Saiful Anwar, Ega Rusanti, Dewi Rahmawati Maulidiyah
This study aims to examine whether the adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards enhances carbon emission disclosure among banks in Indonesia. Furthermore, it provides empirical evidence that the presence of women on boards moderates the relationship between GRI adoption and carbon emission disclosure. The study was conducted on 40 conventional and Islamic banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2015–2021. The analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, with robustness tests conducted using alternative measurement variables to ensure the consistency of the results. The findings consistently demonstrate that the adoption of GRI Standards positively influences carbon emission disclosure in Indonesian banks. The presence of women on boards promotes banks’ engagement in global climate change agendas, aligning with the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5, 8, and 13. This study reinforces stakeholder theory and Critical Mass Theory, indicating that a minimum threshold of female board members is necessary to influence strategic decisions, particularly in encouraging voluntary disclosures such as carbon emission reporting. Notably, the study also finds that carbon emission disclosure is valued by banking stakeholders in Indonesia. Therefore, policymakers are encouraged to establish regulations that mandate GRI adoption and ensure a minimum representation of women in strategic decision-making positions within the banking sector.
Economics as a science, Regional economics. Space in economics
Background. The digitalization of municipal services represents a critically important direction for modernizing public administration in developing countries. For Iraq, which is experiencing a period of recovery after decades of instability, the implementation of digital technologies in the sphere of municipal services is a key factor in improving the efficiency of public administration, combating corruption, and enhancing the quality of citizen services. Existing research does not contain a comprehensive analysis of municipal service digitalization in the specific conditions of Iraq, which determines the relevance of this study. The aim of the work is to comprehensively analyze the current state of municipal service digitalization in Iraq, identify main obstacles, and develop practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of digital transformation in the municipal sector. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were addressed: examining the organizational foundations of municipal service provision in Iraq; studying the stages of municipal service digitalization; assessing the current state of digital infrastructure; identifying features and barriers to digitalization; developing directions for improving the efficiency of municipal service digitalization.
Materials and methods. The methodological foundation of the research was formed based on a comprehensive multi-level approach integrating quantitative and qualitative methods of scientific inquiry. A systems approach was used as the theoretical basis. The study relied on an extensive empirical base, including official statistical data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning for 2020-2025, analytical reports from the Iraqi Ministry of Communications, and data from international organizations. Comparative analysis methods and case studies of five pilot municipal service digitalization projects implemented in 2022-2025 in various Iraqi cities were applied.
Results. The three-level structure of Iraqi municipal governance was analyzed, including 18 provinces, districts, and municipalities. Three stages of digitalization development were identified: fragmented digitalization (2004-2010), expansion to the municipal level (2011-2017), and integration based on unified national standards (from 2018). It was established that 60% of municipal bodies are equipped with modern computer systems, while only 40% have high-speed internet connectivity. Key features of digitalization were identified: uneven implementation across regions, priority of basic services, dependence on international technical assistance, and influence of traditional social structures. Main barriers were determined: insufficient funding, data security issues, digital inequality, and shortage of IT specialists. A methodological model for improving the organizational and economic mechanism of municipal service quality enhancement using modern information technologies was developed.
Conclusion. Municipal service digitalization in Iraq is characterized by high territorial heterogeneity and sequential evolution from fragmented solutions to an integrated ecosystem. Basic services are digitalized most successfully with significant dependence on international support. Practical recommendations were proposed for creating digital competency centers, developing public-private partnerships in IT, forming incentive systems for municipalities, and implementing the "smart city" concept. The research results can be used in developing a national strategy for public administration digitalization in Iraq.
EDN: CXPFTR
Hlengiwe P. Maila, Lianne P. Malan, Adrino Mazenda
Background: The public housing delivery practices in South Africa are fragmented, resulting in various outcomes concerning housing delivery. There is a pressing need to overhaul public housing delivery that puts citizens at the core of the delivery process.
Aim: The current state-led model of delivering housing is not effective and by design, the model for housing delivery should include the participation of beneficiaries. The aim was to develop a co-production model for housing delivery.
Setting: The article focused on the housing sector in South Africa.
Methods: A qualitative research approach and grounded theory as research design was used. Instruments were document analysis and semi-structured interviews with participants who are stakeholders in housing co-production. Data collected was analysed through inductive thematic analysis.
Results: The results suggested a self-reliant approach to housing delivery, which is demand driven with the state as a facilitator and not the provider of housing. The model for housing should have a component that does not perpetuate a culture of dependency and entitlement but promotes the concept of co-production.
Conclusion: The article explored the possibility of introducing a co-production model for housing delivery model in South Africa. It was established that the role of government must shift to that of an enabler and facilitator instead of a provider of housing.
Contribution: This proposed model contributes towards the body of knowledge in terms of promoting public service delivery and performance (in this instance in the housing sector) in South Africa as a country situated in Africa.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Regional planning
Abstract Background The pattern of changes in the cervical spine and the spinal cord and their dynamic characteristics in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes in the cervical spine and spinal cord from C2/3 to C7/T1 in different positions by using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Yuebei People's Hospital. Methods Using median sagittal T2-weighted images for 16 patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation who underwent cervical kinematic MRI, the anterior space available for the cord, spinal cord diameter, posterior space available for the cord from C2/3 to C7/T1, and Muhle’s grade were determined. The spinal canal diameter was calculated by adding the anterior space available for the cord, spinal cord diameter, and posterior space available for the cord. Results The anterior space available for the cord, posterior space available for the cord, and spinal canal diameters at C2/3 and C7/T1 were significantly higher than those from C3/4 to C6/7. Muhle’s grades at C2/3 and C7/T1 were significantly lower than those at the other levels. Spinal canal diameter was lower in extension than in the neutral and flexion positions. In the operated segments, significantly lesser space was available for the cord (anterior space available for the cord + posterior space available for the cord), and the spinal cord diameter/spinal canal diameter ratio was higher than those in the C2/3, C7/T1, and non-operated segments. Conclusion Kinematic MRI demonstrated dynamic pathoanatomical changes, such as canal stenosis in different positions, in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation. The injured segment had a small canal diameter, high Muhle’s grade, low space available for the cord, and high spinal cord diameter/spinal canal diameter ratio.
Improving, strengthening, and fine tuning, as well as developing, revitalizing, conserving, and preserving, are all words commonly used in an urban and regional planner’s vocabulary. More nebulous are the concepts of it, thyself, which are the other in planning thinking and professional interventions. Who, what, how, when, and where will it be carried out? If conscious and aware of one’s actions, oneself ought to be able to answer these questions without deference to its outcomes. However, it is commonly recognized that we are unable, and at times unwilling, to understand others’ reaction to a proposal, even when put forward according to established common norms and traditions and socio-economic, environmental, cultural, and legal orders. The purpose of this paper is to review various planning challenges derived from earlier lived and or researched experiences that have already occurred, others taking place here and now, as well as others in need of further conceptualization and study. The review methods build not only upon the now classical sustainability framework, but also upon the more recent and alternative Soft City approach centered on place, movement, and sociability. It is believed that the planning topics and methods analyzed in this review can help reach carbon neutrality goals, promote climate urbanism, accomplish higher utilization of renewable energy, and reduce automobility levels, all goals conducive to graceful bliss and authentic happiness.
Exploring the spatial variations and the impact of spatial and social factors on commuting behavior is vital to promote cities’ sustainable development and improve residents’ daily lives. Based on 2015 1% Population Sample Survey data in Shanghai, this study constructs an improved accessibility index to evaluate the jobs–housing spatial relationship and compares spatial variations and factors of commuting duration and commuting distance at the sub-district level by using spatial autocorrelation analysis, spatial lag model, and spatial error model. In terms of spatial variations, the median commuting distance and commuting duration are 6.32 km and 28.37 min, respectively. Both of them have significant spatial autocorrelation, and the latter is higher. The high–high agglomeration areas of commuting distance scatter between the outer ring road and the outer suburbs. The high–high agglomeration areas of commuting duration are mainly distributed between the middle and the outer ring roads. In terms of affecting factors, the impacts of social factors on the commuting level are more significant than spatial factors. Ignoring the former will overestimate the effects of the latter. Commuting distance is more significantly correlated with spatial factors, and job accessibility is the most critical factor, while commuting duration is more significantly associated with social factors, and education level is the essential factor. There is significant intra-urban heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation of commuting distance and duration in the metropolis. Social factors are more influential than spatial factors on commuting behavior.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
Mada Sophianingrum, Melisa Angelina, Prihadi Nugroho
Migration for rural communities is part of an adaptation strategy to deal with stresses and risks to their livelihoods. In fact, the rural agricultural sector is formidable compared to other sectors because it can survive and increase significantly even though the economy is being disrupted due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the role of migration strategies carried out by migrant households in Padas Village, Jono Village, and Gawan Village. The sustainable livelihood framework becomes a reference for assessing comprehensive household livelihood. This research uses a case study approach. In-depth data collection is carried out on migrants and migrant families with various migration characteristics. The results show that the migration strategy that occurs in Padas Village, Jono Village, and Gawan Village is influenced by the time of migration, differences in resources/livelihood capital characteristics, the context of vulnerability to livelihoods, and the migration strategy conducted. At the regional scale, although there are differences in the characteristics of resources/livelihood capital between the three villages, the role of migration remains the same. Meanwhile, the role of the migration strategy can be seen more clearly based on the time of migration that occurred in the three villages.
In recent times, with the main purpose of enhancing public health, proper management of household solid waste in low-income residential areas of urban centres has gained special attention among scholars in developing countries. From the sociological perspective, perception is one of the key determinants of the people’s behaviour in their society. Therefore this study examined the perception of people about solid waste management and identified the key factors influencing this perception. The study was carried out in the first quarters of 2021 and covered Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, South-West Nigeria and adopted cross-sectional research design. Purposive sampling method was used to select 5 electoral wards in the Local Government Area where heaps of dirt was more common and 30 households nearer to the heap in each of the wards respectively. The total sample size of 150 used in the study mainly composed the eldest and active female of each the selected household. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the primary data gathered. This study found that the residents were aware of the health-related challenges resulted from improper management of solid waste and were interested in reducing household solid waste generated. However, methods, the cost, lack of cooperation and nonchalant attitude of people were among the major potential factors militating against achieving this.
The article reveals the design features of a new type of multifunctional object Theatron in the context of the existing historical urban environment. The formation of a typologically new object is due to the increased attention of people to cultural and entertainment institutions offering a wide range of services. The need for proper integration of modern architecture into the existing historical development of the city is one of the most important tasks facing the architect. The authors proposed architectural and planning solutions and the creation of recreational space. Since many theater and entertainment structures are located in memorial sites of national significance, or are themselves valuable historical heritage, the reconstruction of theater buildings is a constant and inevitable phenomenon in all countries and is associated with complex controversial issues of simultaneous preservation and the existing buildings’ improvement. In this regard, there is a constant need to “fit” such old buildings to the lifestyle of the modern audience and modern production methods of theaters in the XX-XXI centuries. Due to the technology development, the technology of demonstration space, stage equipment and engineering equipment of the entire building have changed. In addition, serious urban development problems have also emerged over the years. The city scale has changed, the population has increased, and there is a rapidly growing tourist flow. Transport has changed, Parking lots for cars, communication with the metro, landing stages for unloading decorations and other cargo were needed. There are also aesthetic urban planning problems that do not allow freely, unreasonably expand the building, add the new volumes. This work can contribute to the further development and improvement of the proposed methodology for designing public cultural objects.
Objective: One of the most important factors for sustainable development in the Declaration of Agenda is the twenty-one reduction in urban inequality. Therefore, the necessity of recognizing the current status of the indicators of spatial justice and evaluating urban spaces for any physical, economic, and social planning is desirable in order to desirability is inevitable. Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the nature of the developmental application that uses spatial-urban planning techniques to identify aspects of spatial-spatial inequalities in the regions of Gorgan. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of components and indicators of services and facilities within the city to prioritize and enjoy the levels of urban areas of Gorgan. For analysis of urban services data, TOPSIS, Concurrency and Multi-Criterion Optimization (VIKOR), Simple Weighted Weights (SAW) solutions in the Excel spreadsheet software environment, and to achieve one the single result is used in the integration technique. Results:The results of the Topsis technique show that Zone 2 of Zone 2 with the development coefficient (0.5057) ranked first and as the area with Zone 2 and Zone 1 with the development coefficient (0.04117) the last rank Has it These conditions are also apparent for the viqueur technique, so that zone 2 is the most favored region of the 2 with the viquo coefficient (0), and region 2 is the most deprived of the area 1 with the viquo coefficient (1). Conclusion: The integration technique also shows that zones 1 and 2 of area 2 have zones 1 and 2 of the semi-arid zone 3, area 3 of area 3 is low and areas 1, 2 of area 1 and area 3 of area 2 are excluded.
The idea of the need to protect nature and natural resources is gaining importance every day. Sustainability refers to the protection of the environment for future generations. Architectural planning and design, as well as construction and demolition are now being evaluated with a long-term and multi-sided perspective. The use of existing building stock has great advantages in terms of resources and energy consumption in contrast to the damage to the environment inherent in the construction of a new building. The use of existing building stock allows for preservation of the environment and architectural identity, as well as economic benefit. Facade rehabilitation has become a key factor. Partial and extensive rehabilitation of building facades is directly proportional to the overall performance of the building. The decision to rehabilitate and the correct means of rehabilitation are critical to the building's performance. This study is an examination of the process of making the decision to rehabilitate an existing building facade and the current methods of rehabilitation.
This contribution describes opportunities and advantages related to the use of the “scenarios” approach in the design of resilient anthropic systems. A methodology that aims to support, from the early stages of the decision-making process, strategical choices concerning complex works and areas by duration, size and interactions with the environment. A model that, given the current situation of extreme economic and environmental uncertainty, could represent an effective collaboration protocol between decision makers, designers and experts of various disciplines, especially in the development of large-scale infrastructure systems and human settlements that involve extended planning and implementation timings, requiring a high degree of programmed adaptability.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Manuel Lucena Giraldo presenta en su libro un conjunto de ensayos sobre la ciudad hispana, abordando la realidad urbana desde una perspectiva histórica, política y sociológica. El texto, a pesar de estar compuesto por diferentes ensayos, guarda un cuidadoso orden cronológico que contempla un periodo comprendido desde el siglo xv, con el descubrimiento de América, hasta el siglo xix, con los movimientos revolucionarios que se dieron en el continente. El libro, dividido en cinco ensayos y un epílogo, busca profundizar sobre las ideas expuestas previamente en algunos libros, publicaciones o ponencias, tomando a la ciudad desde una triple acepción: comunidad política, instituciones y fábrica material.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Within the shared boundaries of various disciplinary domains, there are a substantial number of studies dealing with the history of the establishment and socio-spatial values of Atatürk Forest Farm. The area is represented through the semantic field related to the venerable memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his heritage of ideas; the social, cultural and spatial goals of the republican revolution; the principles and procedures of being a modern and self-sufficient society; and the history of the establishment of Ankara as a capital. The Atatürk Forest Farm also comprises tangible cultural assets and natural systems – which transcend the borders of the site. Yet, there has not been any study identifying and associating the tangible and intangible values of the farm in a comprehensive way. This study aims to draw a layout for interdisciplinary conservation scenarios that would place the tangible and intangible assets of Atatürk Forest Farm – whose universalisation has been noticeably postponed – and the heritage of ideas bequeathed to future generations in the form of the forest and farm
This is a continuation of my writing published in previous Ruang-Space Journal of Volume 4, No. 1, April 2017.
When we link the word sustainable and development the water becomes muddy. As a general rule, when sustainable development is referred to, what is implicit is the sustainability of the capitalist world system, not the sustainable livelihood of its population or of nature. By itself, development is a liberal term, obscuring the so-called ‘issues’ of capitalist imperialism, class division and the creation of what can only be called the dispossessed who experience actually existing capitalism as ‘nothing short of savagery’(Amin). In the Global South, food aid is its lowest in 20 years, with the UN trying to feed one billion hungry people on $USD 1.40 a day. Of the $US 5 billion promised to the U.N. by the wealthy nations, only half was delivered in 2009. It means to cut that figure to seventy cents a day.
In 1860 Marx was one of the first to draw attention to the essential unsustainability of capitalism. Correctly, he rooted his analysis to the Dialectics of Nature, probably the first meaningful text on unsustainable development ever written. Today, attempts to solve climate change at Kyoto, Cancun, Brussels, Bali, and Copenhagen have all failed disastrously, as indeed have talks to solve the pending financial Armageddon within the Euro zone. Meanwhile, the combined environmental damage of the 3000 largest global companies has been conservatively estimated at $USD 2.2 trillion. This sum equals one third of their profits, which if paid as fines could bankrupt the global financial system. Even this is trivial to American debt (personal, institutional and national) - around $US 50 trillion, a sum that can never be repaid by the world’s largest debtor nation.
So the real answers to the problem of sustainability lie in the transformation of capitalism, for no ‘environmental’ solutions begin to attack the fundamental issue of environmental justice – the moral economy that lies at the heart of a sustainable planet. Forget also the idea expressed in Natural Capitalism that the capitalist system will somehow morph into an acceptable state without any change in its fundamental structure. Let us reject the perfidious term sustainability, replacing it with the dual system it represents - environmental efficiencies to describe prior technologies, and environmental justice to denote the exploitation of nature and the distortion of social relations and oppression in all its forms. Then perhaps we might avoid what Madeleine Bunting predicts as ‘the real story of the next few years’ – potentially ‘the savage dismantling of social democracy.’
In its Volume 4 No 2, October 2017, Ruang-Space Journal publishes seven articles. Detailed publications are as follows. The first article is composed by Diah Paramitha, I Wayan Kastawan, Widiastuti, entitled Nilai Signifikansi Cagar Budaya Hotel Inna Bali, Jalan Veteran Denpasar (The Significances of Hotel Inna Bali-A cultural Heritage Located in Jalan Veteran Denpasar). The second publication is written by Gusti Ayu Cantika Putri, entitled Konsep Keruangan pada Permukiman Inti di Desa Pakraman Gunungsari (Spatial Concept of the Core Settlement of Gunungsari Village). The third article is contributed by I Gusti Ayu Canny Utami, entitled Place Attachment pada Kawasan Komersial di Jalan Danau Tamblingan, Sanur (Place Attachment on a Commercial Zone of Jalan Danau Tamblingan, Sanur). The fourth article is submitted by A. A. Ayu Sri Ratih Yulianasari entitled Rumah Tinggal Berbasis Green Building di Kota Denpasar (Green Building Houses in Denpasar City). The fifth arcticle is authored by I Wayan Yogik Adnyana Putra entitled Perilaku Pengunjung dalam Memanfaatkan Fungsi Ruang Publik di Area Monumen Ground Zero Legian Kuta (Visitors' Behaviors in Using Public Spaces surrounding the Ground Zero Monument of Legian Kuta). The sixth article is by Ni Ketut Ayu Siwalatri, entitled Representasi Sistem Sosial Masyarakat pada Pola Permukiman Desa Trunyan (The Representations of Social Systems on Spatial Pattern of Trunyan Village). The seventh article is contributed by I Nyoman Susanta entitled Makna dan Konsep Arsitektur Tradisional Bali dan Aplikasinya dalam Arsitektur Masa Kini (Meanings and Principles in Traditional Balinese Architecture and Their Applications in Today's Architecture).
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
This paper aims to evaluate the problems of traditional housing which have continued original function and to develop solution recommendations. Within Safranbolu Eski Çarşı District, 826 registered structures have been classified according to their type of utilization. The current condition of these structures along with their various treatments, land surveys and official registration documents have been analyzed. Thus, the structures used as housing have been compared and evaluated against the current condition of other structures in terms of their modification/authenticity and their project situations.
This paper represents a systematic deep examination about the situation of landscape planning in Piedmont. This research is structured on the analysis and interpretation of legislative and planning instruments, by two fundamental approaches. On the one hand, there are the modalities by which landscape enters the regional legislation. On the other hand the research focuses on regional landscape planning instruments, like the Regional Territorial Plan (1997) and the new Regional Landscape Plan (2009), suggesting a comparison between cognitive, strategic and regulative dimensions. Finally, we find an in-depth examination about the question concerning landscape authorization, the sub-delegation to local authorities and main issues on implementation of regional strategies, public participation, the role on local identities and the methodology of identification of landscapes.
Architecture, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
The administered price of fuel has increased quite frequently since 1970. It has raised a concern on the survival ability of manufacturing firms that could be weakened by such policy. This research objective is for confirming whether the policy of increasing fuel price affects the survival of manufacturing firms in Indonesia. By using Instrumental Variable Probit Model, it demonstrates that increasing fuel price does not affect firms’ survival in the short-run, middle-run, as well as long-run. Nevertheless, the z-statistics increase when the period of estimation is expanded. It means that if the time span of sample observation is widened, the result might be different.
Keywords: Fuel price, survival ability, instrumental variable probit model
JEL classification numbers: H27, D22
Abstrak
Harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM) selalu meningkat sejak 1970. Kenaikan harga ini telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran pada kemampuan kelangsungan hidup perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia yang bisa dilemahkan oleh kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengonfirmasi apakah kebijakan kenaikan harga BBM mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup perusahaan industri manufaktur di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan Instrumental Variable Probit Model, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan harga BBM tidak mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidupperusahaan dalam jangka pendek, menengah, serta jangka panjang. Namun demikian, z-statistik meningkat ketika periode estimasi diperluas. Ini berarti bahwa jika rentang waktu pengamatan sampel melebar, hasilnya mungkin akan berbeda.
Kata kunci: Harga BBM, kemampuan bertahan hidup, instrumental variable probit model
JEL classification numbers: H27, D22
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics