Australia is a country that hosts millions of migrants from different countries and continents. This chapter presents the migration history of African Australians and the settlement challenges encountered by these families and individuals. In the last two decades, there has been a growing number of African communities in Australia. African people migrate to Australia for many reasons, including job-seeking and civil wars caused by race, religion, nationality, and membership in particular social or political groups. In the 2020 census, over 400,000 people living in Australia recorded they were of African origin. This represents 1.6% of the Australian population and 5.1% of Australia’s overseas-born population. Most (58%) are white South Africans, but 42% are black Africans from sub-Saharan countries. Some people within these African populations did not settle well or adjust effectively to Australian society due to Australia’s predominantly Anglo-Saxon culture. Therefore, this chapter discusses migration and settlement issues faced by African community groups in Australia.
The current migration of Africans to Europe and North America evokes trepidation and fear among citizens of European countries and their counter parts in the Americas. Despite clear lack of objectivity the migration discourses, continue to frame and condition migration policy responses and governance. What Landau calls “moral panic” at the foundation of this discourse. While it is true, a sizable number of Africans are fleeing political persecution and violence in their home countries, a big proportion is perceived to be looking for economic opportunities (greener pastures) to better their lives and that of their kin. The dominant narratives of failed states and debilitating poverty as the drivers of migration ignore the possibilities that it could be similar economic and social transformations that caused European migration to Africa and other parts of the World in the 19th Century. Here in we argue that a simplistic conclusion about poverty as the main driver of African migration does not reflect the complete reality, that socio-economic transformation and not poverty per se are the main drivers of African emigration not dissimilar to what Europe went through in the 19th Century.
Kazumi Tsuchiya, Adrian M. Bacong, A B de Castro
et al.
Migrants have been theorized to be healthier than their non-migrant counterparts; however, there is limited examination of health selection using binational data and how selection occurs, particularly for mental health outcomes. This study examines the role of visa status and financial strain as critical factors for mental health selection among Filipino migrants to the U.S. and non-migrants who remain in the Philippines. We used the baseline data from the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES; n = 1631) to compare depressive symptoms between non-migrants and migrants who were both surveyed prior to their departure to the U.S. We assessed depressive symptoms using linear regression by migration status, financial strain, and by visa categories including fiancée/marriage, unlimited family reunification, limited family reunification, and employment. Overall, all migrants reported lower depressive symptoms than non-migrants; however, depressive symptoms varied by visa type. Fiancée/marriage migrants had lower depressive symptoms than compared to limited family reunification migrants. Additionally, those who reported financial strain had higher depressive symptoms than those without any financial strain. We find that migrants were positively selected for mental health using a unique sample of Filipino migrants before they left for the U.S.
Public aspects of medicine, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
El artículo analiza la relación entre segregación residencial y escolar por origen nacional en Granada. Se analizan los microdatos sobre la población de nacionalidad extranjera residente y escolarizada en la red de centros de primaria para el curso 2014- 2015. Finalmente se exponen, mediante sistemas de información geográfica (GIS), tres estudios de caso de centros de alta concentración teniendo en cuenta los datos de vulnerabilidad en el territorio.
Los resultados del análisis indican, primero, una segregación residencial y escolar alta en el municipio; segundo, que la segregación escolar es mayor que la residencial, lo cual demuestra que ésta última no explicaría el fenómeno en su conjunto; tercero, los estudios de caso analizados indican una propensión a la concentración de determinadas nacionalidades en determinados centros, no explicada por criterios de proximidad.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
A censura foi uma ferramenta importante do projeto político dos governos ditatoriais de 1964 a 1985. Este texto analisa os caminhos percorridos pela política de controle estatal, especialmente no que diz respeito às normas e critérios adotados para proibir e cercear a livre circulação de ideias. A abordagem recai no trabalho de censores, autoridades policiais e na própria reestruturação e atuação da Polícia Federal nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 que passou a atuar como órgão responsável pela censura no país. Para esse estudo tem-se por base dois documentos elaborados no ano de 1970, intitulados “Normas Gerais - recomendação verbal à imprensa falada, escrita e televisionada” e “Instruções para a Execução da Censura à Posteriori”, além de documentos administrativos da Polícia Federal que direcionaram a atuação dos censores e relataram seus resultados.
Como en otras partes del mundo, en Costa Rica existe una tensión sobre la incorporación de migrantes en los servicios de salud públicos, que alimenta la sospecha de que existe un acceso diferenciado a los servicios de salud entre nacionales y migrantes. En este artículo, con base en datos primarios de una encuesta representativa para la población migrante nicaragüense, se analiza el acceso real a los servicios de salud pública de migrantes, y la importancia de la nacionalidad, el estado migratorio y el tener un seguro médico para dicho acceso. Los hallazgos sugieren que el acceso a los servicios de salud pública entre nacionales y migrantes es estratificada, lo cual subraya de manera más general la importancia de analizar la praxis, y no solo los derechos sociales formales.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
O artigo conceitua e problematiza o eurocentrismo derivado da colonialidade (do poder, do saber e do ser) como gerador do racismo (estrutural e institucional) contra povos africanos, afro-brasileiros e indígenas no Brasil, em todas as esferas sociais, particularmente na escola e propõem a construção de práticas pedagógicas decoloniais e interculturais como possibilidades de desconstrução desse processo. Apresentamos fragmentos da pesquisa A educação para as relações étnicorraciais no ensino de história: memórias e experiências de professoras da educação básica dissertação submetida ao Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de História- Profhistória da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Dialogamos com narrativas de professoras coletadas na forma de entrevistas orais gravadas e depois organizadas na perspectiva metodológica de Walter Benjamin construindo mônadas.
In his novel Allah n’est pas obligé the Ivorian writer Ahmadou Kourouma tries to convey his Malinké identity in the French language through a process of malinkisation – he interlaces Malinké words, syntactic structures and rhythm with French, playing with the two codes that he masters and portraying a fresh linguistic atmosphere. Kourouma exploits the potentiality, the richness of French linguistic varieties and thus legitimises their value. In the first part, this paper tries to analyse Kourouma’s linguistic play by focusing mainly on the language of the narrator, the child soldier Birahima. The second part of the paper attempts at proving how Kourouma’s malinkisation is part of a broader and more general project of legitimisation as regards his language(s), culture, and work as a writer.
English literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
Pablo Fontes, Cristina Rego Monteiro da Luz, Danielle Costa da Silva
et al.
O presente artigo propõe um exame sobre a interdisciplinaridade entre as áreas das Relações Internacionais e da Comunicação Social a partir da experiência docente da disciplina/curso de extensão “Política Externa, Mídia e Opinião Pública”, na ECO-UFRJ, durante os anos de 2015 e 2016. Objetiva-se demonstrar a proximidade das duas áreas de conhecimento, o quanto elas se integram e sua importância enquanto campo de análise de estudo acadêmico.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
Alexandre César Cunha Leite, Maria Eduarda de Andrade e Sousa
A África, considerada durante décadas um continente sem esperanças, hoje se apresenta como uma região próspera que tem atraído o interesse das potências emergentes, notadamente o Brasil. Este país busca no continente africano não apenas recursos naturais e mercados para as suas exportações, mas também parceiros políticos que apoiem suas causas internacionais, contribuindo para fortalecer a sua inserção internacional e o seu status de potência. Por outro lado, a cooperação livre de condicionalidades oferecida pelo Brasil têm atraído os governos africanos, que veem a cooperação Sul-Sul como uma alternativa à assistência ao desenvolvimento oferecida pela OCDE. Muito embora as relações com continente africano tenham se aprofundado na última década, os laços com o continente africano remontam aos anos 1960. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a dinâmica da cooperação Brasil-África durante o governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a fim de compreender os interesses que motivam esse engajamento e os benefícios que ela proporciona aos países africanos. O trabalho está estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira seção, será apresentado um breve histórico das relações entre Brasil e África. Na seção seguinte, será discutido o aprofundamento da cooperação com o continente africano durante os anos 2000. Finalizam o artigo as considerações finais.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
The influence that co-ethnic relationships and coethnic networks have on the educational attainment of immigrant students is a topic that has often been researched within the sociology of migrations. During the last years, the concept of social capital has been privileged in the analysis of this topic, highlighting fundamentally the positive effect of such relationships and networks over the educational attainment of immigrant pupils. Nevertheless, the opposite outcome is shown by a second type of literature that focuses on the analysis of a particular form of this kind of relationship: the one that occurs inside the peer groups. Researches included within this second sort of literature usually highlight the negative effects of these co-ethnic relationships on immigrant students. The purpose of this article is to make a dialectic contrast between both tendencies in the literature, which allows us to face the analysis of the association between co-ethnic relationships and the educational attainment of immigrant pupils from a critical perspective. As a result, this paper underlines the ambivalence of the «ethnic factor» that is implicit in this kind of relationships
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
From the 16th century on, the great Southern continent figured in the European literary and political imagination as a field for utopian thought. While we might expect such Arcadian essays to tail off as the colonisation of Australia proceeded apace in the late 18th, early 19th centuries, such was not the case: there are many examples of utopian literature set in Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries, and several examples from the 1830s , the period examined in this article. This article explores the utopian elements in the work of three near contemporaries: Edward G. Wakefield (1796-1862), Thomas J. Maslen (1787-1857) and James Vetch (1789-1869) who mapped onto Australia political and social projects that had their origin and rationale in objectives for reform in the mother country. They brought to their self-appointed task underlying assumptions and biases that reveal a range of influences, not least those of colonial expansionism, and an imperial disregard for the realities of the terrain and inhabitants of a country they had never visited. The article undertakes a close reading of the maps, systems of nomenclature and division of territory proposed by two of the three: Maslen and Vetch, and their underlying rationale and function. Both writers sought to redraw the map of Australia in order to advance projects for reform, imposing on an ‘empty land’ principles of division and sub-division claimed to be rational and scientific and yet essentially utopian.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Sociology (General)