Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Tomasz Mizerkiewicz, Yinhui Mao

Poland never possessed noticeable island territories, leading to the natural conviction that a mainland sensitivity dominated. This was also signaled in the shift from the older name for an island, ostrów, meaning a place surrounded by water, to the modern word wyspa, indicating the accumulation of some material. As contemporary Polish literature reveals, there has been a significant shift in Polish representations of islandic experiences, with imaginative travels to islands gradually being replaced by records of personal encounters. In analyzing this turn through case studies, the paper itself will shift in its approach from constructivist to post-constructivist literary criticism. In her short story Wyspa, Olga Tokarczuk builds a performative intertextual geography to question the masculine myth of Robinsonade texts. In a series of books on Iceland, Hubert Klimko-Dobrzeniecki notes the impact of islandic entrapment and transforms his Polish identity according to an archipelagic pattern. Maciej Wasielewski visits a Pacific island where sexual abuses occurred and creates a phenomenology of the island losing its utopian potential and sliding into dystopia. Lastly, Piotr Oleksy describes the geography and history of 44 islands in the estuary of the Oder River, where he spent his childhood, and challenges Polish mainland identity writing from the marginalized position of a Polish islander. Poland’s case as a European culture without overseas colonies (and being colonized itself during the nineteenth century), studied through the lens of its contemporary literature, demonstrates the growing importance of overlooked islandic testimonies within countries dominated by mainland thinking. One of the reasons for this is today’s environmental sensitivities, since the island story is always to some degree also a parable of the fate of mankind, which seems appealing in light of the global climate crisis.

Joanna Brzegowy

This article examines the evolution of heraldic memory and genealogical consciousness within the Czerny family from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Focusing on this single lineage makes it possible to trace, in a longue durée perspective, how heraldic narratives emerged, were transformed, and became embedded in family identity. The study employs a mixed methodology combining historical and genealogical analysis of municipal and noble registers, heraldic artefacts, epitaphs, and family archives with critical interpretation of early modern panegyrics and oral traditions. This approach enables reconstruction of both material and symbolic aspects of heraldic memory and its adaptation to changing political and social contexts. The findings reveal three major patterns. First, in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Czerny (Szwarc/Czarny) family consolidated its noble status by linking the Nowina coat of arms to heroic myths, especially after the death of Mikołaj Czerny at Pskov. Second, in the 17th century, Michał Czerny introduced the “Szwarcenberg” element to the surname, signifying aspirations to aristocratic prestige rather than actual heraldic adoption. Third, these narratives persisted in epitaphs, literary texts, and oral tradition into the modern period. The case illustrates how heraldic memory operated as a dynamic instrument of symbolic self-legitimation among the Polish nobility.

Andrzej A. Zięba

TADEUSZ ISAKOWICZ-ZALESKI († 2024) AS A HISTORIAN OF POLISH ARMENIANS Abstract, Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski (1956-2024), a biritual Catholic priest (of the Armenian and Roman rites), also known in Poland as a publicist and a social, charitable activist, was simultaneously a historian writing about the history of Polish Armenians, especially their Church of the Armenian Catholic rite and extermination during World War II. The article analyses his publications against the background of contemporary Polish historiography and discusses historical essays of his authorship devoted to these issues.

Robert Gaweł

Jedną z wielu możliwości wizualizacji zrekonstruowanej formy architektonicznej nieistniejących budynków jest zbudowanie ich makiet. W Muzeum Podgórza, będącym odziałem Muzeum Krakowa, od 2023 r. sukcesywnie budowane są makiety nieistniających obiektów, których kształt architektoniczny mógł zostać odtworzony w dużej mierze dzięki dokumentom przechowywanym w zasobie Archiwum Narodowego w Krakowie. I choć nie jest to jedyne źródło wykorzystywane przy tej pracy, jest ono niezwykle istotne.

Anna Lisiecka

Wojciech Federczyk

The year 2022 will mark the 100th anniversary of the first Polish Civil Service Act. An uneasy history meant that for half of that period the concept did not function in practice. It was only after 1989 that the building of a modern public administration, also based on the idea of a civil service, began. The article points out that, both in the beginnings of the Polish civil service and nowadays, an important issue is the proper preparation of civil servants, especially at the higher level. In the period up to the outbreak of the Second World War, adequate solutions had not been developed. In the current period, since the beginning of the transformation, KSAP – the government School of Administration – has been operating in Poland. The main task of the School is to educate and prepare candidates for high-ranking posts in public administration, and to develop the competences of those who perform these important functions for the state as a whole.

Zbigniew Tetłak, Marek Lachowicz

The European Union's spending policy is conducted through annual budgets within the multiannual financial framework, currently covering seven years. The sources of funds and the structure of the budget are shaped in a long-term process closely related to the political integration of the European community. The process is ongoing and there are many indications that it is not finished yet. The currently applicable multiannual financial framework 2021-2027 has an unprecedented dimension, also particularly important for Poland. An unprecedented dimension, because the European Union is incurring debt for the first time in its history, and a significant, especially important dimension for Poland, because these may be the last such beneficial aid funds from the European Union budget. The aim of the article is to compare the amounts of funds allocated to Poland in the multiannual financial framework 2021-2027 with the funds obtained in the previous multiannual financial framework and to analyze and assess the impact of the EU budget on Poland's finances. Article written based on a study prepared for the Center for European Policy Research of the School of Justice.

Antonia Bifulco, Maureen Smojkis

We examine the identity of British Poles born in the UK, whose parents arrived as allied servicemen and their families, seeking asylum following WW2. The two authors are from this community, and here examine their British-Polish identity along with other second-generation Poles in the UK. These individuals grew up in distinct communities exposed to the Polish language and culture but with restricted contact with communist Poland. The themes of response to parents’ trauma experience, Polish identity in childhood and in midlife, Polish language, and visiting family in Poland were explored. Many described parents as secretive about the horrors of war but keen to retain and propagate their Polish identity. Some felt they were not fully Polish, but their identity increased with access to modern Poland as adults. The Polish language was important to identity but linked to feeling inadequacy when not fluent. Visiting family in Poland enhanced identity, was valued, and provided information on family history. European identity was adopted by some to cover both their British and Polish identity. Genealogy and family history are popular and linked to community, and British Poles have a distinct contribution and a voice in showing how identity can emerge out of family trauma.

K. Grunert, L. Fernández-Celemín, J. Wills et al.

AimThe goal of the study was to investigate the use of nutrition information on food labels and understanding of guideline daily amount (GDA) front-of-pack nutrition labels in six European countries.Subjects and methodsIn-store observations and in-store interviews were conducted in major retailers in the UK (n = 2019), Sweden (n = 1858), France (n = 2337), Germany (n = 1963), Poland (n = 1800) and Hungary (n = 1804), supplemented by questionnaires filled out at home and returned (overall response rate 50.3%). Use of labels was measured by combining in-store observations and in-store interviews on concrete purchases in six product categories. Understanding of GDA front-of-pack nutrition labels was measured by a variety of tasks dealing with conceptual understanding, substantial understanding and health inferences. Demographics, nutrition knowledge and interest in healthy eating were measured as potential determinants.ResultsAcross six product categories, 16.8% of shoppers were found to have looked for nutrition information on the label, with the nutrition grid (table or list), GDA labels and the ingredients list as the main sources consulted and calories, fat and sugar the information most often looked for. Understanding of GDA labels was high in the UK, Sweden and Germany, and more limited in the other countries. Regression analysis showed that, in addition to country-specific differences, use and understanding are also affected by differences in interest in healthy eating and in nutrition knowledge and by social grade.ConclusionUnderstanding of nutrition information seems to be more widespread than use, suggesting that lack of use is a question of not only understanding, but also motivation. Considerable national differences exist in both understanding and use, some of which may be attributed to different histories of the role of nutrition in the public debate.

Małgorzata Przeniosło, Marek Przeniosło

W 1972 r. utworzono w Kielcach Krajowy Związek Spółdzielni Zabawkarskich, który koordynował funkcjonowanie 27 spółdzielni specjalizujących się w Polsce w produkcji zabawek. Jego zadaniem było wspieranie zakładów zabawkarskich w dostawach surowców oraz pomoc w ich unowocześnianiu i rozbudowie. Przemysł zabawkarski miał duże znaczenie ze względu na potrzeby rynku krajowego, także możliwości eksportowe. W artykule przedstawiono okoliczności, w jakiej doszło do utworzenia Związku, w tym przebieg jego I Zjazdu. W kolejnych latach Związek poszerzył liczbę podległych mu spółdzielni, w 1975 r. było ich już 42. Realizował także inicjatywy pozagospodarcze, w 1979 r. utworzył działające do dziś Muzeum Zabawek i Zabawy w Kielcach. Związek funkcjonował do 1989 r.

Bethan V. Lowder, C. Guinane, Nouri L. Ben Zakour et al.

R. Rummel

Anna Ilona Gózd-Barszczewska, Lech Panasiuk

Introduction and objective Despite the enormous advances in cardiology made in recent decades, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the most important health problems in highly developed countries, including Poland. An attempt was made to identify the most common risk factors for IHD based on the analysis of medical records of patients hospitalized due to the symptomatic coronary artery disease to intensify the preventive measures in the Lublin Province. Material and methods All males aged 45–65 hospitalized in the Cardiology Ward with the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Hospital in Lublin in the period from 1 January 2016 – 10 March 2017 due to symptomatic stable angina or acute coronary syndrome were qualified for the study. The studygroup included 142 patients. Based on medical records, the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for IHD was determined. The obtained data were statistically analysed. Results The presence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors was common, and the most frequently diagnosed were: dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension. A positive correlation was found between an increase in body mass index, and the diagnosis of diabetes (p<0.001) and arterial hypertension (p=0.003). In patients without history of IHD, acute coronary syndromes were diagnosed significantly more often than stable angina (p <0.001). Conclusions The obtained results indicate that due to the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, efforts should be made to intensify primary and secondary prevention programmes. Special measures should be aimed at the proper treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and the struggle against obesity should also be a priority. One of the key aspects of preventive actions should be intensive education on the methods of prevention and early elimination of the existing threats.

Jaroszewicz-Pieresławcew Zoja

The article describes briefly the history of the Basilians monastery library in Żyrowice. It consisted of 3867 volumes at the beginning of the 19th century and was the second in the Lithuanian Province, the Vilnius was the first one. The collection was dispersed and can be found in many countries nowadays. The author aimed at identification and description of preserved copies of the Cyrillic prints, because the monastery documentation is incomplete. Specific provenance signs, placed on the books in 1758 and 1759, were helpful in the inquiry. The autopsy descriptions of the books from the Wróblewski Library of the Academy of Sciences in Vilnius, the library of the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg, and the National Library of Poland in Warsaw were prepared by the author. The others, stored in the libraries of Russia (Moscow), Ukraine (Kyiv, Lviv), and Great Britain (London) were identified in printed catalogues and research articles. The majority of preserved monastic prints are liturgical and orthodox ones. Also works of the Orthodox Church Fathers, hagiographies, grammars of the Slavonic language, and the juristic work Statut Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego [the Statute of the Great Duchy of Lithuania] were found. They come from either Basilian or Orthodox printing houses active from the 15th until the end of the 18th century at the territory of Poland and Moscow Ruthenia.

J. Jarczak, Łukasz Grochowalski, B. Marciniak et al.

The aim of the present study was to define the mtDNA variability of Polish population and to visualize the genetic relations between Poles. For the first time, the study of Polish population was conducted on such a large number of individuals (5852) representing administrative units of both levels of local administration in Poland (voivodeships and counties). Additionally, clustering was used as a method of population subdivision. Performed genetic analysis, included FST, MDS plot, AMOVA and SAMOVA. Haplogroups were classified and their geographical distribution was visualized using surface interpolation maps. Results of the present study showed that Poles are characterized by the main West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups. Furthermore, the level of differentiation within the Polish population was quite low but the existing genetic differences could be explained well with geographic distances. This may lead to a conclusion that Poles can be considered as genetically homogenous but with slight differences, highlighted at the regional level. Some patterns of variability were observed and could be explained by the history of demographic processes in Poland such as resettlements and migrations of women or relatively weaker urbanisation and higher rural population retention of some regions.

I. Strużycka, B. Mazińska, T. Bachanek et al.

INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance has been one of the biggest global concerns. Dentists constitute an important group of antibiotic prescribers, and it was shown that their therapeutic decisions are not always rational. In this paper, we present knowledge of antibiotics prescription rules and antimicrobial resistance amongst graduating dentistry students from all dentistry faculties of medical universities in Poland, who will soon join the group of antibiotics prescribers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire consisting of 28 questions was developed. The survey was conducted in May-June 2015. RESULTS The study group comprised a total of 752 students. About 54% expressed the opinion that dentists overprescribe antibiotics. One-tenth thought that they can be used for the treatment of flu (7%) and common cold (11%). Respondents pointed to amoxicillin (46%) and clindamycin (44%) as the first-choice treatment of dentoalveolar abscess, if medically indicated. More than half of the students (58%) suggested using doxycycline and metronidazole in aggressive periodontitis in an individual allergic to penicillin. The vast majority of students (97%) indicated that penicillins and cephalosporins were suitable for treatment of dental infections in pregnant women. The majority of participants (82%) said that rheumatic disease, chronic immunosuppression, chronic kidney failure and a history of infective endocarditis required a prophylactic administration of antibiotics before or during endodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS The research showed variable levels of understanding of antibiotics use amongst dental students in medical universities in Poland. Our results emphasise the need to educate dental students further regarding antibiotics and risks related to antibiotic misuse, especially in dental practice.

Maciej Ruczaj

The following paper reviews the schemes of memory behind the shaping of the contemporary vision of the Czech’s own history and the forms they take while materialising in the contemporary Czech Republic. Among the “great narratives” to have built up the picture of Czech history, a leading role was assumed by a traditional model, that sees the Czechs as a nation on the border of Slavic and Germanic superethnoses. Simultaneously, attention was drawn to its reformation and modernisation potential and Slavic character, the latter of which intensified after having confronted the Germanic world. The Czech post-1989 settlement with its communist past has only slightly impaired this idiom of memory; Soviet domination, especially the Warsaw Pact intervention in 1968, has to a great extent depreciated the value of “Slavicness” as an element of identification of the Czechs. Also, a Czech sense of nationality has faded to the benefit of a sense of “citizenship”-with the latter understood in a broad sense. Czech state institutions have only to a limited extent been committed to researching some details of the politics of history. Among these organisations have been, for example, the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes (Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů, ÚSTR), the Military History Institute (Vojenský historický ústav, VHÚ) and some other bodies, including the Czech National Museum (Národní muzeum). When analysing the responsibilities shouldered by the above institutions, one may observe an influential yet financially inadequate role of some NGOs, such as Pamět národa (The Memory of Nation) whereas a typical narrative pattern of Czechness has found its place in the educational system. As for the legal perspective, the Czech Republic managed to settle accounts with its communist past by passing both the Lustration Act and the Act on the Period of Lack of Freedom.

Anjala S. Krishen, M. Leenders, S. Muthaly et al.

PurposeUsing social capital theory (SCT), the purpose of this research is to determine the success of social networking in societies that may be lower in social capital, for example in Poland, versus those which are higher in social capital, such as the USA.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a partial least squares approach with a cross-cultural sample. The complete sample consists of 556 participants for this study across the USA (n= 258) and Poland (n= 298).FindingsResults indicate that social media success is lower in Poland and that this result is related to lower social networking capital in Polish society. However, the proposed model shows that social media functionality can overcome some of the barriers.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include a very specific set of countries rather than a larger set of countries and sample, survey methodology which could be augmented with a mixed methods approach and convenience sampling which ensured homogeneity and matching.Practical implicationsBased on this research, media designers should attempt to keep information quality high but even more importantly, they should increase interactivity. For Poland in particular, well-designed interactivity can mitigate societal barriers to success of social media, as it can enhance trust in such platforms.Social implicationsBecause of Poland’s history of more than 40 years of communism, the newer generations may eventually become more adaptive to social networking tools and such acceptance could lead to greater social capital, which is important for Polish society from a business perspective as well.Originality/valueThe most important contribution of this research is that it theoretically and empirically establishes the importance of SCT in relation to social networking across two different countries.

L. D. Da Costa, M. O’Donohue, Birgit van Dooijeweert et al.

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital erythroblastopenia and inherited bone marrow failure syndrome that affects approximately seven individuals in every million live births. In addition to anemia, about 50% of all DBA patients suffer from various physical malformations of the face, hands, heart, or urogenital region. The disorder is almost exclusively driven by haploinsufficient mutations in one of several ribosomal protein (RP) genes, although for ∼30% of diagnosed patients no mutation is found in any of the known DBA-linked genes. Because DBA is such a rare disease with a particularly wide range of clinical phenotypes and molecular signatures, the development of collaborative efforts such as the ERARE-funded European DBA consortium (EuroDBA) has become imperative for DBA research. EuroDBA was founded in 2012 and brings together dedicated clinical and biological researchers of DBA from France, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel, Poland, and Turkey to achieve a number of goals including the consolidation of data in patient registries, establishment of minimal diagnostic criteria, and projects aimed at more fully describing the different mutations linked to DBA. This review will cover the history of the EuroDBA registries, the methods used by EuroDBA in the diagnosis of DBA, and how the consortium has successfully worked together towards the discovery of new DBA-linked genes and the better understanding their pathophysiological effects.

Alvydas Nikžentaitis

This article aims to analyse the transformation of the culture of memory in Lithuania and the most important directions of Lithuanian politics of history in the period from 1989 to 2018. While discussing these questions, special attention is paid to the role of political factors (internal and external) and interstate relations, as well as to changes in the relationship between Lithuania’s culture of memory, and the cultures of memory and identity of the national minorities in Lithuania. The paper emphasises the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian culture of remembrance which started around 2005, when it was most recently updated. The research material presented herein shows that Lithuania’s culture of memory is full of contradictions and conflicts, and that its central figure has changed.