Hasil untuk "By religion"

H. Koenig, A. Büssing

There is need for a brief measure of religiosity that can be included in epidemiological surveys to examine relationships between religion and health outcomes. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) is a five-item measure of religious involvement, and was developed for use in large cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies. The instrument assesses the three major dimensions of religiosity that were identified during a consensus meeting sponsored by the National Institute on Aging. Those three dimensions are organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity (or subjective religiosity). The DUREL measures each of these dimensions by a separate “subscale”, and correlations with health outcomes should be analyzed by subscale in separate models. The overall scale has high test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.91), high internal consistence (Cronbach’s alpha’s = 0.78–0.91), high convergent validity with other measures of religiosity (r’s = 0.71–0.86), and the factor structure of the DUREL has now been demonstrated and confirmed in separate samples by other independent investigative teams. The DUREL has been used in over 100 published studies conducted throughout the world and is available in 10 languages.

R. Bassett

M. McCullough, B. Willoughby

H. Koenig, D. King, V. Carson

M. Mcguire

E. Tylor

Sean T. McGuire, Thomas C. Omer, Nathan Y. Sharp

H. Koenig

Marios Papamichalis, Nikolaos Nakis, Nicholas A. Christakis

We examine static and dynamic social network structure in 176 villages within the Copan Department of Honduras across two data waves (2016, 2019), using detailed data on multiplex networks for 20,232 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal survey. These networks capture friendship, health advice, financial help, and adversarial relationships, allowing us to show how cooperation and conflict jointly shape social structure. Using node-level network measures derived from near-census sociocentric village networks, we leverage mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial models to assess the influence of individual attributes, such as gender, marital status, education, religion, and indigenous status, and of village characteristics, on the dynamics of social networks over time. We complement these node-level models with dyadic assortativity (odds-ratio-based homophily) and community-level measures to describe how sorting by key attributes differs across network types and between waves. Our results demonstrate significant assortativity based on gender and religion, particularly within health and financial networks. Across networks, gender and religion exhibit the most consistent assortative mixing. Additionally, community-level assortativity metrics indicate that educational and financial factors increasingly influence social ties over time. Our findings provide insights into how personal attributes and community dynamics interact to shape network formation and socio-economic relationships in rural settings over time.

Carlos Gomez-Virseda, Chris Gastmans

<h4>Introduction</h4>As euthanasia and assisted suicide (EAS) become legal in more countries, conscientious objection (CO) of healthcare professionals is gaining increasing attention. While some argue that CO safeguards professionals' moral integrity, others view it as a barrier to patients' access to desired healthcare. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the ethical literature regarding CO to EAS and answers three key questions: What is the meaning of CO and how is it used in EAS? What ethical positions support or challenge it? What underlying presuppositions shape the debate?.<h4>Methods</h4>We used the PRISMA guidelines, RESERVE standards, and TARCiS statement to conduct a systematic review of argument-based publications retrieved from 13 major databases covering biomedical, philosophical, and theological literature. No date or language restrictions were applied. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by the two authors, and complete articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.<h4>Results</h4>We identified 58 pertinent articles that were included in our review. Of these, 51 were published in the last decade, from 2015 through 2024. Our findings highlight three key dimensions. First, while there is general agreement on the definition of CO, its interpretation and application in EAS remain highly contested. Second, the ethical debate revolves around three main positions: conscience absolutism, the compromise approach, and the incompatibility thesis. Each of these is supported by distinct ethical arguments. Third, the debate is shaped by several underlying presuppositions, including divergent views on conscience, morality, religion, medicine, and end-of-life care.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our results highlight the risk of polarization in the debate on CO in EAS. It emphasizes the importance of dialogue between theoretical and context-sensitive perspectives to support more effective implementation of CO. Clearer guidelines are needed to balance respect for conscience, patient rights, and professional responsibilities in this complex issue.

Eva Viehmann, Torsten Wedhorn, Appendix by Christopher Lang

We study moduli spaces of truncated local shtukas and truncated displays and describe them as concrete quotient stacks. To do this, we develop a general formalism of frames that can be applied in both cases and is also used to study prismatic displays and prismatic F-gauges.

Linda Chen, Elana Kalashnikov, Appendix by Ellis Buckminster et al.

Let $\bigwedge_1$ and $\bigwedge_2$ be two symmetric function algebras in independent sets of variables. We define vector space bases of $\bigwedge_1 \otimes_\mathbb{Z} \bigwedge_2$ coming from certain quivers, with vertex sets indexed by pairs of partitions. We use these vector space bases to give a positive tableau formula for Littlewood--Richardson coefficients for the product of Schubert polynomials with certain Schur polynomials in two-step flag varieties, in the spirit of the Remmel-Whitney rule for the product of two Schur polynomials in Grassmannians. This in particular covers the cases considered by the Pieri rule.

Ünal Çamdalı

Thermodynamics is the most basic energy science. It is derived from the words thermal (heat) and dynamic (motion). Although its laws have existed since the beginning of the universe, the development of thermodynamics as a science was with the invention of steam engines in England. These laws, as known, are the Zeroth, First, Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics. These are four macro laws, and they were determined based on observation. They are not the product of theoretical thought. Zeroth Law reveals the basic structure of temperature measurement, based on the principle that if two different systems are in thermal equilibrium separately with a third system, there must be thermal equilibrium between them. The First and Second Laws are the fundamental laws regarding energy. The first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, and the second law, also known as the law of entropy, along with explaining the principles of energy conversion; also make a significant contribution to understand the functioning mechanism of the universe. The Third Law states that as chemically homogeneous and perfectly crystalline substances approach absolute zero temperature (273 C, 0 K), their entropy (or entropy changes) will also approach zero; in other words, it states that there can be no disorder or movement in the substances in question at this temperature. It is also important that thermodynamics science has a wide range of applications, from technical fields to philosophy, therefore it is known by large masses. Because its laws are among the most fundamental laws of the universe, in other words it is universal. Laws are noteworthy for the establishment, operation and analysis of engineering and many other systems, as well as for understanding the order of the universe. Additionally, some cosmologists strive to explain the order and functioning mechanism of the universe by making use of the laws of thermodynamics. Moreover, the laws of thermodynamics also give clues about the existence of the universe. Entropy, defined based on the second law of thermodynamics, is a phenomenon that gives the numerical magnitude of the disorder or complexity of a system. The more disordered or complex a system is, the greater its irreversibility and entropy will be. There is also a structure of the law that affects every system everywhere in the universe. It is not dependent on time and space. Time and space are literally subject to this law. The law has been in effect since the beginning of the universe, and it will continue to exist if the universe exists. Because universe means system; system means mechanism; mechanism means a structure that works according to the sovereignty of laws. Energy is needed to sustain life. Even though energy is not destroyed, the use of resources means that they move from a certain potential to a dead state (environment) because of the law of entropy. This process is valid for all systems in the universe. While all energies are processed through this process, living creatures in nature experience a similar process as they move from life to death. Eventually, all energy sources in the universe will go to the environment and become dead. This situation can be described as the entropy apocalypse of the universe. The concept of the apocalypse also reflects chaotic conditions such as noise and turmoil. Sources state that a cosmically stagnant situation will occur before the apocalypse. This is the cosmic dead state of the universe. In this study, an attempt was made to establish a relationship between entropy and doomsday by using the laws of Thermodynamics. In this context, the fact that the end of the universe is similar to the point where the entropy apocalypse will occur, as expressed in the doomsday scenario in religious literature (including the Religion of Islam), is tried to be explained on the plane of science and religion.

Beatriz Pérez, Carolina Alveal-Álamos

Abstract: Myths about health and abortion in Chile have been identified as a barrier to the implementation of Law 21.030 on the Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy. However, no measure adapted to the Chilean socio-cultural reality with adequate psychometric properties would allow us to verify the extent of misinformation. This study aims to design and analyze the psychometric properties of the Myths About Health and Abortion Scale (MHAS) in a Chilean community population. This study presents a sample of 613 participants. We obtained a unidimensional 5-item scale by cross-validity (χ2 = 21.702; df = 4; p < .001); RMSEA = .085 (90% CI [.052, .122]); CFI = .993; TLI = .982; GFI = .995) with adequate reliability of scores in the study sample (Sub-sample 1, McDonald's omega = .871; Sub-sample 2, McDonald's omega = .842); and evidence of validity in relation to other variables (e.g., the MHAS correlates with Sexual Double Standard (r = .354; p < .001), and Group Dominance (r = .307; p < .001), for use on the Chilean population. The most uninformed participants have a low education level, are older, have a conservative ideological profile in terms of religion and politics, and have a higher agreement with sexual double standards and social domination. This new approach allows us to quantify the issue of stigmatization and decision-making faced by women contemplating abortion, as well as to expose the deliberate dissemination of misinformation as a political strategy to oppose permissive abortion legislation. Keywords: beliefs; voluntary termination of pregnancy; instrument; validity; reliability; misinformation. Resumen: Los mitos sobre salud y aborto en Chile han sido identificados como una barrera para la implementación de la Ley 21.030 sobre Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo. No obstante, no existe una medida adaptada a la realidad sociocultural chilena con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que nos permita constatar la extensión de la desinformación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Mitos sobre Salud y Aborto (EMSA) en población comunitaria chilena. Este estudio presenta una muestra de 613 participantes. Como resultado obtuvimos una escala de 5 ítems unidimensional mediante validez cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = ,995); con adecuada fiabilidad de las puntuaciones en la muestra de estudio (submuestra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; submuestra 2, Omega de McDonald = ,842); y evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables (p. ej., , EMSA correlaciona con Doble Moral Sexual (r = ,354; p < ,001), y Dominación Grupal (r = ,307; p < ,001) para su uso con población chilena. Las y los participantes más desinformados tienen un bajo nivel educativo, son mayores, un perfil ideológico conservador en lo religioso y lo político, y mayor acuerdo con el doble estándar sexual y la dominación social. Esta nueva herramienta nos brinda la posibilidad de medir una problemática implicada en la estigmatización y toma de decisión de las mujeres que se plantean el acceso al aborto; y de transparentar el uso de la desinformación como estrategia política para desincentivar políticas permisivas sobre el aborto. Palabras clave: creencias; interrupción voluntaria del embarazo; instrumento; validez; fiabilidad; desinformación. Resumo: Os mitos sobre saúde e aborto no Chile foram identificados como uma barreira à implementação da Lei 21.030 sobre a Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez. No entanto, não existe uma medida adaptada à realidade sociocultural chilena com propriedades psicométricas adequadas que nos permita verificar a extensão da desinformação. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenhar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Mitos sobre Saúde e Aborto (EMSA) numa população comunitária chilena. Este estudo apresenta uma amostra de 613 participantes. Como resultado, obtivemos uma escala unidimensional de 5 itens, por validade cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = 995); com fiabilidade adequada das pontuações na amostra do estudo (Subamostra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; Subamostra, Omega de McDonald = ,842); e evidência de validade em relação a outras variáveis (por exemplo, o EMSA correlaciona-se com a Moral Sexual Dupla (r = ,354; p < ,001), e a Dominância de Grupo (r = ,307; p < ,001), para uso com a população chilena. Os participantes mais desinformados têm um baixo nível de escolaridade, são mais velhos, têm um perfil ideológico conservador na religião e na política, e têm uma maior concordância com a dupla moral sexual e a dominação social. Esta nova ferramenta dános a possibilidade de medir um problema implicado na estigmatização e na tomada de decisão das mulheres que consideram aceder ao aborto; e de tornar transparente a utilização da desinformação como estratégia política para desencorajar políticas permissivas sobre o aborto. Palavras-chave: crenças; interrupção voluntária da gravidez; instrumento; validade; confiabilidade; desinformação.

Mufidatun Nur Aini, Nuruddin Ghilman Halim, M Muhid et al.

The Qur'an and hadith are the main guides for Muslims, but the temptation of lust sometimes leads humans to riya' behavior, which is doing good only for the praise of humans, not the pleasure of Allah. The book "Hidayatus Salikin" written by Abdul Samad al-Falimbani, is a phenomenal work that is quite calculated among Muslims. The figure with expertise in Sufism and philosophy more or less suggests practical applications in everyday life related to religious issues. Descriptive qualitative research method with content exploration in the book "Hidayatus Salikin". This article will present the concept of riya' from various scholars' perspectives and emphasize the importance of pure intention in worship. By focusing on the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH contained in the book "Hidayatus Salikin", this article provides an in-depth understanding of the dangers of riya' and the need to maintain sincere intentions, according to the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith. Sheikh Abdul Samad al-Falimbani encourages Muslims to practice religion with purity of intention, avoiding riya', and following the guidance of the Qur'an and hadith.  Riya' or performing acts of worship for human praise is considered shirk khafi (hidden shirk). This discourse underscores the necessity for Muslims to cultivate purity of intention, thereby fortifying their spiritual endeavors against the insidious influence of riya'.

Sayyida Fatemeh Salimi, Farideh Talezari

The spoken action of prophets ʿalahim al-ṣalātu wal-salām among Qur'anic discourses has a high frequency in the application of stylistic techniques to represent moral teachings. The syntactic stage among the phonetic, lexical, syntactical and rhetorical styles refers to hidden meanings by reading frequent relationships of grammatical sign systems, which provides a methodical model in tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, Quranic Exegesis) and translation of Quranic discourses. The present research emphasizes on the descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question of how the syntactic highlighting techniques highlight the moral angles of the Prophet’s discourse in different situations. The resulting approaches are the analysis of stylistic choices in the form of directional structures such as “omitting the grammatical voice,” “increasing the capacity of the sentence,” “priority and non- priority,” “pronoun referring,” “sentence type,” moral teachings such as “maintaining the sanctity of the Divine sanctuary,” “perfect acquiescence before truth,” “decency and chastity of behavior,” “humbleness and humility” and “strong resorting to the Religion of God” have been depicted, which, in addition to clarifying the life and sīrah of the prophets and providing a model of Quranic behavior helps in methodizing the analysis of the Quran and this also, shows aspects of the linguistic inimitability of the Quran (Arabic: إعجاز, ʾiʿjāz) in giving birth to semantic subtleties.

Nayereh Hassanvand, Hassan Sattari Sarbanqoli

The cultural rituals of any society are the birth certificates of that society’s culture, history, religion, and ethics. These rites and rituals are an important factor in fostering cohesion and unity among the people of a society who gather together in various ceremonies. Mourning ceremonies and rituals vary in different provinces, cities, and villages across the country, particularly during the first decade of Muharram. Iran is considered one of the inheritors of world culture due to its diverse and rich cultural rituals. The purpose of this research is to do a comparative and documented study of Muharram rituals in these two provinces so that by revealing the manifestations of cultural rituals and their differences and similarities, we can reach the deep and rich layers of the culture of these two provinces. This research intends to investigate the differences and similarities between the rituals of the first decade of Muharram and their cultural differences in the two provinces of East Azarbaijan and Khuzestan, using a descriptive-comparative study method. These two provinces have a deep cultural and religious background and an ancient civilization. The results of this research show that despite the great similarity in the performance of Muharram rituals in the two provinces in question, the diversity of mourning rituals is also visible in these two provinces. The varieties and differences are closely related to cultural, climatic, and linguistic differences in these two provinces. These two provinces’ people have chosen to mourn in accordance with their religion, vegetation, culture, and language. The results of this research show that, in addition to these differences, the common points of this cultural ritual in the two provinces are the love of the Prophet’s family and devotion to Ashura culture.

Eueail Teferi Asrese, Yonas Fissha Adem

Abstract Background In Ethiopia high population growth and unintended pregnancies are posing pressures where the economy is incapable of holding overpopulation. Despite this problem, utilization of modern contraception is low in rural areas of the country, especially in the areas where polygamy is common. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess contraceptive utilization and associated factors among polygamous and monogamous women in, Ethiopia. Method A community-based comparative cross-sectional and phenomenological study design was employed from July 1 to September 30, 2021, on the total sample size of 774 selected married women of the reproductive age group by using a multistage sampling method and a purposive sampling method were used for the qualitative part of the study. A pre-tested interview with a structured questionnaire was used to collect data and key informants were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Associated factors were analyzed by using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression models. The odds ratio, with a 95% confidence level, was used to declare a statistically significant association. Result A total of 703 married women of the reproductive age groups were interviewed, yielding a 90.89% response rate; among these married women, 352 and 351 were in monogamous and polygamous relationships. The proportion of women who use modern contraceptives was 161 (45.7%) in monogamous relationship, and 151 (43.0%) in polygamous relationships. Overall, utilization of modern contraceptives was significantly associated with educational status (AOR = 2.143, CI:1.428–3.216), religion (AOR = 1.704, CI: 1.144—2.539), undesired fertility (AOR = 3.17,CI:1.939–5.183), who decides on the number of children (AOR = 3.054, CI:1.93–4.832), getting clear information by Health care provider (AOR = 4.624, CI:3.132–6.828), family pressure (AOR = 1.855, CI:1.351–2.75), fear of social stigma (AOR = 2.482, CI:1.666–3.699), and accepts myths about contraceptives (AOR = 1.878, CI:1.278–2.761). Conclusion This study identified that utilization of modern contraception was low in the study area. The district health office and concerned stakeholders should implement interventions that scale up contraceptive use, need family involvement in decision making, addressing myths around contraceptives, helping women to get education, and training of health care providers.

Saeide Elahidoust, Sayyed Mohammad Ghalamkarian, مهتاب رضاپور et al.

The correct definition of gender roles in societies and appropriate to female and male characteristics is one of the effective factors in family consolidation. Gender roles in different societies are derived from the culture and religion of that society, since the Qur'an is one of the original sources of our culture, it should be referred to for a proper understanding and definition of gender roles. In this article, by referring to the verses of the Quran and existing interpretations, it compares and evaluates gender roles according to the two Quranic models of Prophet Moses (pbuh) and Prophet Mary (pbuh). The current research has been done with qualitative method and documentary and theoretical analysis. The results show that the models of men and women in the Qur'an are the same in terms of human affairs and closeness to God, but prophecy and mission, meaning the leadership of society, are the responsibility of men. Both Qur'anic models, including the pious and close to God's door, have been trained by God's prophets in a period of their lives. Both have divine miracles, one is a shining hand and a cane, and the other is a child who speaks in the cradle. Both call to God Almighty and ask God for help during hardships. The special role that is listed for Maryam (pbuh) is the mother of the divine prophet, and the special role of Prophet Moses (pbuh) is his prophethood and mission. The feeling that is considered for Maryam (S) is the worry and fear of her chastity being violated. In the case of Prophet Moses (pbuh), the feelings of fear and anger, fear of Pharaoh's denial, as well as fear of deceiving people by sorcerers and anger at seeing his people go astray, have been mentioned

Giulia Evolvi

AbstractThis article offers theoretical reflections on the study of religion and the Internet by critically discussing the notion of “digital religion” (Campbell 2012). In particular, it stresses the importance of integrating material and spatial approaches to the study of digital religion. In doing so, it proposes the theory of “hypermediated religious spaces” to describe processes of religious mediation between online and offline environments by taking into account materiality and space. The article discusses theoretical perspectives by means of case studies: first, the importance of materiality within Internet practices is illustrated through the example of Neo-Pagan online rituals; second, the notion of space, and “third space” in particular, in relation to Internet practices is analyzed through the case of the hashtag #Nous-Sommes-Unis, circulated by French Muslims; third, the theory of hypermediated spaces is exemplified by the analysis of a live-streamed mass in the Italian city of Manerbio during the Covid-19 lockdown. The article aims at kindling scholarly reflections on terminologies and theories for the global and interdisciplinary study of digital religion.