Hasil untuk "Animal biochemistry"

C. Dillard, J. German

F. Fry

K. Simons, G. van Meer

Elizabeth C. Theil

A. Branen

Seymour S. Cohen

D. Troilo, Earl L. Smith, D. Nickla et al.

The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.

Md. Saiful Islam, T. Leissing, R. Chowdhury et al.

2-Oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) catalyze a remarkably diverse range of oxidative reactions. In animals, these comprise hydroxylations and N-demethylations proceeding via hydroxylation; in plants and microbes, they catalyze a wider range including ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations. The catalytic flexibility of 2OGXs is reflected in their biological functions. After pioneering work identified the roles of 2OGXs in collagen biosynthesis, research revealed they also function in plant and animal development, transcriptional regulation, nucleic acid modification/repair, fatty acid metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including of medicinally important antibiotics. In plants, 2OGXs are important agrochemical targets and catalyze herbicide degradation. Human 2OGXs, particularly those regulating transcription, are current therapeutic targets for anemia and cancer. Here, we give an overview of the biochemistry of 2OGXs, providing examples linking to biological function, and outline how knowledge of their enzymology is being exploited in medicine, agrochemistry, and biocatalysis.

G. Gaitanis, P. Magiatis, M. Hantschke et al.

S. Glantz, W. Parmley

M. Linder

Alvin H. Schmaier

Olubisi Oluseun Oyeleye, Adelani Abayomi Adeoye, Thomas Ayodele Fatoba

Efficient reproduction is paramount for the sustainability and profitability of poultry enterprises. This study examined the influence of breed on semen quality traits in four chicken breeds commonly found in Nigeria, namely White Yaffa, Noiler, Yoruba ecotype and Fulani ecotype. A total of 40-day-old male chicks were used in the experiment, with 10 birds per breed. The birds were raised to 26 weeks before semen was collected. Mature cocks from each breed were subjected to semen collection and evaluation, with emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative parameters such as semen volume, color, viscosity, odor, motility, viability, and morphological characteristics. The findings revealed significant differences among the breeds studied (p <0.05). Noiler cocks recorded the highest semen volume (0.52 ± 0.04 mL) while the indigenous Yoruba ecotype produced the lowest semen volume (0.31 ± 0.01 mL). White Yaffa performed best with the highest fast progressive motility (80.33%), followed by Noiler, Fulani, and lastly Yoruba respectively at p <0.05. The sperm counts showed that Fulani had the highest concentration (1.33×10⁹/mL), followed by White Yaffa (1.23×109/mL) and Yoruba (1.11×109/mL). Noiler, in spite of its large semen volume, had the lowest sperm concentration (0.67×109/mL). Despite this variation, all breeds displayed normal semen color, viscosity, and odor, reflecting general semen viability across the groups. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of breed as a determining factor in semen quality of male chickens. The findings from this study provides useful insight for poultry breeders, researchers and farmers in selecting suitable breeds for breeding programs.

Gergana Yordanova, Radka Dimitrova Nedeva, Apostol Petrov Apostolov et al.

The production of soybean meal (SBM) can be linked to various issues related to the environment (e.g., deforestation, water waste, and transportation costs), and reducing its inclusion in pig diets by using alternative protein sources, such as insect meal, is an important challenge for nutritionists. This study aimed to compare the productive performance, dietary digestible energy (DE), nutrient digestibility, and some blood indices of growing Danube White pigs fed graded levels of Black Soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i> L.) larvae meal (BSFLM) at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg of diets, in replacement of SBM for 38 days, from 119 to 157 d old. Each diet was fed to eight pigs in individual boxes following randomization. Pigs grew according to breeders’ recommendations and did not have any clinical health problems. Replacing SBM did not change (<i>p</i> > 0.05) the pigs’ growth performance and DE, as only dietary fat digestibility increased in a linear fashion (<i>p</i> < 0.001), possibly due to the high BSFLM, i.e., the high-fat inclusion rate. There was a simultaneous rise in some oxidative damage indicators and an increase in antioxidant status, thus suggesting that further research involving longer feeding periods is needed to identify a potential time sequence of events. Overall, BSFLM is a promising ingredient in pig nutrition.

Mohammed Okely, Ze Chen, Eslam Adly et al.

Abstract The Asian long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, is the competent vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Haemaphysalis longicornis originated mainly in eastern Asia and invaded many areas like Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands, and was recently introduced to eastern parts of the USA. This species is characterized by high adaptability to a wide range of temperatures and can reproduce parthenogenically under stressful conditions. Migratory birds are important hosts of H. longicornis and are thought to be responsible for its unexpected invasion and introduction into new areas worldwide. This study predicted the historical (near current) global environmental suitability and the possible shifts in environmental suitability for H. longicornis under the ongoing climate change between 2021 and 2100. The results demonstrated that Europe is at potential of high environmental suitability for H. longicornis invasion although this species has not been recorded in any regions of Europe yet. Our model also anticipated the environmental suitability for H. longicornis in eastern parts of the USA, although the recently recorded occurrences there were not used in the model calibration. Climate change is thought to affect and increase the range of suitable environments for H. longicornis. The different maps introduced in this study may help improve understanding of the global environmental suitability for this invasive disease vector and predict the areas at high environmental suitability for possible invasion to prioritize the control programs and enhance quarantine procedures in these areas.

L. Gannes, Carlos Martínez del Rio, Paul L. Koch

Manju K. Mathew, N. Madhavan Unny, Arun George et al.

Ethnoveterinary medicine focuses on the practical use of community or area based traditional and indigenous knowledge including the collection, preparation and administration of medicinal plants or plant parts for curing diseases of animals. Hydnocarpus pentandra is a plant endemic to South India which is traditionally known for the antileprotic activity of its seed oil. Diverse pharmacological activities of the plant extracts depend on the presence of its secondary metabolites. The present research was conducted to explore the phytochemical constituents present in the acetone solvent extract of the seeds of H. pentandra. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract using colorimetric reactions revealed the presence of steroids, triterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of different compounds which included paromomycin, D-streptamine, carnegine, 4-propyl acridine and R-limonene. The acetone extract could be considered as a potent source of new molecules with different pharmacological actions. Keywords: Hydnocarpus pentandra, phytochemical screening, secondary metabolites

Hibaq Cige, Oladipo Omotosho, Abdalla Ibrahim

Poultry is an important source of protein globally, today, but Escherichia coli (E. coli)and Salmonella speciescontinue to be food-borne pathogens and contribute to the growing resistance to the antimicrobial agents. There is limited information on these pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Maroodi Jeh region, Somaliland. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella species from indigenous chickens in live-bird markets in the Marodi Jeh region, Somaliland. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 384 cloaca swab samples were collected from Chickens of both sexes, from two live-bird markets (Waheen and Xisbi), and were grouped into growers and adults. The samples were screened using cultural, biochemical, and Gram staining techniques to isolate and identify E. coli and Salmonella species. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing was conducted on all the positive isolates using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square at p < 0.05. The prevalence of E. coli was 19.5%, while that of Salmonella species was 8.9%. E. coli and Salmonella specieswere more frequently isolated from adults (68%, 70.6%), females (72%, 58.8%), and from the Waheen market (70.7%, 94.1%). Totally, 98.6% of the isolates showed resistance to different combinations of antibiotics. The highest resistance was recorded against chloramphenicol (66.6%), tetracycline (45.3%), gentamycin (20%), and ampicillin (17.3%). E. coli isolates were sensitive to one antibiotic (44%) or between two to four antibiotics (54.7%), while Salmonella isolates, were sensitive to one antibiotic (35.3%) or between two to four antibiotics (64.7%). In conclusion, the present study showed a higher colonization rate of E. coli than Salmonella species in the cloaca of chickens with most of the isolates being resistant to multiple antibiotics.

M. Hermes-Lima, T. Zenteno-Savín

Sule Pratik Yashodhan, T. Sathu, B. Sunil et al.

Spent hens are by-products of the egg industry and it has poor tenderness and less juiciness due to high cross-linking collagen content. Chips are popular snacks throughout the world due to their easy preparation and savoury flavour. Incorporation of spent hen meat in chips can provide a complete nutritious snack. The addition of toppings in spent hen meat snacks would give a unique taste and enhance the acceptance of consumers. The study was undertaken in the Department of Livestock Products Technology to analyse the effect of two different toppings namely, tandoori (T1) and chicken chip topping (T2) in spent hen chips for their physico-chemical, proximate, colour and sensory attributes. A higher pH value was found for control without toppings while water activity value was found significantly (p<0.001) higher for T1. Significant (p<0.001) difference was found for lightness (L*) between control and treatments. Redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were found highest for T1. The highest sensory score for all sensory parameters was found for T2. Thus, chicken chips with 50 per cent spent hen meat dusted with five per cent chicken chip topping was highly accepted by the consumers due to its uniqueness in taste.