Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Pedro Israel Mota Pinto, Clay Anderson Nunes Chagas

No bairro da Terra Firme, a presença precária na urbanização acelerada da cidade de Belém provocou uma constância de violências sociais nas periferias, como a morte expressiva de jovens homens no contexto da violência urbana. Implica expor uma relação direta entre as relações de gênero e sexualidade e criminalidade. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em analisar a dinâmica socioespacial entre a violência urbana e as sociabilidades que reproduzem jovens na periferia da Terra Firme. Utilizando o método quanti-qualitativo, foram desenvolvidos levantamentos bibliográficos; análise documental; e trabalhos de campo com aplicação de entrevistas. Constatou-se que o índice de homicídios com vítimas do sexo masculino é elevado, bem como existe uma concentração das ocorrências dos assassinatos envolvendo o sexo masculino em zonas de comércio e serviços. Identifica-se a homossociabilidade na periferia como reprodutora de jovens homens ligados à violência, demonstrando as implicações de Políticas Públicas de contenção à violência na cidade que considerem as relações de gênero e sexualidade na formação da sociedade.

Ana Arcoverde, Helena Luz, Vanessa Nunes

El Trabajo Social es una profesión y un área científica que actúa en las contradicciones entre el capital y el trabajo y en las expresiones y refracciones de la cuestión social. Este artículo elabora una reflexión crítica sobre la trayectoria del Trabajo Social en Brasil y en Portugal en el primer cuarto del siglo XXI. El enfoque consiste en un análisis crítico e histórico del desarrollo del Trabajo Social, adoptando una metodología basada en la revisión de la literatura y los marcos legales asociados a este desarrollo, con el objetivo de comprender y exponer de manera crítica los desafíos contemporáneos de la profesión, en los últimos 25 años. Resulta que, en ambos países, aunque marcados por especificidades y contextos multidimensionales distintos, el Trabajo Social ha buscado reafirmarse y reforzar su identidad, defendiendo especialmente en Brasil un proyecto ético-político comprometido con la clase trabajadora que oriente la acción (e.g., la promoción de los derechos humanos), que se ha visto debilitada por el predominio de un modelo neoliberal generador de mayores desigualdades sociales, amplificando las expresiones de la llamada cuestión social. El panorama actual, de gran complejidad y marcado por múltiples crisis, plantea retos significativos a la misión y los principios de actuación del Trabajo Social, por lo que es necesario que el profesional se comprometa con un proyecto transformador y emancipador capaz de generar y superar estados de privación a través de la justicia social equitativa.

Mouhamed Bachir DIOP

The significance of digitalization due to technological advancements in the modern age is becoming increasingly apparent. However, as a result of the rapid global change, serious concerns arise regarding various aspects of proper digitalization, particularly how to leverage it while avoiding its potentially harmful effects. The numerous gaps that could be exploited create a more dangerous posture, especially concerning financial crimes. This study aims to illuminate a part of the legislative experiences of Türkiye and Nigeria in combating money laundering. The study examines each country's relevant approaches separately, comparing the mechanisms employed in the thick of the digital transformation era.

Adrian Jimenez Ribera, Vicente Garrido Genovés, Pilar Sellés Nohales

Este trabajo analiza de qué manera el sentido de vida, en su presencia o ausencia, contribuye a la continuidad delictiva y a su desistimiento. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, basada en la realización de entrevistas de historia de vida a una muestra de 23 delincuentes de carrera. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes se encontraban afligidos por un estado de "vacío existencial" durante el desarrollo de su trayectoria criminal, caracterizado por la frustración y la adicción, que favorecía la persistencia delictiva. Por el contrario, el desistimiento se atribuyó a la toma de consciencia de dicho estado negativo y al descubrimiento de nuevos propósitos vitales significativos –p. ej. familia, religión, ayudar a otras personas, etc.– que reportaban un bienestar y autorrealización que no pudieron ser experimentados durante el pasado criminal.

Travis M. Scott, Julia Arnsten, James Patrick Olsen et al.

Abstract Background Medications for opioid use disorder such as opioid agonist treatment (OAT, including methadone, buprenorphine) are the gold standard intervention for opioid use disorder (OUD). Persons with OUD have high rates of neurocognitive impairment and psychiatric and substance use disorders, but few studies have examined these characteristics in diverse patients initiating OAT in opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Additionally, in these individuals, poor neurocognitive functioning and psychiatric/other substance use disorders are associated with poor OUD treatment outcomes. Given rapid changes in the opioid epidemic, we sought to replicate findings from our pilot study by examining these characteristics in a large diverse sample of persons with OUD starting OTP-based OAT. Methods Ninety-seven adults with OUD (M age = 42.2 years [SD = 10.3]; M education = 11.4 years [SD = 2.3]; 27% female; 22% non-Hispanic white) were enrolled in a randomized longitudinal trial evaluating methadone versus buprenorphine/naloxone on neurocognitive functioning. All participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive, psychiatric, and substance use evaluation within one week of initiating OAT. Results Most of the sample met criteria for learning (79%) or memory (69%) impairment. Half exhibited symptoms of current depression, and comorbid substance use was highly prevalent. Lifetime cannabis and cocaine use disorders were associated with better neurocognitive functioning, while depression was associated with worse neurocognitive functioning. Conclusions Learning and memory impairment are highly prevalent in persons with OUD starting treatment with either methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone in OTPs. Depression and comorbid substance use are prevalent among these individuals, but neither impact learning or memory. However, depression is associated with neurocognitive impairment in other domains. These findings might allow clinicians to help persons with OUD starting OAT to develop compensatory strategies for learning and memory, while providing adjunctive treatment for depression. Trial Registration NCT, NCT01733693. Registered November 4, 2012, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01733693 .

José Alvaro de Lima Cardoso

O objetivo deste artigo é aprofundar o debate sobre a crise econômica mundial, que já vinha se configurando, mas que foi imensamente catalisada pela crise do Covid-19. A análise, amparada em dados de instituições especializadas, procura, a partir dos indicadores da crise global, fazer sempre o contraponto com o Brasil. Uma das conclusões em destaque no texto é a de que a crise atual, também chamada de “corona-crise”, é uma das mais relevantes da história, e já supera a Grande Depressão de 1929, especialmente na velocidade com que a economia mundial se deteriora. Nesta crise, a piora dos indicadores macros econômicos e sociais, que nos anos de 1930, se desenvolveram em três anos, ocorreu em três semanas. O artigo também constata que o Brasil enfrenta um somatório de crises simultâneas, que se influenciam mutuamente.

André de Carvalho Ramos

O artigo analisa a evolução do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, destacando os 60 anos da Comissão Interamericana e os 50 anos da Convenção Americana. Examina o crescimento do uso do sistema interamericano pelo Brasil, tanto na Comissão quanto na Corte Interamericana, ressaltando o papel contramajoritário desses mecanismos na proteção de grupos vulneráveis. São discutidas as vias promocional e judiciária, suas potencialidades e limitações, bem como a importância da interpretação internacionalista para assegurar o universalismo dos direitos humanos. O estudo enfatiza a relevância estratégica do SIDH na defesa e promoção de direitos fundamentais no contexto brasileiro.

Charles Ysaacc Da Silva Rodrigues, Jorge Luís Olivares Peña, Paula Alexandra Carvalho de Figueiredo

Introduction: the evidence mentions that the abuse of inhalants can cause alterations in the reuptake of dopamine, fundamentally in the mesolimbic system, the responsible structure of reward system and consequently of the addiction. Objective: the objective of the research was to investigate the relationship between the consumption of inhalants and suicide, through a retrospective post-mortem analysis. Method: the method used was a case study, with a qualitative approach of descriptive design, evaluated through the use of psychological autopsy and an in-depth interview, of the particular case of a suicide victim by hanging, of a 20-year-old male, consumer of inhalants. Results: thus, neuroanatomical alterations in the prefrontal cortex (ventromedial and orbitolateral), anterior cingulate cortex, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, subthalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens were verified, which, probably, could have had some influence on their suicidal behavior. Discussion and conclusion: altered structures directly and indirectly affect the mesolimbic system, and are related to low tolerance to failure, persistence in actions aimed at minimizing the results of social behaviors, ideation and magical thoughts in relation to their religious beliefs, and verbal disinhibition, which, probably, may have influenced on his suicidal behavior. ---------- Introducción: la evidencia menciona que el abuso de inhalables puede provocar alteraciones en la recaptación de dopamina, fundamentalmente en el sistema mesolímbico, estructura responsable por el sistema de recompensa y consecuentemente de la adicción. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el consumo de inhalables y el suicidio, a través de un análisis retrospectivo post-mortem. Método: estudio de caso con enfoque cualitativo de diseño descriptivo, evaluado a través de autopsia psicológica y entrevista a profundidad de una víctima de suicidio por ahorcamiento de un joven de 20 años del sexo masculino, consumidor de pegamento. Resultados: se verificaron alteraciones neuroanatómicas en la corteza prefrontal (ventromedial y orbitolateral), corteza cingulada anterior, núcleo basolateral de la amígdala, núcleo subtalámico y núcleo accumbens. Discusión y conclusiones: las estructuras alteradas afectan directa e indirectamente el sistema mesolímbico y están relacionadas con baja tolerancia al fracaso, persistencia en acciones dirigidas a la minimización de los resultados de las conductas sociales, ideación y pensamientos mágicos con relación a sus creencias religiosas y desinhibición verbal, lo cual, probablemente, pudo influenciar en su conducta suicida.

Kristen A. Morin, Joseph K. Eibl, Joseph M. Caswell et al.

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that the following changes should occur in the content of the article. The details are below.

Diana Marcela Murcia-Albañil, Ramiro Ignacio Rodríguez-Beltrán

En el marco de la Fenomenología el presente artículo aborda la intervención como proyecto preconcebido en el tiempo, el cuerpo y la relación “nosotros”. El análisis de estas nociones se configura a partir de fragmentos del relato de la vida cotidiana, construido y presentado por trabajadoras sociales que dan cuenta de las prácticas de maternidad de madres de estratos populares en la ciudad de Bogotá en Colombia.

Sarah Johnston-Way, Sue O’Sullivan

The effects of crime can persist for years and can have life-long implications for some victims. The physical and emotional impact, alongside practical problems, point to the need for the rehabilitation of victims and their families in order to avoid or mitigate some of the long-term negative impacts of crime and, in so doing, contribute significantly to community well-being. The meaningful integration of assistance and supports for victims of crime into community safety strategies can contribute not only to increased public safety, but also to a host of other positive outcomes such as considerable cost savings, improvements in public health, and increased confidence in the criminal justice system. Currently, available research and metrics highlighting these linkages remain scarce, pointing to an important opportunity to strengthen the availability of data and research related to the experience of victimization and the impacts and outcomes of interventions with victims of crime. This paper explores the contribution of providing victim supports for building and maintaining healthy and safe communities, and will identify possible research directions to strengthen understanding in this area.

Lina Rocío Viasús-Figueredo, Adriana Posada-Arrubla, Hernán Javier Díaz-Perdomo

Este artículo aborda la problemática que representa para una comunidad indígena habitar en un sector urbano de la ciudad. Los valores y las tendencias que tiene la cosmovisión indígena, no coinciden con los instrumentos actuales de ordenamiento territorial, porque la escalaridad espacial y temporal es diferente, los objetivos de desarrollo no pretenden lo mismo y, además, no se ha propiciado el encuentro adecuado entre las dos perspectivas. Un estudio comparativo entre estas dos perspectivas, identificando procesos internos y atributos específicos, permitió llegar al planteamiento de unas bases para reformular los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial, en el caso específico de la Comunidad indígena Muisca de Bosa, en Bogotá-Colombia, de lo cual se destaca que el camino es largo y que exige un cambio de racionalidad frente al buen vivir, especialmente del ciudadano común.

Susan Baidawi, Chris Trotter

Older people constitute the fastest growing age group among many prisoner populations worldwide, yet little is known about the mental wellbeing of this population. This article reviews research examining the level of psychological distress experienced by older prisoners, as well as the factors associated with this phenomenon. Findings suggest that older prisoners likely experience levels of psychological distress which are similar to that of younger prisoners and greater than that of older people in the general community. Personal, demographic, prison, and social factors associated with psychological distress are also identified from the literature and implications for future research are discussed.

David Brown, Russell Hogg, Mark Finnane et al.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: &quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">This review essay combines the comments made by David Brown, Russell Hogg and Mark Finanne at the Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: 2nd International Conference July 2013. It is followed by a rejoinder by the two authors John Pratt and Anna Eriksson. </span></p>

Editor Revista Katálysis

Ira C. Colby

Augusto Balloni

Future criminology not only has to become more and more independent of past heavy influence, but must also be able to interact with people working for public and private social control agencies. That means dealing with organizations facing crime every day, using adequate means for preventing and fighting it in order to give support to victims. In this way, the University should have a very important role in the education of people working for social control agencies giving the right support to victims.La criminologie pour l'avenir doit s'affranchir des lourds conditionnements du passé, mais surtout elle doit tisser des liens avec les professionnels qui travaillent dans les services publiques et privés du contrôle social, c'est à dire avec ceux qui tous les jours doivent faire face à la criminalité et qui doivent employer les outils pour la prévention de la délinquance et la répression du crime et pour l'aide aux victimes.Par conséquent, l'Université a la responsabilité de jouer un rôle très important dans le domaine de la formation de ces professionnels.

Lorraine McGuinness, Irene Stevens, Ian Milligan

Play, in its widest sense, is the way that children and young people develop physically, socially and emotionally. Outdoor activities, in particular, fulfil a special role in the health and wellbeing of the child or young person. Pursuits such as picnics, visits to the beach, swimming and playing games should be a normal part of life for most children and young people, whether they are in a residential setting or living in a family home. Residential care has a high proportion of teenagers but children under twelve also form a significant part of the population (Milligan, Hunter and Kendrick, 2006). For teenagers the word 'play' is not necessarily one they would use themselves when it comes to describing social recreational activities such as visiting a park or a beach whether in the company of friends or carers. In the professional world of residential child care, however, outdoor 'play' is also referred to as outdoor activities.

Petróczi Andrea

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>For effective deterrence methods, individual, systemic and situational factors that make an athlete or athlete group more susceptible to doping than others should be fully investigated. Traditional behavioural models assume that the behaviour in question is the ultimate end. However, growing evidence suggests that in doping situations, the doping behaviour is not the end but a means to an end, which is gaining competitive advantage. Therefore, models of doping should include and anti-doping policies should consider attitudes or orientations toward the specific target end, in addition to the attitude toward the 'tool' itself.</p> <p>Objectives</p> <p>The aim of this study was to empirically test doping related dispositions and attitudes of competitive athletes with the view of informing anti-doping policy developments and deterrence methods. To this end, the paper focused on the individual element of the drug availability – athlete's personality – situation triangle.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data were collected by questionnaires containing a battery of psychological tests among competitive US male college athletes (n = 199). Outcome measures included sport orientation (win and goal orientation and competitiveness), doping attitude, beliefs and self-reported past or current use of doping. A structural equation model was developed based on the strength of relationships between these outcome measures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Whilst the doping model showed satisfactory fit, the results suggested that athletes' win and goal orientation and competitiveness do not play a statistically significant role in doping behaviour, but win orientation has an effect on doping attitude. The SEM analysis provided empirical evidence that sport orientation and doping behaviour is not directly related.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The considerable proportion of doping behaviour unexplained by the model suggests that other factors play an influential role in athletes' decisions regarding prohibited methods. Future research, followed by policy development, should incorporate these factors to capture the complexity of the doping phenomenon and to identify points for effective anti-doping interventions. Sport governing bodies and anti-doping organisations need to recognise that using performance enhancements may be more of a rational, outcome optimizing behaviour than deviance and consider offering acceptable alternative performance-enhancing methods to doping.</p>