infested mosquitoes and humans in subSaharan Africa and Southeast Asia over the past 60 years [8]. Nevertheless, ZIKV outbreaks were reported from Micronesia and Latin America in short-span [9]. ZIKV infection may be easily misdiagnosed with dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, as well as other arthropod-borne diseases in the absence of exclusive serological assays [10]. However, the increase in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly is strong evidence for the emergence of ZIKV in new areas. Since the virus has spread around the world, healthcare authorities need to launch national boundaries, medical disciplines, as well as widespread awareness of the clinical manifestations of ZIKV and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue virus is considered as another Aedes-borne disease, and several outbreaks of this infectious disease have been reported from South Asia and Latin America [11]. According to the literature, dengue virus has so far affected nearly 390 million people across the world [12]. Tropical countries with high population density, unplanned urbanization, as well as humid climates experience more severe outbreaks. During monsoon season, the re-emergence of dengue is associated with over-burdened health care systems, particularly in developing countries, where there is a vulnerable healthcare system with high population density [13]. Furthermore, chronological congruence of the monsoon season with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant wave leads to catastrophe in healthcare facilities in tropical as well as subtropical regions. We hypothesize that coinfection could mask this suspicion due to the similarity in laboratory features and symptoms between dengue fever and COVID-19 [14]. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted to susceptible individuals by Aedes aegypti and Ae. Albopictus mosquitoes. The first Chikungunya outbreak was reported from Tanzania in 1952 [15]. Further sporadic outbreak was detected from Africa and Asia in 1950s–1960s; subsequently, there was a global distribution of CHIKV in 2000s [9,16]. According to the literature, there are four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) [17]. Harapan et al. recently revealed the globalization of Chikungunya due to the spread of the ECSA sub-lineage worldwide [18]. Approximately 3.9 billion people from 120 different territories appear to be at risk from these three major arboviruses [19]. Buchwald et al. suggested that the epidemiology of arboviral disease has shifted; widespread Ae. Albopictus mosquito to human transmission plays an important role in the re-emergence of arthropod-related outbreak in non-endemic regions [20]. In the current situation, it is necessary to monitor and control the arbovirus diseases. There are several gaps in vector surveillance, identification of Aedes-borne viruses, and distribution of Aedes vectors. Understanding the epidemiologic changes as well as the ecology of Aedes-vector sheds light on a new approach for predicting further outbreaks of Aedes-borne diseases in non-endemic areas. Finally, there is an enlightening shift in the epidemiology of Aedesborne diseases. In general, new outbreaks have occurred in urban areas and compared to previous observational studies, we are experiencing an increase in seroprevalence. Ae. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus play a critical role in the exacerbation of arboviral-related outbreaks. Rapid urbanization, climate change, and suitable habitat for arbovirus vectors

Saif ullah Khan, Surriya Shahab, M. Fani et al.

The study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather conditiontaking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure,evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers thatbring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, naturalvegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that arearid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of theprovince receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winterseason. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season(hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the areafamiliarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areaswhile 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and sevenmonths in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has beenclassified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index,2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to theongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue.

collective of people, helped bring, this project et al.

ing from the limitations that [may] happen to attach to our own judging. (CJ 160 [AK 293–94]) Kant’s point was not that, in a judgment of taste, we in fact “compare our judgment” of an object “with the merely possible judgments of others” but rather that a judgment of taste requires our sense that we are judging on the basis of the regulative play of the faculties. As Arendt—and following Arendt, Linda Zerilli—have noted, Kant’s account of the role of sensus communis in judgments of taste underscores his more general understanding of thinking as inherently social and hence also as capable of enabling collective human relations determined by something more like regulative play than determinate legislation. This social dimension of thinking is even more evident in what Kant called “common human understanding,” in which one explicitly seeks to “think from the standpoint of everyone else” (CJ 160 [Ak. 294]), which means “transferring himself to the standpoint of others” (CJ 161 [Ak. 295]). As Zerilli notes, this does not mean thinking from an abstract, “universal” position but instead denotes attempts to think from the position of concrete human beings, especially those who differ most significantly from me. This process of thinking from the position of other people is, in effect, the conscious, deliberative version of the unconscious, automatic process by means of which each individual’s standard idea of the human form emerges. Where the latter process automatically creates a standard idea by running through the specific corporeal particularities of that population of individuals that I have encountered, the former is the process by which a uniquely situated individual consciously attempts to think from the standpoints of many other unique individuals. In ways that will become useful for my conclusion to this chapter, Arendt developed Kant’s reflections on the human plurality implicit in the sensus communis into a more general theory of plurality and the collective composition of the common world. As I noted at the end of Chapter 5, Arendt described “the common world” as what comes into being when the individual perspectives of concrete human beings, which cannot be subordinated to any common standard, are brought into connection with one another by means of common objects and institutions: The reality of the public realm relies on the simultaneous presence of innumerable perspectives and aspects in which the common world presents itself and for which no common measurement or denominator can ever be devised. For though the common world is the common meeting ground of Life, Self-Regulation, and the Liberal Imagination 213 all, those who are present have different locations in it, and the location of one can no more coincide with the location of another than the location of two objects. Being seen and being heard by others derive their significance from the fact that everybody sees and hears from a different position. For Arendt, the common world must be actively created, in the sense that only by means of common objects and concrete common political practices and institutions can a “common meeting ground” be created, enabling those “innumerable perspectives and aspects in which the common world presents itself ” to be brought together. This active and continued creation of the common world enables something like a quasiimmortality of human works and actions, connecting the works and actions of the past, present, and future generations. The common world is “what we enter when we are born and what we leave behind when we die,” and as such, it transcends our lifespan into past and future alike; it was there before we came and will outlast our brief sojourn in it. It is what we have in common not only with those who live with us, but also with those who were here before and with those who will come after us. But such a common world can survive the coming and going of the generations only to the extent that it appears in public. It is the publicity of the public realm which can absorb and make shine through the centuries whatever men may want to save from the natural ruin of time. (55) Arendt’s theory of the common world takes even more seriously than either Malthus or Kant the fact of our common inhabitation of a globe. For Malthus, the fact that we share a world from which emigration is not possible led him to the conclusion that nature and political economy must regulate our relationships to one another; for example, we must “consider chiefly the mass of mankind and not individual instances,” which meant, in practical terms, that those who have access to food must steel themselves against the emotional pleas of those without. For Kant, the primary significance of our status as globe dwellers is that we are crowded together, which forces both sides of our contradictory nature—our unsociable sociability—into conflict. For Arendt, by contrast, the common world does not denote simply the fact of a crowded globe. Rather, the common world—or rather, a common world—emerges when concrete, embodied individuals who share a geographic location are connected to one another through specific objects and things, such as agriculture, buildings, and works of art, and employ this connection for the sake of individual and collective 214 Romanticism and the Operations of Biopolitics judgments. For Arendt, the common world is not identical with the earth (that is, “the limited space for the movement of men”) or nature (“the general condition of organic life” and the realm of all processes that appear to us to be automatic). Rather, the common world depends upon “human artifacts”—objects that have been created by human hands, such as buildings—and those “affairs which go on among those who inhabit the manmade world together. To live together in the world means essentially that a world of things is between those who have it in common, as a table is located between those who sit around it” (52). A group’s common world must take into account both what Arendt calls earth and nature: For example, buildings will be designed in order to endure the effects of weather and use. But because a common world is the place in which individuals show who (and not simply what) they are, the common world explicitly distinguishes itself from all natural and automatic processes. The common world is the site of collective regulation, which results in part from “transferring [oneself ] to the standpoint of others” (CJ 161 [Ak. 295]). PostRomantic SelfRegulation in the Twentieth Century I: Systems Ecology and Neoliberalism Though concepts of regulation were of widespread importance in the Romantic era, they have been even more central to twentiethand twentyfirstcentury understandings of the interrelationships among nature, individuals, and collectives. Concepts of regulation have attained centrality in our own moment along at least three paths. First, since the early twentieth century, the physiological body has been understood in terms of selfregulative processes. Second, this image of physiological regulation was inspirational for population and ecosystem ecologists, who, beginning in the 1940s, used the concept of regulation both to denote circular natural processes, such as the carbon cycle, that linked living beings and the natural environment and to update versions of the population dynamics outlined by Malthus. Third, regulation, this time in the sense of explicitly framed political laws and government agencies, has been a persistent point of critique for an influential wing of Chicago School economists who have argued that the selfregulatory dynamics of economic processes render political regulation both unnecessary and counterproductive. Though there are significant differences among these more recent concepts of selfregulation, they are nevertheless all characterized by that same oscillation that Hazlitt first isolated in Malthus. This oscillation results from the persisting difficulty of squaring the desire to locate a natural Life, Self-Regulation, and the Liberal Imagination 215 mechanism that makes it possible to remove selfregulation from its passage through human selfconsciousness with the fact that such accounts of selfregulation necessarily pass through that human consciousness and capacity for action. To underscore the extent to which Romantic approaches to regulation illuminate both the aporias and potentials of several of these twentiethcentury reflections on selfregulation, I will briefly discuss two fields—namely, ecosystems ecology and Chicago School economics—in which this oscillation has been especially evident; both bear directly on the questions explored by Malthus and Kant. SelfRegulation in Ecosystems Ecology As the historian of ecology Sharon E. Kingsland has noted, up until the 1950s, “ecology had developed largely as a biological subject, in which plants and animals were studied, but humans were ignored.” Though nineteenthand earlytwentiethcentury ecologists were interested in the impact of human activity on natural environments, they generally understood human activity as an external influence on the internal dynamics of natural processes. Frederic E. Clements’s earlytwentiethcentury concept of “ecological succession,” for example, proposed that, in a given region— and in the absence of human engagement—different species succeeded one another until they reached a stable “climax” community. The development of the ecosystem concept in the 1940s and 1950s was, in principle, a point at which this might have changed, for the ecosystem concept itself emerged in attempts to understand how radioactive isotopes such as strontium cycled through different living beings and their environments, and this question was bound up with concern over the potential impact on humans of nuclear weapons. Yet even ecosystem ecologists initially treated humans not as integral parts but primarily as potential disturbers of ecosystems. Given the history of

Martin Rovnak, Lenka Stofejova, Peter Adamisin et al.

One of the recent biggest environmental problems is pollution by excessive waste production. One of the ways to partially eliminate this problem is packaging-free stores. The paper focuses on analysing the environmental behaviour of individual generations of consumers concerning shopping in packaging-free stores. A questionnaire survey served as a source for data gathering. In the analysis, we applied the method of descriptive statistics and mathematical-statistical methods (Shapiro-Wilk W test, Kruskal Wallis test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) to verify the difference between generational groups of consumers and their awareness of packaging-free stores. Another verified variables were the gender of respondents and their experience of shopping in a packaging-free store. The research results confirmed that packaging-free stores should focus their marketing activities on all generations of consumers and focus on finding appropriate ways to increase the level of interest of all age groups.

Betly Taghulihi, Halida Nuria

Tourism as a service industry, plays a very important role in the national economy either as one source of foreign exchange, job creation, opening a business opportunity, even able to provide a very large multiplier effect for the national economy. there are 10 (ten) priority tourism destinations established by the government one of which is Morotai Island. Morotai Island is one of the districts located in North Maluku Province and is one of the largest islands in Malut which has abundant natural resources potential in agriculture, forestry, fishery and marine, mining and historical tourism potential especially places of historical relics of the second world war. This potential can be used as a mainstay sector that has good economic value in an effort to improve the welfare of Malut in general and morotai island community in particular. From the geographical aspect of Morotai island has a strategic position because it is on the lips of Asia Pacific trade route with administrative boundary as the north border of pacific ocean, west bordering with sulawesi sea, east bordering sea of halmahera, and south bordering strait morotai. Based on the above, it is necessary that the policies - policies that must be taken by the government and relevant stakeholders to determine internal and external factors in it so that it can formulate tourism development programs in Morotai Island, especially marine tourism. It is expected that the potential of marine tourism in the island of Morotai destinations developed in a long-term in order to become the economic support community of Morotai and for the advancement of tourism North Maluku Province.

Jana Chovancová, Igor Petruška, Eva Litavcová

This work aims to analyse the dependence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on primary energy consumption at different Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels in 28 European countries. Data for the years 1995-2019 were used to develop the models. Random Effects, Fixed Effects, a nonlinear panel threshold model and a continuous kink model were used in the panel data analysis. The work shows that the dependence of CO2 emissions on energy consumption varies at different levels of GDP. The model with two threshold values, which determine three modes of behaviour, proves to be the most suitable. As GDP levels increase, the regression coefficient of the dependence of CO2 emissions on energy consumption decreases. Understanding the relationship between these variables is essential for informed and evidence-based decision-making and adopting new or revision of existing energy and climate policies and strategies at the EU and national levels.

David Ferré Gispets, Raül Moscoso González

Las primeras décadas del siglo XVIII vieron un importante recrudecimiento de la tensión militar y geopolítica en el Mediterráneo occidental. A ello contribuyeron las aspiraciones frustradas surgidas de los acuerdos de la paz de Utrecht y Rastatt. La España de Felipe V fue uno de los principales contendientes que pugnó por la hegemonía en la zona. Para conseguirla, se vio obligada a realizar esfuerzos logísticos, militares y económicos de gran calibre. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal constatar cómo la dinámica del corso, de larga tradición en las costas hispánicas, fue utilizada de manera directa por la Corona como una herramienta más de su estrategia mediterránea.

Eleonora Ratowska-Dziobiak

The aim of the article is to assess the changes in the insurance awareness of entities in the field of weather risks. Studies that were carried out recently indicate that from the point of view of the client, the attractive price combined with the comprehensive service plays an important role. The interviewees emphasized that the inclusion of new threats and matching the offer with the needs of the buyer may significantly affect the demand for insurance services. Consumer interest in products in the area of weather risks depends on the scope of protection, the amount of insurance premium and innovative solutions in the process of distribution (including the mutual insurance system).

Karlla Danielle Jorge Amorim

O. Tarariko, T. Ilienko, T. Kuchma et al.

Satellite data are a relevant part of information, required for sustainable environmental management, assessment of the impact of economic activity of ecosystems, determination of risks, related to global climate changes, desertifi cation processes, loss of landscape and biotic diversity. Aim. To substantiate the reasonability and prove the effi ciency of using satellite data in the agroecologic monitoring system regarding the impact of climate changes on vegetation, processes of soil erosion degradation, and assessment of landscape diversity. Methods. The study was conducted in the territory of Ukraine. It involved the application of SWOT and Gap-analysis methodology, materials of NOAA satellite observa- tions, Sentinel, different spatial resolution, methodological and regulatory provision of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Economics of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences regarding satellite monitoring of the structure of agrolandscapes, norms of establishing a network of testing agrarian grounds, list of vegetation state indicators, in par- ticular, “Remote sensing of the Earth from space. Land data about controlling the condition of plantings and performance of agricultural crops. General requirements: DSTU 7307:2013”, “Remote sensing of the Earth from space. Ground in- spection of plantings. Classifi er of objects and functions: SUC 01.1-37-907:2011”, “Methodological recommendations on establishing the network of testing agrarian grounds in the system of monitoring of plantings using the materials of cosmic information”. The investigation on the impact of climate changes on vegetation state was conducted on the territory of three natural-climatic zones which were geographically represented by Chernihiv, Poltava and Zaporizhzhia regions re- spectively. The determination of the threat of erosion degradation of arable lands and landscape diversity was performed on the territory of two administrative districts with high level of ploughness of agrolandscapes, intense agrarian produc- tion and manifestation of erosion degradation of lands. Results. Inadequacy of the traditional system of agroecological monitoring was determined. It was proven that it was reasonable to have comprehensive application of satellite data regarding climate warming within the natural climatic zones and its impact on vegetation according to the normalized dif- ference vegetation index (NDVI), erosion degradation of soils and landscape diversity. According to satellite data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the correlation analysis was performed on the connection between the dynamics of the sum of effective temperatures and the sum of NDVI values for the vegetation period. There was positive impact of climate warming on vegetation state according to NDVI index in the zone of Polissia and Forest- Steppe. The correlation coeffi cients were R = 0.64 and R = 0.77 respectively. In the Steppe zone the correlation coeffi cient dropped down to R = 0.35 which demonstrated the elevated risk of droughts. Conclusions. Satellite data of Sentinel-1 were used to determine critical zones of erosion degradation of arable lands, requiring preservation and their inclusion to the natural fi elds, which had a positive impact on the optimization of agrolandscape diversity.

Renata Ruaro, E. Conceição, J. C. Silva et al.