Hasil untuk "Buddhism"

Sheelam Jain, Rajlaxmi Garg

The study draws insights from the ethos of Buddhism and underpinnings of positive activity model to investigate the mediational role of individual emotions and organizational support in the relationship between workplace compassion and psychosocial flourishing. Data were collected from the employees of a public sector organization in India who were selected using purposive sampling technique. An exploratory sequential mixed method approach was followed, that includes qualitative phase of focus group studies involving 42 participants to identify the main themes of the study, and a theoretical model is proposed following thematic literature review. Quantitative survey responses from 218 employees were used to conduct further statistical analysis. The authors tested the proposed model and hypothesis through parallel mediation analysis using structural equation modelling. Results showed that workplace compassion significantly influences psychosocial flourishing of the compassion givers, positive and negative emotions as well as perceived organizational support significantly and positively mediate compassion and flourishing relationship. Advocating the idea of productive paradox wherein compassion for others leads to utmost self-benefit, the study highlights the reciprocal gains of well-being and fulfillment to compassion giving employees at service-centered workplaces.

A. Batsuuri

There are many facts related to the history of Mongolian migration and settlement. One of them is the Great Migration of the Torguds, which took place 254 years ago. Today is a historic day to commemorate the great migration of the Torguds. Uvsh Khan gathered 80,000 troops and announced that he would move towards Dzhungar, and gave them the task of capturing all the rears living along the banks of the Izhili River. On January 5, 1771, on the night before the great migration, a terrible snowstorm broke out and the ice of the Izhyl river broke, and the whales living on the west coast could not obey the khan’s orders and remained there. This great migration of the Torguds lasted for 7 months and covered 4,000 km. They were weakened and died from many bloodshed wars and starvation, and only 125000 of the 400000 Torguds set foot in Dzhungar Gobi. At least all the wells on their way were poisoned. The Manchu king welcomed them with a festive atmosphere and divided Dzungar Gobi into 10 provinces and subjugated them to Torguds. 15,000 households or about 70,000 Torguds remained on the west bank of the Izhyl River

Silawat Chaiwong, Nadthanon Chirakitnimit, Phrakrusiridhamabundit et al.

The objective of the study to develop a network to mitigate risk factors based on Buddhism principles in Lampang and Nan provinces is to develop and promote a gauging model to evaluate networks to mitigate risk factors according to the “Baworn” principle in Lampang and Nan provinces. It is intended to develop the environment and management guidelines for the novices’ network, mitigate risk factors in the areas of Lampang and Nan provinces, as well as to propose a policy for the provincial-level Sangha Council to build a comprehensive risk factor reduction network mechanism for the related Sangha administrative, public health, and local government organizations. The methodology used in this study utilizes a mixed research method. The result of the study revealed that the 40 participating temples in both provinces had yielded 4 indicators, comprising: the 1st indicator being the implementation according to the Sangha Supreme Council and in accordance with the country’s laws, the 2nd indicator being the policy based on evaluations, the 3rd indicator includes organizing activities that are related to the mitigation of risk factors, and finally, the 4th indicator being the network partners. All of the 40 indicators were evaluated before and after the activities. The study revealed that most of the networks carried out their activities based on the established indicators for the development of the environment and network management guidelines.

Woramat Malasart

The <i>Dhammakāya Gāthā</i> is a Pāli Buddhist prose text that has been circulated within the cross-cultural/translocal sphere of Tai–Khmer Buddhism for over five centuries. Its earliest extant version appears on the “Braḥ Dhammakāya inscription”, an engraved stone slab from the Stūpa of Wat Suea, Phitsanulok, Thailand, dated to 1549 CE. The <i>Dhammakāya</i> text consists of three parts. The first part identifies the knowledge and qualities/virtues of the Buddha with physical attributes of his body. The second part is the verses in praise of the Buddha’s resplendent body qua the <i>dhammakāya</i>. The third section exhorts one in the <i>yogāvacara</i> lineage (a practitioner of spiritual discipline, i.e., a meditator) to recollect the <i>dhammakāya</i>, in order to attain the state of Buddhahood. The <i>Gāthā</i> was well known in the Tai–Khmer cultural sphere during the pre-modern period, but today, it is little used in modern practices. In this paper, I will analyse textual and paratextual elements of the <i>Dhammakāya Gāthā</i> to uncover the doctrinal meanings underlying the <i>Gāthā</i> and reveal the unique and unusual meditation practice called the <i>Dhammakāyānussati</i>, “Recollection of the Dhammakāya”. I argue that the study of the <i>Dhammakāya Gāthā</i> enables us to understand the unique Buddhist practice: reciting [the <i>Dhammakāya</i> text], constructing [the image of the Buddha] and visualising [the <i>dhammakāya</i> embodied in the image], contributing to what we call “Buddhānussati” in the context of Tai–Khmer Buddhism.

Laurent Van Cutsem

This paper attempts to examine the genealogical framework of “lamp records” (<i>denglu</i> 燈錄) of the Chan Buddhist tradition using analytical tools and methods of Historical Social Network Analysis (HSNA) and graph theory. As an exploratory study, the primary objectives are to investigate the possibilities offered by HSNA and visualization tools for research on Chan genealogy in lamp records, explore the benefits of this approach over traditional lineage charts, and reflect on its limitations. The essay focuses on the Chan community portrayed in the Goryeo 高麗 edition of the <i>Zutang ji</i> 祖堂集 (Collection of the Patriarchal Hall; K.1503). It shows that the lineage reportedly stemming from Qingyuan Xingsi 青原行思 (d. ca. 740) and Shitou Xiqian 石頭希遷 (701–791), as well as the branch descending from Tianhuang Daowu 天皇道悟 (748–807) to Xuefeng Yicun 雪峰義存 (822–908) and his successors, play a crucial role within the structure of the <i>Zutang ji</i>’s genealogical network. The study further highlights possible irregularities in lineage claims by contrasting metrics of degree and betweenness centrality with features of the text (e.g., number of hagiographic entries, length of the entries).

Hyungong Moon, Brian D. Somers

This article explores the history and procedures of the 49-day Buddhist funeral ceremony, which functions as a ritual for the dead and a healing tool for the bereaved. The significance of this ceremony has its origins in <i>The Treatise of the Great Commentary of the Abhidharma</i> (아비달마대비바사론, 阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論) and <i>The Sūtra of the Fundamental Vows of the Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha</i> (지장보살본원경, 地藏菩薩本願經). While this 49-day ceremony has been practiced in Korea for centuries, it was overshadowed by Confucian-style funerals, which were predominant during the Joseon dynasty. Since the end of the Joseon dynasty, Buddhism and Buddhist practices, including the 49-day funeral ceremony, emerged in Korea and continue to be practiced with frequency today. This article maintains that these rituals have two primary purposes. The first is to aid the departed in a successful rebirth. The second is to help the bereaved cope with their loss, which often includes various forms of psychological distress. After introducing the 49-day ceremony as it is currently practiced in Korea, this article shifts its focus to delve deeper into the ceremony’s potential for healing. We will first examine the psychological healing elements that this ceremony offers, followed by considerations related to the grieving process, both within and outside of a Buddhist context.

Natchanika Sinthuchai, Penkae Rothmanee, Vorachart Meevasana et al.

Abstract Background The abortion act in Thailand is approximately 60 years old. However, because of increasing problems due to unsafe abortions, the act was recently amended to accord a legal status for abortions. In the southernmost provinces of Thailand, most people follow the Islamic faith, according to which induced abortion is a sin for both the providers and the pregnant women. This may affect the attitude of the medical staff, such as registered nurses, who play an important role in abortion services. Our study aims to evaluate the knowledge of the amended abortion act, attitude toward abortions and the intentions behind them, and willingness to perform abortions among registered nurses. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to February 2022 wherein a self-administrated questionnaire was electronically distributed to 450 registered nurses practicing at a tertiary hospital in the southernmost province of Thailand. Linear regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test were conducted to evaluate the association between basic characteristics, knowledge scores, and attitudes toward induced abortion. Results A total of 375 nurses (83.3%) completed the survey. Most participants were Muslim (58.9%), and 18.7% of them correctly answered > 80% of the knowledge questions. Among all the participants, 41.4% had a favorable attitude toward induced abortion, of which 21.3% were willing to provide safe abortion services. Knowledge scores were independently associated with practicing in obstetrics-gynecology departments and a lower age. Participants practicing Buddhism and having good knowledge scores tended to have favorable attitudes toward abortion. Conclusions Nurses in the southernmost province of Thailand lack knowledge regarding the amended abortion act and do not have a favorable moral attitude toward abortion. Favorable attitudes toward abortions, support toward intentions behind abortions, and a willingness to provide abortion services were all lesser among the Muslim participants than among the Buddhist participants. Compared with participants who scored lower, those with higher knowledge scores had a better moral attitude toward abortion and, in turn, demonstrated a greater intention to provide abortion services. Encouraging nurses to gain better knowledge may improve their attitude toward abortion, which may positively influence future medical practices.

Amandine Péronnet

This paper focuses on ordination procedures specific to women in Chinese Buddhism, and on the positions adopted by <i>bhik</i><i>ṣu</i><i>ṇ</i><i>ī</i>s regarding the procedures’ asymmetrical nature in contemporary China. Dual ordinations, according to which aspiring <i>bhik</i><i>ṣu</i><i>ṇ</i><i>ī</i>s must present themselves in front of both an assembly of fully ordained nuns and of monks in order to be “properly” ordained, were restored by Longlian (隆莲 1909–2006) in 1982. <i>Śik</i><i>ṣam</i><i>ā</i><i>ṇ</i><i>ā</i> ordinations, which postulate that women should train for an additional two years before receiving full ordination when their male counterparts do not have to, have also become increasingly common since the 1980s. Based on fieldwork conducted between 2015 and today, both on-site and online, this paper asks whether asymmetry should be considered similar to subordination with regard to ordination procedures. It looks into Rurui’s (如瑞, 1957–) position on the matter, as Longlian’s student and one of the most influential bhikṣuṇī of her generation. While recent survey data will be useful in addressing the issue of representation, qualitative data will question the role of vertical networks in perpetuating a teacher’s legacy, ultimately leaving us to wonder if asymmetry might not be actively sought after by contemporary Chinese Buddhist <i>bhik</i><i>ṣu</i><i>ṇ</i><i>ī</i>s in order to improve their status.

Victoria Vladimirovna Demenova

This article is devoted to the concept of “style” and the possibility of its application in the attribution of works of Buddhist metal sculpture. This aspect, which, as a rule, is peripheral for classical Oriental studies, Buddhology, and history, where it is interpreted quite freely, is one of the key ones for art history and museum attribution activities. The author notes the terminological and factual diversity of the designation of the “Sino-Tibetan style” in the circle of researchers of the art of Buddhism. The author poses the question of what exactly the concept of “Sino-Tibetan style” means and whether it is an indication of the body of technical and plastic features of sculptures, or just a designation of the geography of the origin of Buddhist sculptures of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made in the western provinces of China. The author refers to three sculptures which are the most controversial ones from the point of view of attribution (Maitreya Buddha from the private collection of A. V. Glazyrin (Ekaterinburg), Shakyamuni Buddha, and Begtse from the collection of the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore), which have several similar stylistic features, and which could presumably be attributed to the “Sino-Tibetan style” of the eighteenth century. Also, the article presents the results of the study of the metal composition of these sculptures using an X-ray fluorescence analyser (spectrometer). Based on the data obtained on the content of substances in the alloy and considering the general artistic and stylistic features of metal images, the author makes a conclusion as to when the attribution designation “Tibeto-Chinese style” is the most accurate one and when it can be applied to Buddhist gilded sculptures created on the territory of China (Manchu Qin dynasty) between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Goatly Andrew

Much has been written about the ecological perspectives of Buddhism and Daoism, as examples of philosophies which emphasize process, impermanence, interconnectedness, and compassion for nature. And the interconnectedness of the various elements of the biosphere and the Earth’s crust is the basis of ecological Gaia theory. Some physicists and process philosophers have drawn attention to the inadequacies of European languages to represent the world of quantum reality, radical undifferentiated wholeness and interconnectedness, and the dynamism and uncontrollability of the material world. Notable among these were physicists David Bohm and David Peat, who looked to Blackfoot, an Algonquin language of North America, for a better representation of the natural world as interacting processes.

Baatr A. Okonov

The article aims to examine episodes of anti-religious activity of the Komsomol organization of Kalmykia in 1921–1941. The research is based on archival and published materials. The analysis of archival documents shows that despite the anti-religious policy actively pursued by Soviet authorities, the local party and Komsomol organizations failed to establish a system of effective anti-religious propaganda in Kalmykia. Notably, in their anti-religious activity, the Komsomol members had to deal with the multi-confessional population in Kalmykia. Granted the lack of guidelines for organizing the campaign against Buddhism, they often had to rely on practices used in the anti-religious work against Christianity: e.g., to follow the successful example of ‘Komsomol’ Christmas, the Tsagan Sar and other Kalmyk holidays were also introduced as ‘Komsomol’ events. Also, it was recommended that in their anti-religious work, the Komsomol activists were to take advantage of the split of the Buddhist clergy. After repressions against the clergy of all confessions that took place in the late 1930s, the anti-religious activity of the Komsomol organization in Kalmykia was reduced to formal work.

Nalika Gajaweera, Darcie DeAngelo

Tatjana Thimm

This paper examines the interdependencies of tourism, Buddhism and sustainability combining in-depth-interviews with Buddhism experts and non-participant observation in a mixed-method approach. The area under investigation is the Alpine region of Austria, Germany and Switzerland, since it is home to Asian and Western forms of Buddhism tourism alike. Results show that Buddhism tourism as a value-based activity on the one hand is not commercial, but since demand is rising, on the other hand tendencies towards more commercial forms can be observed. As a modest form of activity Buddhism tourism does not shape the landscape of the Alpine area and by its nature it incorporates sustainability.

raziyeh shoja

Makran was a territory in southeastern of Iran that It has always been influenced by its neighboring areas in social, cultural and especially religious fields during different centuries. In addition to this effect The presence of different population groups and religious sects in this area also had a great impact on the religious tendencies of the people of this land. Before the advent of Islam, domination was with Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. In the year 24 AH, with the arrival of Muslim conquerors, Islam found its way there. Islam has gone through ups and downs in Makran. First came the widespread presence of the Kharijites and then the Ismaili da'is and From the fifth century AH, for various reasons, the presence of Sunnis increases. In this article, we have tried first By clarifying the religious course of the people of this region, the causes and manner of their religious tendencies and changes should be examined.

Fattaneh Jalalkamali, Ali Sadeghi Shahpar, Morteza Razaghpoor et al.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Zen Buddhism philosophy and language's ideology in the forests and trees in the Sohrab Sepehri's. In some of poems, Sepehri has used the basic concepts of Zen Buddhism, including purity and the core of the relationship between vision and nature. The purpose of this paper is to study of the intellectual context and process of Zen Buddhism philosophy on the Sepehri's poems. In the search for this problem, the key concepts and categories of Zen Buddhist philosophy are first outlined and then analyzed in order to represent this attitude in the depiction of trees and forests as manifestations of nature in the selected poems of Sepehri. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method. The current research showed that Sepehri used the forest and trees as symbolic myths in expressing Zen Buddhism's mystical thoughts in his poems. The forest and tree used as a symbol to describe the main components of Zen Buddhism, such as knowledge, escape from dichotomy and subconsciousness, in the "The Sound of The Water feet " and the «The Green Volume«. The present study showed the tree's position in Sepehri's poems has a high correlation with Zen Buddhism. The findings of the present study indicate the direct effect of Zen Buddhism's attitude on the Sepehri's poems particular emphasis on nature and tree.

Julia Evangelina Velisone

The Argentine political field of the 21st century has developed in the light of social and cultural modifications both globally and in the local particularity. In line with the above, this century is the scene of the emergence of a new political conformation: Republican Proposal (PRO). Said group is presented with a making and communicating politics´logic different from traditional forms. In this sense, I wonder about the ideological framework and the social values on which the PRO builds a new electoral base. In this way, I seek to investigate the social cohesion of those represented by said political party, focusing on the republican spirit as a builder of a new identity. To do this, I take as a source of study the latest publications of the main political consultants of the mentioned political group, Jaime Durán Barba and Santiago Nieto. Based on the content analysis of their latest publications, as well as conducting an interview with the second consultant, I will seek to account for such political construction. From the aforementioned, I understand the relevance of these lines of research, as it is a proposal postulated as overcoming the divisions of traditional politics. Then, being a new electoral base of ordinary citizens who do not question certain state policies, but who vote convinced a project of a republican country and respectful of a valuation fee. In this way, I seek to contribute to the field of political sociology in Argentina today, as well as to its articulation with spiritual transformations.

Jiří Měsíc

This essay deals with the nature of love in the work of Leonard Cohen and its relation to Kabbalah, Zen Buddhism, Christian mysticism, and the alchemical wedding coniunctio oppositorum. Love is seen as pulsating between agape, the unconditional love of G-d and humanity, and eros, the insatiable desire for bodily pleasures. In both senses, it has certain accompanying attributes, according to the singer, explained by the words “chain,” “bond,” “wound,” and “suffering.” The literary persona of Leonard Cohen is viewed as longing for divine love, exploring prayer, solitude, and carnal love as a means of spiritual nourishment leading to the purification of the soul. Moreover, his work is characterised by a liturgical language, which he uses in order to glorify the most profane features of our human nature and to highlight the potential of the body to serve as an instrument to reach the sacred.

E. Braun

Nirmanusan Balasundaram

Although proclaimed as a democratic republic, the Sri Lankan state is strongly controlled and ruled by Sinhala Buddhist influence due to a deep engrained belief that the island belongs to the Sinhala Buddhists. The modus operandi of the Sri Lankan state apparatus outlines the ethnocratic characteristics of the state. This mono-ethnic and mono-religious attitude has led to the widening and deepening of the discrimination against a particular ethnic group known as the Tamils who traditionally inhabit the North and East of the island. Ethnocracy continues to be defended and justified by the state in the name of sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security and has led to further polarization of the already divided ethnic groups. As a consequence and outcome of the ethnocratic nature of the Sri Lankan state, a bloody war erupted between successive governments of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). After nearly 38 years the prolonged war came to a brutal end in May 2009 amidst blatant violations of international law. However, the root causes of this conflict, which occurred due to ethnocratic nature of the state, have not yet been addressed resulting in the continuation of the ethnic conflict despite the end of the war.

C. Wong, A. McIntosh, C. Ryan