Hasil untuk "Chemical engineering"

Bilal Tasdemir, Svitlana Krüger, Pinank Sohagiya et al.

The growing demand for higher-energy lithium-ion batteries, encompassing consumer electronics, stationary grid storage, and electric mobility to specialized sectors like aerospace, medical devices, and industrial robotics, requires cathode materials that offer higher capacity while remaining cost-effective. This trend has intensified the development of nickel-rich LiNi_1−x−yMn_xCo_yO₂ (NMC) systems. However, high-Ni NMCs such as LiNi_0.9Mn_0.05Co_0.05O₂ (NMC90) suffer from limited thermal and cycling stability. Core–shell architectures using LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NMC622) as a shell can partially alleviate these drawbacks, but structural degradation caused by interdiffusion between the core and shell persists as a major challenge. This study investigates whether a tungsten oxide interlayer can act as a protective barrier that suppresses interdiffusion, stabilizes the crystal structure, and improves long-term electrochemical performance. In this work, NMC cathode powders were synthesized via a one-pot oxalate co-precipitation route, followed by structural characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Electrochemical performance, including capacity retention, cycling stability, and internal resistance, was evaluated through galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The core–shell configuration delivered higher specific discharge capacity compared to the individually synthesized core-only and shell-only reference materials, and the incorporation of a tungsten oxide interlayer resulted in a twofold increase in cycle life. These results demonstrate that tungsten oxide effectively enhances cycling stability by inhibiting core–shell interdiffusion, offering a promising pathway toward more durable high-Ni NMC cathodes.

GU Qi-chun1, HE Wen-hui1, WANG Xiang1, ZHUANG Bing-jian2, ZHANG Jie2

EP 200 fabric core conveyor belt as the research object, firstly the sample data of stress and strain were obtained through tensile strength test, secondly the data distribution was preliminary tested using QQ chart, and then the kernel density fitting probability distribution was used to verify the K-S fitting degree and correctness of the data, and finally the process capacity index of the fabric core conveyor belt was calculated. The results showed that the tensile strength distribution of the fabric core conveyor belt roughly followed a normal distribution, the kernel density estimation method could effectively solve the problem of insufficient sample data and had certain advantages in engineering, and the process capacity index could not match the yield rate of the product. Further analysis of the factors affecting the stability of full- thickness tensile strength would be beneficial for optimizing the production of conveyor belts.

Ji Eun Choi, Hanool Yun, Hee-Jin Jeong

The development of accurate and high-throughput tools for cancer biomarker detection is crucial for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using fluorescent dye-conjugated antibody fragments against programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). We optimized key steps in the FLISA process, including antigen immobilization, blocking, and antibody reaction, reading the assay time to 3 h—significantly faster compared to the 23 h duration of usual FLISA. The limit of detection for the rapid FLISA in detecting PDL1 was lower than that of FLISA, and the detection of HER2 was similar between the two methods, indicating that the rapid FLISA provides a fast and accurate approach for detecting PDL1 and HER2. This robust platform can be readily adapted for various fluoroimmunoassays targeting other antigens of interest.

Sneha Tomar, Vinod Kumar Singh

In this study, two different metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized using copper and cobalt metal ions with benzenedicarboxylic acid (bdc) as a common ligand. The prepared MOFs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. Also, the electrochemical characteristics were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Structural characterizations indicate that Co-bdc MOF is composed of three-dimensional non-uniform colloids and Cu-bdc MOF has a regular three-dimensional cuboidal structure, possessing good crystalline structure. The Cu-bdc MOF exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 171 F/g, while Co-bdc MOF showed 368 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. The solution resistance for the Co-bdc MOF was 0.09 Ω in comparison to 1.25 Ω for the Cu-bdc MOF. Also, the Co-bdc MOF demonstrated better cycling performance by retaining 85 % of its capacity after 2000 charge-discharge cycles. In contrast, the stability of the Cu-bdc MOF was lower, with only 78 % retention in capacity. Conclusively, the Co-bdc MOF demonstrated superior specific capacitance, lower resistance, and enhanced cyclic stability in 3 M KOH electrolyte system.

Rujing Zhao, Jin Li, Chengsi Wu et al.

Microcystins with leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a virulent hepatotoxin, which is commonly present in polluted water with its demethylated derivatives [Dha7] MC-LR. This study reported a low-cost molecularly imprinted polymer network-based electrochemical sensor for detecting MC-LR. The sensor was based on a three-dimensional conductive network composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The molecularly imprinted polymer was engineered by quantum chemical computation utilizing p-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as dual functional monomers and L-arginine as a segment template. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of MC-LR on the sensor was studied for the first time, which is an irreversible electrochemical oxidation reaction involving an electron and two protons, and is controlled by a mixed adsorption–diffusion mechanism. The sensor exhibited a great detection response to MC-LR in the linear range of 0.08–2 μg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.0027 μg/L (S/N = 3). In addition, the recoveries of the total amount of MC-LR and [Dha7] MC-LR in the actual sample by the obtained sensor were in the range from 91.4 to 116.7%, which indicated its great potential for environmental detection. HIGHLIGHTS A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed for detecting MC-LR.; The sensor was based on a 3D conductive network composed of MWCNTs, GQDs and AuNPs.; The molecularly imprinted polymer was engineered by quantum chemical computation.; The reaction mechanism of MC-LR on the sensor was studied.; The total amount of MC-LR in actual samples was detected successfully.;

Juliana Botelho Moreira, Thaisa Duarte Santos, Camila Gonzales Cruz et al.

The use of natural polymers has increased due to concern about environmental pollution caused by plastics and emerging pollutants from fossil fuels. In this context, polysaccharides from macroalgae and microalgae arise as natural and abundant resources for various biological, biomedical, and food applications. Different nanomaterials are produced from these polysaccharides to act as effective carriers in the food and pharmaceutical industry: drug and nutrient carriers, active compound encapsulation, and delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor tissues. Polysaccharides-based nanomaterials applied as functional ingredients incorporated into foods can improve texture properties and decrease the caloric density of food products. These nanostructures also present the potential for developing food packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In addition, polysaccharides-based nanomaterials are biocompatible, biodegradable, and safe for medical practices to prevent and manage various chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, this review article addresses the use of algal polysaccharides for manufacturing nanomaterials and their potential applications in food and biomedical areas. In addition, the paper discusses the general aspects of algae as a source of polysaccharides, the nanomaterials produced from these polymers, as well as recent studies and the potential use of algal polysaccharides for industries.

Eketa Devi, Ranjitha Gracy T. Kalaivendan, Gunaseelan Eazhumalai et al.

The present study focused to modify the functionality of arrowroot starch (ARS) by a novel atmospheric pressure pin-to-plate cold plasma. The top electrode consists of multiple pins arranged in such a way to shower corona discharge of electrons to provide effective modification. Arrowroot starch (10 g) was exposed to the cold plasma processed at three input voltages (190, 210, 230 V) for 5–15 min and studied for the changes in intrinsic viscosity average molecular weight (MWv), powder flow properties (bulk and tapped density, Hausner's ratio, Carr's index), functional (water and oil binding capacity, pH, gel hydration, turbidity), rheological (pasting and steady shear flow), thermal (DSC) and structural (FTIR, XRD, SEM) properties. With cold plasma treatment, MWv of the ARS was increased evincing the cross-linking phenomenon which has also shown in increase in peak viscosity of the starch pastes (4.33%–11.98%). The steady shear viscosity at 50 s−1 of the plasma-treated starch also increased remarkably (15.44%–223.83%) than the untreated. Inclusion of acidic and hydrophilic functionalities along with surface etching of starch observed under SEM have resulted in the pH reduction (from 5.41 ± 0.03 to 4.01 ± 0.01), Increase in water (22.5% rise in 230–15) and oil binding (8.46% in 230–15), swelling volume (50% increase) and solubility index (240% increase), reduction in paste turbidity. The increase in % of crystallinity in the plasma-treated arrowroot starch was associated with the increase in gelatinization enthalpy showing the thermal stability of plasma-indued crosslinking of arrowroot starch. This proves that cold plasma can be a potential green modification technology to produce clear, highly viscous, more hydrating, shear, and thermally stable starches.

Satyam Panchal, Krishna Gudlanarva, Manh-Kien Tran et al.

In this paper, an analogous study of the velocity and temperature profiles inside microchannel cooling plates (with hydraulic diameter of 6 mm), placed on a large pouch-type LiFePO₄ battery, is presented using both the laboratory and simulation techniques. For this, we used reverse engineering (RE), computed tomography (CT) scanning, Detroit Engineering Products (DEP) MeshWorks 8.0 for surface meshing of the cold plate, and STAR CCM+ for steady-state simulation. The numerical study was conducted for 20 A (1C) and 40 A (2C) and different operating temperatures. For experimental work, three heat flux sensors were used and were intentionally pasted at distributed locations, out of which one was situated near the negative tab (anode) and the other was near the positive tab (cathode), because the heat production is high near electrodes and the one near the mid body. Moreover, the realizable <i>k</i>-ε turbulence model in STAR CCM+ is used for simulation of the stream in a microchannel cooling plate, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations under constant current (CC) discharge load cases are studied. Later, the validation is conducted with the lab data to ensure sufficient cooling occurs for the required range of temperature. The outcome of this research work shows that as C-rates and ambient temperature increase, the temperature contours of the cooling plates also increase.

Tayachew Nega, Nigus Gabbiye Habtu, Assefa Tesfaye et al.

The performance of gasification for Injera baking was explored in this study, as well as the effects of moisture content, and primary and secondary airflow rates. Primary air is used in the reactor of a biomass gasifier, which creates syngas that is burned by secondary air on the mitad's bottom side. An average temperature of averaged 185°C at the center and 170°C away from the center was observed; the size of the cone determines the temperature distribution on the metal surface. The reactor's narrower cone diameter allowed for a greater temperature only in the center and a more variable baked Injera eye appearance. The cone diameter has been reduced to 0.15 m of the mitad diameter to improve the temperature distribution on the mitad surface. The gasifier temperature is 800°C when the air/fuel ratio is 5.8 kg/kg and the moisture content of the wood is 16%. Gasification is improved by heating the primary air and changing the air-fuel ratio. The findings revealed that pre-heated air is more efficient for gasification and saves money on baking and fuel. Fuel efficiency (0.45) and time savings (0.12) were discovered in the new gasifier. Between gasification temperatures of 650 and 800°C, an effective Injera baking temperature (170–185°C) on the mitad surface was attained. Following the tests, the average specific wood fuel consumption (1.414 g/kg), char residue (317 g), and average Injera baking time were calculated. For each test of one baking cycle, this was found at the burning rate capability of both stoves, which is 6 kg/hr. Therefore, the fuel consumption and burning rate of fuel are depending on the amount of airflow rate.

Jin Xuan, Jinfeng Liu

Victoria Vitkova, Vesela Yordanova, Galya Staneva et al.

Simple carbohydrates are associated with the enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease and adverse changes in lipoproteins in the organism. Conversely, sugars are known to exert a stabilizing effect on biological membranes, and this effect is widely exploited in medicine and industry for cryopreservation of tissues and materials. In view of elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of mono- and disaccharides with biomimetic lipid systems, we study the alteration of dielectric properties, the degree of hydration, and the rotational order parameter and dipole potential of lipid bilayers in the presence of sugars. Frequency-dependent deformation of cell-size unilamellar lipid vesicles in alternating electric fields and fast Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are applied to measure the specific capacitance of phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers in sucrose, glucose and fructose aqueous solutions. Alteration of membrane specific capacitance is reported in sucrose solutions, while preservation of membrane dielectric properties is established in the presence of glucose and fructose. We address the effect of sugars on the hydration and the rotational order parameter for 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3- phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3- phosphocholine (SOPC). An increased degree of lipid packing is reported in sucrose solutions. The obtained results provide evidence that some small carbohydrates are able to change membrane dielectric properties, structure, and order related to membrane homeostasis. The reported data are also relevant to future developments based on the response of lipid bilayers to external physical stimuli such as electric fields and temperature changes.

Xuqiang Ji, Ting Wang, Qian Liu et al.

Abstract Renewable‐electricity‐driven N2 reduction is an attractive approach for ambient NH3 synthesis, but active electrocatalysts are needed to enable the N2 reduction reaction. Monolithic electrodes with active components anchored on conductive supports provide many advantages like structural stability, large surface area, and low electrical resistance. Here, a novel “oxidation‐etching” strategy is proposed to carve the surface of Cu foam into structures of particles, cubes, and sheets for N2 reduction electrocatalysis. The optimal catalyst achieves a Faradic efficiency as high as 18% at −0.35 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a large NH3 yield of 2.45 × 10−10 mol s−1 cm−1 at −0.40 V vs RHE in 0.1 M HCl. Notably, it also shows superior long‐term electrochemical durability, with the preservation of electro‐activity for at least 20 hours.

Xiaoyan Cao, Jiaming Cheng, Xiubo Zhang et al.

In this study, a novel composite polymer electrolyte consist of 8-arm block liquid crystalline copolymer (8-PEG-MALC), 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (8-PEG), polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) was prepared successfully. The branching 8-PEG ensure high ionic conductivity of the all solid state polymer, crosslinking agent PEGDA endow good mechanical property, and 8-arm block liquid crystalline copolymer with a birefringent mesogens to tune the morphology of the composite polymer electrolytes. The polymer electrolytes can form a transparent and flexible film with nanoscale microphase separation structure, which creating well-defined ion conducting channels. The electrochemical properties of composite polymer electrolytes are analyzed and the highest ionic conductivity reaches 6.2 × 10-5 S cm-1 at room temperature after annealed from fixed temperature. It also displays high temperature stability up to 150°C, which is higher than traditional electrolytes. More intriguingly, the assembled LiFePO4/Li cells using the composite polymer electrolytes exhibit good charge/discharge cycles at 95°C. The good electrochemical properties, temperature stability and bendability of the composite polymer electrolytes indicate it potentially as a very promising material for all-solid-state flexible lithium ion batteries.

Salaheddine Aoudj, Nadjet Taoualit, Abdellah Khelifa et al.

The presence of EDTA in wastewaters originating from photovoltaic (PV) process may cause significant environmental impacts. The aim of this work was the treatment of the effluents, resulting from the baths of the PV process, by a photocatalytic process based on TiO2 silver doped (Ag-TiO2) and using synthetic solutions containing EDTA.The influence of the various parameters such as the quality and quantity of the photocatalyst, initial concentration of the pollutant, the initial pH was studied. XRD characterizations were also done. Results mainly showed that with doping TiO2 with Ag, it possible to obtain higher yields in the photocatalytic degradation of EDTA than in absence of dopant. The optimal Ag-TiO2 catalyst dose was found to be 1.5 g/L, whereas, the optimal initial pH value was found to be 2.5. Keywords : Photovoltaic wastewater, EDTA, Doped Ag-TiO2 photocat

Purnima Naresh Manghnani, Wenbo Wu, Shidang Xu et al.

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs accumulation of photosensitizers (PSs) in malignant tumor tissue followed by the light-induced generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species to kill the tumor cells. The success of PDT depends on optimal PS dosage that is matched with the ideal power of light. This in turn depends on PS accumulation in target tissue and light administration time and period. As theranostic nanomedicine is driven by multifunctional therapeutics that aim to achieve targeted tissue delivery and image-guided therapy, fluorescent PS nanoparticle (NP) accumulation in target tissues can be ascertained through fluorescence imaging to optimize the light dose and administration parameters. In this regard, zebrafish larvae provide a unique transparent in vivo platform to monitor fluorescent PS bio-distribution and their therapeutic efficiency. Using fluorescent PS NPs with unique aggregation-induced emission characteristics, we demonstrate for the first time the real-time visualization of polymeric NP accumulation in tumor tissue and, more importantly, the best time to conduct PDT using transgenic zebrafish larvae with inducible liver hyperplasia as an example.

Simon Rosowski, Stefan Becker, Lars Toleikis et al.

Abstract Background Yeast surface display (YSD) has proven to be a versatile platform technology for antibody discovery. However, the construction of antibody Fab libraries typically is a tedious three-step process that involves the generation of heavy chain as well as light chain display plasmids in different haploid yeast strains followed by yeast mating. Results Within this study, we aimed at implementing a focused Golden Gate Cloning approach for the generation of YSD libraries. For this, antibodies heavy and light chains were encoded on one single plasmid. Fab display on yeast cells was either mediated by a two-directional promoter system (2dir) or by ribosomal skipping (bicis). The general applicability of this methodology was proven by the functional display of a therapeutic antibody. Subsequently, we constructed large antibody libraries with heavy chain diversities derived from CEACAM5 immunized animals in combination with a common light chain. Target-specific antibodies from both display systems were readily obtained after three rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated variants exhibited high affinities in the nanomolar and subnanomolar range as well as appropriate biophysical properties. Conclusion We demonstrated that Golden Gate Cloning appears to be a valid tool for the generation of large yeast surface display antibody Fab libraries. This procedure simplifies the hit discovery process of antibodies from immune repertoires.

N.H. Shabdin, R. Padfield

In the past two decades policy-makers have highlighted the need for societies to use energy in a more sustainable way. In support of a general trend towards evidence based, policy-making academic research in sustainable energy related fields has gathered pace. In particular, research has concentrated largely on technologies, energy economics and broad concepts of smart energy system. Research focusing on the social sciences of sustainable energy, including topics such as human behaviour change, gender impacts, household scale studies etc. – have tended to receive limited attention from research sponsors and until recently assumed to have limited impact on a transition to a sustainable energy future. Yet recent research in these topics has shown to have great potential in achieving positive social and environmental impact. In line with increasing interest in the social science of sustainable energy transitions, this study examines social behaviour and energy practices of rural communities without access to twenty-four hour electricity in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The research aims to understand the impact of modernity in influencing rural communities’ energy transition with a particular focus on the role women play in energy behaviour at the household level. Five case studies was undertaken in the villages of Kampung Sibu Laut, Mersan, Telaga Air, Boyan and Gersik. Through purposive sampling 25 households in total were selected from these five villages. Consistent with triangulation methodological approaches the fieldwork involved a number of research methods such as a household energy survey, semi-structured interviews, focus groups and ethnographic style methods (i.e. participant observation). Investigating multiple data sources allows a deeper understanding and increased reliability of findings. Initial findings reveals women across the village play a key role in managing the household’s energy needs, and specifically, energy efficiency and energy conservation aspects. Household income also influenced the behaviour of householders with regards to energy saving. For instance, wealthier families owned more electric goods and gadgets as compared with poorer families; thus, energy demand is assumed higher in the former households. Meanwhile, villages without twenty-four hour access to affordable electricity have less energy demand while it is also noted that many of the younger generation have migrated to the town. The research also reveals that besides geographical challenges in rural Sarawak, villages close to protected ecosystems, such as Ramsar sites, have limited development. In this way, electrical appliances were far fewer as compared with villages where there is more consistent electricity supply.

S. Fuzzi, U. Baltensperger, K. Carslaw et al.

The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or atmospheric aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500–2000 papers per year in the refereed literature. This is in part due to the enormous advances in measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of the chemical composition and of the physical properties of atmospheric particles and of their processes in the atmosphere. The growing scientific interest in atmospheric aerosol particles is due to their high importance for environmental policy. In fact, particulate matter constitutes one of the most challenging problems both for air quality and for climate change policies. In this context, this paper reviews the most recent results within the atmospheric aerosol sciences and the policy needs, which have driven much of the increase in monitoring and mechanistic research over the last 2 decades. <br><br> The synthesis reveals many new processes and developments in the science underpinning climate–aerosol interactions and effects of PM on human health and the environment. However, while airborne particulate matter is responsible for globally important influences on premature human mortality, we still do not know the relative importance of the different chemical components of PM for these effects. Likewise, the magnitude of the overall effects of PM on climate remains highly uncertain. Despite the uncertainty there are many things that could be done to mitigate local and global problems of atmospheric PM. Recent analyses have shown that reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce global warming and delay the time when anthropogenic effects on global temperature would exceed 2 °C. Likewise, cost-effective control measures on ammonia, an important agricultural precursor gas for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), would reduce regional eutrophication and PM concentrations in large areas of Europe, China and the USA. Thus, there is much that could be done to reduce the effects of atmospheric PM on the climate and the health of the environment and the human population. <br><br> A prioritized list of actions to mitigate the full range of effects of PM is currently undeliverable due to shortcomings in the knowledge of aerosol science; among the shortcomings, the roles of PM in global climate and the relative roles of different PM precursor sources and their response to climate and land use change over the remaining decades of this century are prominent. In any case, the evidence from this paper strongly advocates for an integrated approach to air quality and climate policies.

E. Graczová, P. Steltenpohl, J. Labovský

The presented study focuses on the separation of aromatics from aliphatic hydrocarbons by liquid-phase extraction using ionic liquids. The aim of this study was to show the impact of incorrect description of liquid–liquid equilibria of the separated system on the extractor design parameters. Extraction is usually applied for the separation or concentration of dilute solutions with the aim to achieve minimum concentration of the separated component in the final raffinate. Therefore, correct description of the liquid–liquid (L-L) equilibrium in this concentration region is very important for the industrial practice. For thermodynamic description of a ternary L-L equilibrium, excess Gibbs energy dependencies on the mixture composition are applied. Model parameters of the mentioned equations can be evaluated from different experimental equilibrium data. The most commonly used experimental data are ternary tie lines. Parameters of the GE equations evaluated from experimental tie lines usually provide good or evenexcellent description of the given ternary L-L area. Extrapolation of the L-L data beyond this region, however, can sometimes lead to incorrect L-L equilibrium description. This problem is shown on the real ternary system heptane – toluene – 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium tetracyanoborate ([3-mebupy][B(CN)4)]). This study proves serious discrepancies in the extractor design parameters using the NRTL equation parameters evaluated from experimental ternary equilibrium data. Depending on the initial guess, the mathematical model of a continuous counter-current extraction column offered at least three different values of the extraction solvent consumption for the preset purity of the final raffinate and of the number of theoretical stages.

Mohammad Mehdi Amin, Mohammad Sadegh Hatamipour, Fariborz Momenbeik et al.

The integration of bioventing (BV) and soil vapor extraction (SVE) appears to be an effective combination method for soil decontamination. This paper serves two main purposes: it evaluates the effects of soil water content (SWC) and air flow rate on SVE and it investigates the transition regime between BV and SVE for toluene removal from sandy soils. 96 hours after air injection, more than 97% removal efficiency was achieved in all five experiments (carried out for SVE) including 5, 10, and 15% for SWC and 250 and 500 mL/min for air flow rate on SVE. The highest removal efficiency (>99.5%) of toluene was obtained by the combination of BV and SVE (AIBV: Air Injection Bioventing) after 96 h of air injection at a constant flow rate of 250 mL/min. It was found that AIBV has the highest efficiency for toluene removal from sandy soils and can remediate the vadose zone effectively to meet the soil guideline values for protection of groundwater.