Kirill E. Karpukhin, Aleksei F. Kolbasov, Pablo Iturralde
et al.
To ensure the transition to electric transport in order to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, a number of projects have been initiated to develop and introduce new types of locally produced vehicles. The Russian Federation market is quite conservative and has its own specifics and a special consumer model. In addition, the component base of localized components for electric vehicles is relatively small, which is justified by relatively low demand and market volumes. To create the concept of a Class C passenger vehicle with electric traction, marketing research was conducted in a group of people who are potentially ready to abandon traditional vehicles and choose electric vehicles or hybrids. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the opinion of consumers and to form the technical characteristics of a Class C hybrid car based on localized components. Methods: To obtain the results, various components of the power unit were modeled, and a balanced solution was found that meets the requirements of consumers in the region. Mathematical modeling was carried out and analytical studies of the power reserve of various configurations of power units within the WLTC cycle were carried out in the digital environment of Siemens Amesim. Analytical work on the study of the composition of cars for calculating the masses of modern components and aggregates was carried out using Autodatas. Consumer opinions were assessed through a survey using the Yandex. Forms service. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the lack of domestic models of sequential hybrids on the market and the lack of similar studies, based on the opinion of a potential consumer. The result is the technical parameters of the main components and assemblies, which should ensure the optimal cost of the final product and meet the requirements of the consumer. Conclusion: As a result of the study, a concept of a combined sequential-type power unit was developed based on available components, meeting the main consumer properties, and the technical characteristics of the components were presented.
Background : TK Talenta is an inclusive early childhood education institution currently serving 43 students, 28 of whom are children with special needs (CWSN) with various conditions. This presents challenges in instilling the value of tolerance from an early age.
Aim : The purpose of this study is to provide insights into the process of instilling tolerance in an inclusive early childhood education setting, particularly focusing on how it is integrated into the learning process.
Method : This study employed a qualitative case study method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results revealed that the instillation of tolerance at TK Talenta was carried out through various activities, including habituation activities, learning activities, and non-learning activities. These activities demonstrated the integration of tolerance values in aspects such as peace, respect for individual differences, and awareness.
Result : Observations showed that children demonstrated an understanding of tolerant behavior at each stage of school activities and were able to exhibit active participation and cooperation with one another. The implementation of tolerance values through three types of activities involving an inclusive environment served as a reinforcing medium for promoting tolerance within the school setting.
Conclusion : The activities carried out at TK Talenta demonstrate that the instillation of tolerant attitudes can be effectively achieved through the integration of habituation, instructional, and non-instructional activities that are designed contextually and implemented continuously. All of these activities form an integral part of the learning process, which functions effectively and supports the implementation of inclusive education, while simultaneously instilling the values of tolerance from an early age.
Marine source rocks in China's Lower Paleozoic are predominantly in the highly to over-mature stage. The lack of vitrinite in these strata has made thermal maturity evaluation a persistent technical challenge in deep hydrocarbon exploration. This study systematically summarizes organic matter maturity evaluation methods based on organic petrology, geochemistry, and spectroscopy, with the goal of assessing the applicability of various maturity parameters for highly to over-mature source rocks in the Lower Paleozoic, thereby providing insights for deep hydrocarbon resource exploration. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing graptolite reflectance, aromatic hydrocarbon molecular marker parameters, and Raman spectroscopy parameters, highlighting current challenges and future research directions. (1) Owing to its excellent thermal sensitivity, graptolite reflectance is extensively employed to characterize the maturity of Lower Paleozoic source rocks. Nevertheless, different graptolite types exhibit varying rates of reflectance increase, with "reflectance anomalies" observed within the gas window. (2) Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (e.g., phenanthrene series and dibenzothiophenes) and their derived parameters (e.g., methylphenanthrene index MPI-1, and 4-MDBT/1-MDBT in methyldibenzothiophene) exhibit sensitive thermal stability responses, rendering them effective maturity evaluation parameters. However, their applicability might be constrained by the initial organic matter type and depositional environment. (3) Raman spectroscopy can effectively characterize molecular structure evolution and thermal maturity, through parameters derived from the D1 and G peaks. However, variations in laboratory instruments, wavelength selection, and spectral interpretation methods might limit comparability across studies. Finally, this study summarizes the theoretical foundations and practical applicability of these parameters, highlighting the impacts of mineral catalysis, radiation effects, and thermal simulation experiments on their suitability. The results demonstrate that a multi-parameter integrated approach significantly improves the accuracy of maturity evaluation. However, current calibration methodologies still require refinement to achieve optimal performance.
Andrea Kiesel, Lisa R. Fournier, Carina G. Giesen
et al.
This special collection focuses on action control and its two postulated core processes, namely feature binding and retrieval. Action control is an important topic as humans interact with their environment by means of goal-directed behavior, i.e. by means of actions. Cognitive processes were developed and shaped to enhance preparation, execution, and regulation of action. Therefore, it is the current consensus that cognition serves action. To date, research on human action control is comprised mainly of an abundance of paradigm-specific results and models. To gain a better understanding of action control, an integrative framework was proposed (the BRAC framework – for Binding and Retrieval in Action Control, Frings et al., 2020) that can explain a wide range of findings across different experimental paradigms by assuming two core processes as key functions in action control: feature binding and feature retrieval. In this special collection, 20 articles present and discuss different types of sequential paradigms in terms of this integrative account. This editorial explains the major assumptions of the BRAC framework and provides an integrative overview of the articles that are included in this special collection.
Chinese magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit is the main source of strategic key metal resources, such as nickel, cobalt and platinum group elements in China, and it is an important deposit type with a future value that needs special attention. This type of deposit comes from the mafic and ultramafic magma formed by the upper mantle, especially the asthenosphere, and the immiscible (liquation) action between sulfide liquid–silicate melt is the main mineralization mechanism. They are mainly formed in two geological settings: the continental rift and the extended environment in the orogenic zone. China is a major producer of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits, but compared with the world it is relatively unique. Most magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in the world are formed in the ancient craton, and are the result of the mantle plume geodynamics. Archeozoic–early Proterozoic komatiite nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits is a distinct metallogenic characteristics. Ancient komatiite-related nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits have been rarely discovered in China, and their mineralization age is relatively late, mainly in the Neoproterozoic, Early and Late Paleozoic. The Neoproterozoic is represented by the Jinchuan super-large deposit with nickel metal reserves ranked the third in the world, and the Early Paleozoic by the Xiarihamu super-large deposit discovered in the prospecting breakthrough of recent years. The Xiarihamu deposit is also the only super-large magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit found in the Tethys orogenic belt in the world. Mineralization theory of “big magma–deep immiscibility–injection” and “forming big ore deposits in small intrusive rocks” proposed by Chinese scholars based on China’s prospecting practice has been widely accepted and applied by field geological exploration workers, and has made important prospecting breakthrough discoveries. At the same time, it has been recognized by foreign peers, which changed the traditional metallogenic understanding of magma copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits. The extensive distribution of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in orogenic belts is an important feature of such deposits in China. According to the different evolution of orogenic zones and metallogenic history, it can be divided into two important types: Tethys type and Central Asian type. The Tethys type is represented by the Xiarihamu ore deposit, and it is the product of the Tethys structural transformation, which the Paleo-Tethys cracking after the Proto-Tethys orogeny; the Central Asian type is represented by a large number of the early Permian of the Late Palaeozoic magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits distributed in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan and Altai zones of the Central Asian Orogenic belt, which is the result of the dual geodynamics mechanism of plate tectonics and mantle plume. China's magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit has huge prospecting potential, and the Jinchuan deposit as a result of nappe structure from deep horizontal “sill” thrusted to the surface of the inclined “dyke”, it still has significant prospecting potential in its deep and marginal locations, in which important new ore bodies have been found at both ends of the ore-bearing rock body; more than 10 new ore deposits (points) have been found in East Kunlun and its adjacent areas, where the Xiarihamu deposit is located. In the region, the southeastern margin of Tarim Landmass, the northern margin of Tarim Landmass, the western margin of Yangtze Landmass and the northeast margin of North China Landmass are the exploration prospect areas to strengthen prospecting, while the northern margins of Yangzi Landmass and North China land block are the new prospecting areas for urgent investigation.
In accordance with regulatory documents, the organization and conduct of logging operations should be carried out by methods and techniques that ensure maximum conservation of forest environment, contribute to the reproduction of valuable forests in the shortest possible time, and strentength their protective and protective functions. This is especially true for the coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Far East, which are a unique formation that includes cedar and black-fir-broad-leaved, spruce-broad-leaved, hard and soft-leaved subformations. These forests are characterized by a very complex canopy structure. The composition includes, as a rule, 10–20 tree species, differing in their biology and growth, which creates a clearly expressed vertical density of the forest stand. The presence in plantations of endemic and forbidden species, as well as lianas and shrubs listed in the Red Book (2008) require a special approach to the methods and technologies of wood harvesting. Studies have shown that in the formation of coniferous-broad-leaved forests, selective felling methods and logging technologies should be predominantly used, allowing not only to preserve undergrowth and fine-grained valuable species, but also to ensure the formation of a post-cutting stands close to the original forest type. This leads to very important conclusions on the organization of wood harvesting only by certain types of machines and mechanisms using narrow stripe technology, which is confirmed by our research.
This paper intends to show some special types of orbits around Jupiter based on the mean element theory, including stationary orbits, sun-synchronous orbits, orbits at the critical inclination, and repeating ground track orbits. A gravity model concerning only the perturbations of J2 and J4 terms is used here. Compared with special orbits around the Earth, the orbit dynamics differ greatly: (1) There do not exist longitude drifts on stationary orbits due to non-spherical gravity since only J2 and J4 terms are taken into account in the gravity model. All points on stationary orbits are degenerate equilibrium points. Moreover, the satellite will oscillate in the radial and North-South directions after a sufficiently small perturbation of stationary orbits. (2) The inclinations of sun-synchronous orbits are always bigger than 90 degrees, but smaller than those for satellites around the Earth. (3) The critical inclinations are no-longer independent of the semi-major axis and eccentricity of the orbits. The results show that if the eccentricity is small, the critical inclinations will decrease as the altitudes of orbits increase; if the eccentricity is larger, the critical inclinations will increase as the altitudes of orbits increase. (4) The inclinations of repeating ground track orbits are monotonically increasing rapidly with respect to the altitudes of orbits.
Agustina Kustulasari, Gupita Pramahayekti, Thomas Julio Aji Setiawan
Law Number 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with disability in Indonesia has been ratified since 2016, with one of the objectives is to expand employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. This study aims to identify the schools' perceived readiness understudy in responding to the employment policy (quota of workers with disabilities of 1% for private companies and 2% for government, regional government, BUMN, and BUMD) through the implementation of vocational-based education. This study compares a number of Special Schools (SLB) and Vocational High Schools (SMK) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta to provide an overview of the perceived readiness of 2 types of schools that serve education for children with special needs. In measuring the level of perceived readiness, this research drew seven aspects: curriculum, learning process, teaching staff, management, funding, infrastructure, and environment, with an additional aspect of student input SMKs. This research is a quantitative study with a survey approach. The study found that schools perceived themselves ready, but this may be bound to their common practice and understanding of inclusive education. This study hopes to contribute to the literature and policy discussions on special education and the employment of persons with disabilities.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
The current work describes the single-parent family in theory from the perspective of the vulnerable social group, which requires state intervention for protection and specialized and adapted support. The characteristics of social vulnerability and the types of vulnerabilities are being presented synthetically in order to identify the vulnerability of the social group of the single-parent family. Among elements of vulnerability of the single-parent family a special presentation is given to those that negatively impact the shaping of children character educated amidst such groups, as they emerge from the specialized studies on the matter. We are aiming the low academic achievement of such children, more prevalent criminal behaviour, integration problems in the school environment and in the students' group, features that may be influenced by the absence of a parent, by financial and emotional problems of family members. The single-parent family stands for a social unit with a more and more prevalent identification in contemporary society, which makes up for a legitimate object of interest as to knowing data on its functionality, the difficulties it faces, the quality of its relations with society, the positive and negative elements that mark childrens' life. The profile of the single-parent family and membership to this type of family may have an influence through destructured internal family social capital, so that the family's structural deficiencies, family relations that do not match an optimal family environment, lead to medium and long-term effects on child development. By acknowledging the effects of family structure on the behaviour of single-parent family children, a certain framework of potential actions and steps may be outlined which can provide them with a safety net and can ensure them with the fundamentals of an adequate social, academic and professional life. On the ground of shared responsibility, this approach must involve all significant actors that have potential of active and proactive involvement in relation to the issue of children from single-parent families.
Effective locust and grasshopper control is crucial as locust invasions have seriously threatened crops and food security since ancient times. However, the preponderance of chemical insecticides, effective and widely used today, is increasingly criticized as a result of their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Alternative biological control methods are being actively sought to replace chemical pesticides. <i>Nosema locustae</i> (Synonyms: <i>Paranosema locustae</i>, <i>Antonospora locustae</i>), a protozoan pathogen of locusts and grasshoppers, was developed as a biological control agent as early as the 1980s. Subsequently, numerous studies have focused on its pathogenicity, host spectrum, mass production, epizootiology, applications, genomics, and molecular biology. Aspects of recent advances in <i>N. locustae</i> show that this entomopathogen plays a special role in locust and grasshopper management because it is safer, has a broad host spectrum of 144 orthopteran species, vertical transmission to offspring through eggs, long persistence in locust and grasshopper populations for more than 10 years, and is well adapted to various types of ecosystems in tropical and temperate regions. However, some limitations still need to be overcome for more efficient locust and grasshopper management in the future.
There is solid evidence that haze pollution threatens human health owing to the abiotic pollutants it contains. However, the characteristics of airborne bacterial communities in indoor and outdoor environments exhibiting haze occurrence are still unknown. Thus, we examined variations in both indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial communities in Beijing from December 9–27, 2016, a period which included three haze events. The outdoor airborne bacterial communities were clustered into two main groups (Groups I and II), and they shifted between two typical bacterial communities regardless of the haze event. The Chao1, Shannon, and phylogenetic diversity indexes and abundance of dominant classes changed significantly, as did airborne bacterial community type. The indoor airborne bacterial community closely tracked the outdoor bacterial community type, forming two obvious groups supported by Adonis analysis, changes in dominant classes, and bacterial diversity compared to the outdoor group. Furthermore, we found that the airborne bacterial community type could affect the morbidity of respiratory diseases. Daily pneumonia cases were significantly higher in Group I (p = 0.035), whereas daily amygdalitis cases were significantly higher in Group II (p = 0.025). Interestingly, the enriched classes in the indoor environment were quite different from those in the typical airborne bacterial community environment, except for Clostridia, which had significantly higher abundance in both indoor environments. In conclusion, we found that the two indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial community types changed independently of haze events, and the special airborne bacterial community type was closely related to the incidence of pneumonia in the heavy haze season.
With serious energy crisis in recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) are among the best choice for thermal energy storage. These materials have attracted special attention in energy saving. PCMs absorb energy during the heating process accompanied by their phase transitions. This energy can be transferred into the surrounding environment during the cooling process. In other words, these compounds have the ability to store and release high amount of heat through phase transitions with a slight temperature variation. PCMs are classified into four groups of organic, inorganic, eutectic and polymeric materials. However, the major limitation of PCMs is their mixing problem with other materials. Encapsulation might be the best way for effective use of PCMs to increase heat transfer rate, preventing their leakage, reducing their interaction with the external media and limit volume changes during phase change. Encapsulation is a coating process of PCMs with a suitable material to protect solids, liquids or gases in a solid shell. Encapsulated materials are categorized into macrocapsules, microcapsules, and nanocapsules, based on the capsule size. Among these, microencapsulation is a successful method to develop PCMs application in construction, pharmaceutics, agriculture, and textile industries. Different types of microcapsules can be made with a wide range of shell materials by various physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods. Depending on the chemical nature, three types of shell materials are used for microcapsulation, including organic, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids. The conventional polymeric compounds in the shell include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyamide, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and acrylic resins. Due to the importance of encapsulation methods and versatile applications of encapsulated PCMs in various industries, the most important methods for encapsulation of PCMs are reviewed in this paper in preparation of stable PCMs by consideration of the role of polymers.
S.M. Salavatian; A. Valipour; Sh. Jamiliorcid ; S.A. Ghorbani; M. Sayad Borami; F. Ehteshamei; M. Fallahi kapourchali; D. Parvaneh mogaddam; R. Rufchahi; S.A. Amiri sendisi; M.R. Ramzani mamodani; F. Jamalzad fallah; F. Mahisefat
One of the unique and important aquatic species of Anzali wetland, Anadonta cygnea, native Anzali wetland and its rivers, and the most important two-body system of this blue system, has declined sharply in recent years due to various reasons. Is this species is considered to be smuggling and has a special sensitivity to environmental changes (biological pollution assessment).Anzali Wetland is a special ecosystem for the cultivation and development of various types of aquatic animals on the southern of the Caspian Sea. On the other hand, the special position of the mollusks in relation to the use of other creatures from them and the industrial industrial applications and the role of water purification necessitates the study of the Anadonta cygnea diet in the Anzali Wetland. Of the 14 stations surveyed, only 9 stations, including the stations entrance of the West Bank , Bahambar , Shijan , Soussar Rogah , Abkenar , Mahruzha , Karkan , Siakishim, and finally Hindakhale, were caught in the Anodont shell. In the above study, the average length and weight of Anadonta cygnea, regardless of their specific situation, were 8.25 ± 1.17 cm and 58.03 ± 27.53 gr, respectively. The most frequencies and distribution in different seasons belong to the entrance stations of West Wetland, Behmbar, Shijan and Sossar Roogah and the highest average age in the spring seasons belonging to the station of Behambar (7 years old), summer related to Mahrooz station (8 years old) Autumn belonged to the Sossar Roogah (7 year old) sonar station and finally to the Shijan Station (8 years old) winter. In general, it can be said that Anadonta cygnea feed from phytoplankton branches of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta more than other branches throughout the year. In an experimental study of the Anzali Wetland anodentic sheath, it can be stated from the different stations that most of the phytoplankton species used from the green algae of Scenedesmus, Chlorella and Pandorina were from the branches of the Diatoma Cyclotella, Cembella and Navicula algae. Nutrition from zooplankton was detected in a small amount, from the Ciliophora of Arcella and Amiibia, from Cilliata, and finally from rotifers Brachionus, Asplachna and Rotaria. Suitable substrate type is sandy with some flowers, with the range of silt-clay changes in stations ranging from 80.8 ± 3.8 to 97.64 ± 2.2 percent. In the study of Anadonta cygnea diet, it was determined that the above Anadonta cygnea are fed by filtration (non-selective selection). Therefore, with regard to different ages and abundance in the living environment, in the first place (more than 90%), branches Microscopic phytoplankton from 5 to 20 micron (branches such as Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta), and in the next step (about 10 percent), microscopic zooplankton from 5 to 30 microns (orders such as Ciliopoda, Rhizopoda, Rotatoria and Cladocera, as well as detritus in these dimensions).
Lemesheva Zhanna, Yurchenko Oksana, Karpovich Myron
et al.
The aim of the study is to form an effective management structure for enterprises in the energy sector of the economy, operating in an unstable external environment. The result of the analysis of modern types of organizational structures is the proposed form of management structure, which takes into account the construction specifics. The developed set of guidelines for assessing the efficiency of the management structure can be applied not only in the construction industry but also in other industries, including in the energy sector. Special attention is paid to the analysis of external and internal factors affecting the activities of enterprises. Various structures of enterprise management are modeled using mathematical models and the preference matrix method when assessing the integral indicator of the management structure efficiency.
In this era of startling developments in the medical field there remains a serious worry about the hazardous potential of various by products which if not properly addressed can lead to consequences of immense public concern. Hospitals and other health care facilities generate waste products which are evidently hazardous to all those exposed to its potentially harmful effects. Need for effective legislation ensuring its safe disposal is supposed to be an integral part of any country's health related policy. This issue is of special importance in developing countries like Pakistan which in spite of framing various regulations for safeguarding public health, seem to overlook its actual implementation. The result unfortunately is the price wehave to pay not only in terms of rampant spread of crippling infections but a significant spending of health budget on combating epidemics which could easily have been avoided through effective waste disposal measures in the first place. Waste classified under the heading 'bio-hazardous' includes any infectious or potentially infectious material which can be injurious or harmful to humans and other living organisms. Amongst the many potential sources are the hospitals or other health delivery centres which are ironically supposed to be the centres of infection control and treatment. Whilst working in these setups, health care workers such as doctors, nurses, paramedical staff and sanitation workers are actually the ones most exposed and vulnerable to these challenges. Biomedical waste may broadly be classified into Infectious and toxic waste. Infectious waste includes sharps, blood, body fluids and tissues etcwhile substances such as radioactive material and by-products of certain drugs qualify as toxic waste. Furthermore health institutions also have to cater for general municipal waste such as carton boxes, paper and plastics. The World Health Organisation has its own general classification of hospital waste divided into almost eight categories of which almost 15% (10% infectious and 5% toxic) is estimated to be of a hazardous nature while the remaining 85% is general non hazardous content.1A recent study from Faisalabad, Pakistan has estimated hospital waste generation around 1 to 1.5 kg / bed /day for public sector hospitals in the region,2while figures quoted from neighbouring India are approximately 0.5 to 2 KG / hospital bed /day.3 Elsewhere in the world variable daily hospital waste production has been observed ranging from as low as 0.14 to 0.49 kg /day in Korea4 and 0.26 to 0.89 kg/day in Greece5to as high as 2.1 to 3.83 kg/day in Turkey6 and 0.84 to 5.8 kg/day in Tanzania.7Ill effects of improper management of hospital waste can manifest as nosocomial infections or occupational hazards such as needle stick injuries. Pathogens or spores can be borne either through the oro-faecal or respiratory routes in addition to direct inoculation through contact with infected needles or sharps. Environmental pollution can result from improper burning of toxic material leading to emission of dioxins, particulate matter or furans into the air. The habitat can also be affected by illegal dumping and landfills or washing up of medical waste released into the sea or river. Potential organisms implicated in diseases secondary to mismanagement of hospital waste disposal include salmonella, cholera, shigella, helminths, strep pneumonia, measles, tuberculosis, herpesvirus, anthrax, meningitis, HIV, hepatitis and candida etc. These infections can cause a considerable strain on the overall health and finances of the community or individuals affected. The basic principal of Public health management i.e 'prevention is better than cure' cannot be more stressed in this scenario as compared to any other health challenge. Health facilities must have a clear policy on hazardous waste management. To ensure a safe environment hospitals need to adopt and implement international and local systems of waste disposal. Hospital waste management plan entails policy and procedures addressing waste generation, accumulation, handling, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. Waste needs to be collected in marked containers usually colour coded and leak proof. Segregation at source is of vital importance. The standard practice in many countries is the Basic Three Bin System ie to segregate the waste into RED bags/ boxes for sharps, YELLOW bags for biological waste and BLUE or BLACK ones for general/ municipal waste. All hospital staff needs to be trained in the concept of putting the right waste in relevant containers/ bags. They need to know that more than anything else this practice is vital for their own safety. The message can be reinforced through appropriate labelling on the bins and having posters with simple delineations to avoid mixing of different waste types. Sharps essentially should be kept in rigid, leak and puncture-resistant containers which are tightly lidded and labelled. Regular training sessions for nurses and cleaning staff can be organised as they are the personnel who are more likely to deal with waste disposition at the level of their respective departments. Next of course is transportation of waste products to the storage or disposal. Sanitary staff and janitors must be aware of the basic concepts of waste handling and should wear protective clothing, masks and gloves etc, besides ensuring regular practice of disinfection and sterilization techniques.8Special trolleys or vehicles exclusively designed and reserved for biomedical waste and operated by trained individuals should be used for transportation to the dumping or treatment site. Biomedical waste treatment whether on site or off site is a specialised entity involving use of chemicals and equipment intended for curtailing the hazardous potential of the material at hand. Thermal treatment via incinerators, not only results in combustion of organic substances but the final product in the form of non-toxicash is only 10 to 15% of the original solid mass of waste material fed to the machine. Dedicated autoclaves and microwaves can also be used for the purpose of disinfection. Chemicals such as bleach, sodium hydroxides, chlorine dioxide and sodiumhypochlorite are also effective disinfectants having specialised indications. Countries around the world have their own regulations for waste management. United Kingdom practices strict observance of Environmental protection act 1990, Waste managementlicensing regulations 1994 and Hazardous waste regulations 2005 making it one of thesafest countries in terms of hazardous waste disposal. Similar regulations specific for each state have been adopted in United States following passage of the Medical Waste tracking act 1988. In Pakistan, every hospital must comply with the Waste Management Rules 2005 (Environment Protection Act 1997), though actual compliance is far from satisfactory. It is high time that the government and responsible community organisations shape up to seriously tackle the issue of bio hazardous waste management through enforcement of effective policies and standard operating procedures for safeguarding the health and lives of the public in general and health workers in particular.
Outbreaks, defined as excess cases of a particular disease or illness which outweighs the response capabilities, have the capacity to overwhelm health care facilities and need timely response and attention to details in order to avoid potentially disastrous sequelae . In this day and age when improvement in public health practices have significantly curtailed outbreak of various diseases, certain viral illnesses continue to make headlines. One of the notable vector borne infectious disease affecting significant portions of south east Asia in the early part of twenty first century is 'Dengue fever'. Dreaded as it is by those suffering from the illness, a lot of the hysteria created is secondary to a lack of education and understanding of the nature of the disease and at times a result of disinformation campaign for vested interests by certain political and media sections.'Dengue' in fact is a Spanish word, assumed to have originated from the Swahili phrase -ka dinga peppo -which describes the disease as being caused by evil spirit. 1 Over the course of time it has been called 'breakbone fever', 'bilious vomiting fever', 'break heart fever', 'dandy fever', 'la dengue' and 'Phillipine, Thai and Singapore hemorrhagic fever' Whilst the first reported case referring to dengue fever as a water poison spread by flying insects, exists in the Chinese medical encyclopedia from Jin Dynasty (265-420 AD), the disease is believed to have disseminated from Africa with the spread of the primary vector, aedes egypti, in the 15th to 19th century as a result of globalisation of slave trade 45In 80% of the patients affected by this condition the presentation is rather insidious and at best characterized by mild fever. The classical 'Dengue fever' present in about 5% of the cases is characterized by high temperature, body aches, vomiting and at times a skin rash. The disease may regresses in two to seven days. However inrare instances (<5%) it may develop into more serious conditions such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever whereby the platelet count is significantly reduced leading to bleeding tendencies and may even culminate in a more life threatening presentation i.e Dengue shock syndrome.6To understand the actual dynamics of Dengue epidemic it is important to understand the mode of its spread in affected areas. Aedes mosquito (significantly Aedes Egypti) acts a vector for this disease. Early morning and evening times7 are favoured by these mosquitos to feed on their prey. There is some evidence that the disease may be transmitted via blood products and organ donation. 8 Moreover vertical transmission (mother to child) has also been reported 9Diagnostic investigations include blood antigen detection through NS-I or nucleic acid detection via PCR. IO Cell cultures and specific serology may also be used for confirming the underlying disease. Whilst sporadic and endemic cases are part of routine medical practice and may not raise any alarm bells, outbreaks certainly need mobilization of appropriate resources for effective control. Needless to say 'prevention is better than cure' and should be the primary target of the health authorities in devising strategies for disease control.The WHO recommended 'Integrated Vector control programme', lays stress on social mobilisation and strengthening of public health bodies, coherent response of health and related departments and effective capacity building of relevant personnel and organisations as well as the community at risk. For Aedes Egypti the primary control revolves around eliminating its habitats such as open sources of water. In a local perspective in our city Peshawar, venue of the recent dengue epidemic, it may be seen in the form of incidental reservoirs such as receptacles and tyres dumped in open areas such as roof tops with rain water accumulating in them and provtdjng excellent breeding habitats, Larvicidal and insecticides may be added to more permanent sources such as watertanks and farm lands. There is not much of a role for spraying with organophosphorous agents which is at times resorted to for public consumption. Public education is the key to any effective strategy which must highlight the need for wearing clothing that fully covers the skin, avoiding unnecessary early morning and evening exposure to vector agents, application of insect repellents and use of mosquito nets. It is also important not to panic if affliction with the disease is suspected as in a vast majority of instances it is a self limiting illness without any long term harmful effects and needs simple conservative management like antipyretics and analgesics.An important consideration for responsible authorities in a dengue epidemic is to ensure that maximum management facilities for simple cases are provided at the community level through primary and secondary health care facilities and that the tertiary care hospitals are not inundated with all sort of patients demanding consultation. These later facilities should be reserved for those patients who end up with any complications or more severe manifestation of the disease.Research is underway to develop an ideal vaccine for Dengue fever. In 2016, a vaccine by the name 'Dengvaxia' was marketed in Phillipines and Indonesia. However with development of new serotypes of the virus, its efficacy has been somewhat compromised.As for treatment , there are no specific antiviral drugs. Management is symptomatic revolving mainly around oral and intravenous hydration. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) is used for fever as compared to NSAIDS such as Ibuprophen infusion as well as blood and platelet transfusion.Data to date shows that slightly more than twenty three thousand people have been diagnosed with dengue over the past three months ie August to October there is a lower risk of bleeding with the former. Those with more severe form of the disease may need Dextran 2017, in Peshawar, Pakistan with around fourteen thousand needing admission and about sixty nine recorded deaths. The mortality is well within the acceptable international standards of less than 1% for the disease. In the backdrop of all the debate surrounding the current epidemic, one can infer that such outbreaks are best addressed with effective planningwell ahead of the time before the disease threatens to spiral out of control. Simple measures such as covering water storage facilities, using larvicidals where practical, use of insect repellents, mosquito nets and avoiding unnecessary exposure can offerthe best protection. Public health messages via print and electronic media can help educate people in affected areas and allay any anxiety building up from a fear of developing life threatening complications. Health department must mobilise all its resources to ensure local management of diagnosed patients with simple dengue fever and facilitate hospital admission only for those suffering from more severe form of the disease. Moreover the media hype into such situations needs to be addressed through constant updates and discouraging any negative politicking on the issue. To sum up Dengue fever is not really an affliction to be dreaded provided it is viewed and managed in the right perspective.
Introduction. The paper discusses the issues of psychological support for children with Mental Development Delay (MDD) who represent the majority of school children in the inclusive educational environment. The novelty of the study lies in describing the main types and fields of professional activities of educational psychologists and in constructing an integrated system of the differentiated psychological support for education of this category of children, taking into account variability in their developmental levels at the beginning of formal schooling.
Theoretical Basis. This section provides the methodological foundations for the study, including (a) the basic provisions of psychology of children with special needs and correctional pedagogy, based on Vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory; (b) the socio-cultural approach to the analysis of development of educational practice and to the implementation of objectives of psychology of children with special needs at each stage of the development of education for children with disabilities; and (c) the methodology of psychological support for the educational process. The authors (a) described modern approaches to the organization of psychological support for children with MDD and its objectives under modernization of the educational system and (b) analyzed the necessary content and conditions for education of primary school children aimed at meeting their special educational needs.
Results and Discussion. The authors consider psychological support for children with MDD as a systematic realization of the main types of an educational psychologist’s professional activity. Types of this activity are differentiated according to the major goals of modern educational practice and contribute to successful learning and development of every child. The main objectives of such support are as follows: (a) identification, and prevention or elimination of the imbalance between kids’ education and development, taking into account their individual abilities; (b) correction of secondary developmental disorders manifested in cognitive, emotional, and socio-behavioral spheres; and (c) creation of conditions for socio-psychological adaptation of the child’s personality. The authors described various types of an educational psychologist’s professional responsibilities, including diagnostic, correctional and developmental, expert and consultative activities. The paper concludes with the provision of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of psychological support.