Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Axel Bercq

The victory of Leave in the 2016 Referendum inaugurated a long period of instability within the British Conservative Party. Several intra-party groups, often called factions, emerged with different structures, memberships, objectives, and impacts on the party’s ideological and organisational stability. Using Rose’s theory, this article explores the phenomenon of factionalism and explains why the post-Referendum period contributed to its development. It focuses on six intra-party groups: the European Research Group (ERG), the China Research Group (ChRG), the Common Sense Group (CRG), the Northern Research Group (NRG), the Covid Recovery Group (CRG) and the Net Zero Scrutiny Group (NZSG). The article evaluates these groups’ impact on the party’s stability by looking at their characteristics and objectives and argues that despite not impacting its organisational stability, these groups helped shift the party’s ideological focus in a new direction in the post-Brexit context around populism and social conservatism.

Sofía Alférez Mendía

After the Celtic Tiger years, Irish society seems to have transitioned into a much more welcoming environment for the production of literature, and in general, for the arts. The proliferation of literature, and, more specifically, of women writers and portrayals of girlhood, is giving way to a significant visualization of female voices and female issues, Sally Rooney being one of those voices. Therefore, in this paper I aim to analyse her contribution to the current Irish literary landscape through her novels Conversations with Friends (2017) and Normal People (2018), where sex and female sexuality become two of the major themes. Trauma, guilt and shame (Free and Scully 2016), as key traits of recessionary Irish identity, will also be taken into account by looking into Rooney’s characters’ attitudes as they perform their own sexuality. Hence, both the advantage of a higher social awareness of female issues and the disadvantage of an ashamed Post-Celtic Tiger society mix, thus influencing the representation of 21st century Irish female sexuality, and also creating a definitely contradicted society (Crowley 2013), where social advances keep pushing forward while post-boom trauma and self-regulation keep them back.

Mohammad Keshavarz

Introduction In a general definition, any study of Iran is called Iranology. Iranology in its specific meaning is the identification of Iranian literature, history, culture and civilization. Knowledge that is four centuries old and is essentially a European science. Iranology, both in the general sense and in the specific sense, has been monopolized by Westerners during these four centuries. All linguistic, historical, literary, cultural and artistic studies, both in scientific and non-scientific aspects, have been done by Westerners and in fact have been the direction of this science.But in the last century, some Iranians entered the field of Iranology due to traveling to Europe and observing the work of orientalists and Iranologists. Among these people was Mohammad Qazvini, who travelled to Europe and accompanied English, French and German orientalists, and became acquainted with their method of work and the nature of Western Iranology.Since much of the Western research has been flawed, Allameh Mohammad Qazvini thought of persuading Iranians to enter the field of Iranology and in correspondence and contacts with Iranian researchers encouraged them to do so. Allameh Mohammad Qazvini, by entering all the fields that were previously in the possession of the Westerners, broke the Western monopoly on Iranology. His collection of activities, which was accompanied by the utmost care and interest, made him a national Iranologist who had never held this position before. Methodology This research is based on collecting information from libraries and archival centers and descriptive-analytical method. First, the data were collected and then, according to the research topic, the data were processed. While doing the research, we came across two categories of data: data related to Allameh Qazvini and his historical and literary activities, which are under the subject of Iranology and data related to Iranology from which national Iranology has been extracted. Discussion Iranology in its specific meaning is the historical and literary studies of Iran. Fields in which Allameh Mohammad Qazvini was a unique master. The most important activities of Qazvini Iranology were: Commentary on Grammar of Persian Language, Persian poetry and comparison of Orientalists theories on literary issues, Documentary and the expression of rules and principles related to it, bibliography (See: Qazvini, 1953: 1 / 31-33, 34-45, 61, 70; See: Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1 / 238-241, 244-265, 133-144, 233-236), Codicology (Qazvini, 1956: 66-71; Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1/260-265), Genealogy of historical dynasties (Qazvini, 1944: 7-12), Biographical evaluation (See: Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1/9-98; Qazvini, 1945 c: 59-70), Morphology and Persian and Arabic meters of prosody (Jamalzadeh, 1971: 396-400), Dialectology(Qazvini, 2009: 389-390), Library issues such as: Descriptions of some librarians, booksellers and private library owners, Publishing words, history of the oldest Arabic manuscripts, old and contemporary libraries and organization of library materials (Shabani, 2000: 100-108) and following the contents of European newspapers about Iran (Abolhassani (Monzar), 2006: 12-17) and etc.In the field of textual criticism, Qazvini has critically examined the works of Iranologists and believes that not all of them should be trusted and the works that come from the west need to be re-examined. Qazvini's way of thinking and enlightenment in this field caused the entry of Iranian researchers into this field, which is in fact one of the branches of Iranology.Qazvini's goal was not only to criticism or recognize this and that manuscript, but also he tried to give a proper meaning to our cultural and national identity by identifying, collecting and recording documents related to the history and culture of Iran and fairly criticizing those documents (Ajoudani, 2014: 284).Mohammad Qazvini, in addition to researching, editing and textual criticism, is a pioneer in preparing photographs of important and rare manuscripts related to the history and culture of Iran in the libraries of East and West of the world (Bahramian and Motalebi Kashani, 2004: 153).Allameh Qazvini in the introduction to the photographed books addressed specific issues of Iranology such as historical geography, biographical evaluation, bibliography, Codicology and Oriental studies around the same book and author (see: Qazvini, 1982: Introduction). In addition, Qazvini preferred the introduction of Iranian scholars such as Mojtaba Minavi and Abbas Eqbal over the photographed manuscripts to Orientalists (National Arshives of Iran, 297/37756: 1-4; Motalebi Kashani, 2008: 447 -448).The sum of these activities was somehow useful in promoting and developing Iranian critical studies (Iranology) (Afshar, 1978: 132-133) and made many Iranian researchers interested in this field.In addition to text photographing and editing, Qazvini, after returning to Iran in 1939, wrote a biography of some contemporaries in Yadegar magazine under the title of Vafyat-e-Moaserin. It includes a brief biography and history of the greats of the Islamic world who more or less contemporary with the late Qazvini and he saw them or was aware of their names and symbols (Eqbal Ashtiani, 1949: 53). Also, in his writings, wherever he saw the name of Orientalists or Iranologists, he gave a brief description of their biographies in a margin or footnote. This issue is of special importance for introducing Iranologists and Orientalists to Iranians (see: Qazvini, 1945 a: 28-37).Allameh Qazvini, by dominating the research of Iranians and Westerners on the history, culture and literature of Iran, had gained a firm belief in some Iranian scholars. He talks about Eqbal: “with the presence of a person like Mr. Mirza Abbas Khan Eqbal, whose existence in Tehran is a conclusive reason that the research force and critical method of the Iranian race is no less than the European race” (Qazvini, 1953: 99). With the same encouragement and motivation, Allameh Qazvini created the grounds for Iranians to enter Iranology.In addition to historical and literary research, Allameh Mohammad Qazvini has also made great efforts in the field of geographical declaration. He has presented remarkable and enlightening explanations about many geographical locations whose exact location is unknown or that were ambiguities about them, with research and accurate follow-up among the encyclopedias and Persian and Arabic books of Al-Masālik Wa L-Mamālik. Qazvini  in removing ambiguity from the geographical places, in addition to the views of Iranian historians and geographers, has considered  the researches of famous Iranologists such as Schefer, Markwart and Barthold (see: Qazvini, 1948: 30-37).Communication with foreign Iranologists and Iranians abroad caused Allameh Qazvini to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Iranology and guide Iranian researchers to advance Iranology. As a result of these efforts, national Iranology gradually spread in Iran individually and organizationally and the Iranians believed that they could conduct a sample of Western studies on Iran.Finally, Allameh Qazvini has a very important role in the emergence of institutions promoting Iranology. He was always dissatisfied with the situation of Persian language in publications at that time and its extreme fusion with other languages, asked people like Mahmoud Afshar Yazdi to take the necessary actions to protect the Persian language (Afshar, 1959: 275). Although Mahmoud Afshar does not consider himself a fanatic in adhering to the rules and principles of the Persian language like Qazvini, he is influenced by such thoughts that in 1958 the "Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation" was established to generalize the Persian language and consolidation of national unity. In the following years, many books entitled "Collection of Iranology" were published in the same foundation with the cooperation and assistance of Iraj Afshar. Conclusion In the early twentieth century, following the travel of a number of Iranian scholars to Europe and the observation of the work of orientalists this motivation raised in them that they can also do Iranology; among these people was Mohammad Qazvini, who, due to his association with great Iranologists in Britain, France and Germany, decided to conduct research like them and in their own way. As a result of Qazvini's Iranian studies, Iranians gradually became acquainted with the nature of Western Iranology and its strengths and weaknesses, and came to believe that they, like Westerners, could conduct Iranian studies.Qazvini's literary and historical activities in the field of criticism of historical and literary texts, historical geography, biographical evaluation, manuscript photography, introduction and annotation on prominent Iranian texts made him a national Iranologist, which had no precedent before him. His researches on Iranology, whose accuracy and importance were well-known, are among the first achievements of national Iranology. After him, many scholars continued his research fields, which led to the development of national Iranology.After Qazvini, Iranian scholars, many of whom were trained in Qazvini, developed Iranian studies activities individually and collectively. Holding world congresses and national and international conferences on Iranology in the following decades, provided fields of entry of foreign Iranologists to Iran and Iranology fell into the hands of national Iranologists after four centuries of Western history and its general policies in Iran were determined.

Anastasiia-Violetta Matsiievska, Volodymyr Bogomaz

the prevalence of helminthiasis in the world remains quite high and most of them involve the hepatobiliary system. Considering the specificity of treatment plans, timely nosological diagnosis of liver lesions is extremely important. The amount of research on this topic is currently very limited. The aim of the work was an identifying of MRI capability in the diagnosis of liver trichinellosis to ensure timely recognition and differential diagnostic of the disease. Nonspecific focal changes in the liver parenchyma were found in a 30-year-old woman without any oncological history during ultrasound examination. It is known about her trips to Asian countries several years ago. Clinical manifestations that are specific to trichinellosis were not found in the patient. Examination of the patient's abdominal organs on magnetic resonance imaging with 3.0 T field induction (T1-WI, T2-WI, DWI-sequences, bolus dynamic contrast enhancement) showed the presence of a sign of a "curved tunnel" in the liver parenchyma. Serological tests that confirmed the diagnosis of trichinellosis were performed in Great Britain. The patient has no other clinical and laboratory signs of pathology and she still be under clinical observation. According to the data of the literature and our observation, the sign of the "curved tunnel" on magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive criterion for the diagnosis of trichinellosis of the liver. In the case of clinical and diagnostic uncertainty of local changes in the liver parenchyma after basic radiological studies (sonography, computer tomography) and in the presence of risk factors for helminthiasis, despite the high cost, it is advisable to include MRI of the liver in the patient examination algorithm to speed up the duration and ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis.

Pilar Somacarera-Íñigo

Kate O’Brien’s connection to Spain, and the extent to which it is central to her work, has been widely studied using as background information the eight months she spent in Bilbao working as a governess (1922-23), an experience which inspired her novel Mary Lavelle (1936). However, her biography of Teresa of Avila has received less scholarly attention than the rest of her novels or travelogues.  Although O’Brien referred to the Spanish writer and mystic in many of her works and interviews, she especially celebrated her in the biography Teresa of Avila (1951). In this essay, I will start by tracing the similarities between the lives of Kate O’Brien and Teresa of Avila in order to emphasize O’Brien’s identification with Teresa of Avila. I am going to argue, firstly, that Kate O’Brien’s biography of Teresa is as much a defence of herself as a writer against her censors and detractors, as it is a passionate apology of the Spanish mystic, just as Teresa’s The Book of Her Life is a theological apology written in order to justify herself to her confessors. Secondly, that Kate O’Brien, drawing on the terminology of Teresa’s mystical method, traces a parallelism between the mystical experience and the act of creative writing.

Aurélien Wasilewski

William Robinson (1838–1935) was an influential Irish gardener and journalist who came to be known as the main instigator of the English flower garden and cottage aesthetics that emerged in the latter part of the nineteenth century. His adamant rejection of artificial forms and colours in gardens came as a blow to the fashionable high-Victorian gardening style in which straight lines and geometrical patterns dominated in the form of topiary art, unvaried masses of colours, and flat land terracing. This paper purports to analyse, mainly through a corpus of Robinson’s newspaper articles, the socio-economic implications of his aesthetic choices. It seems that his rejection of artificiality and laudation of a more natural style of gardening was indeed a way of promoting the socio-professional figure of the gardener at the expense of the architect. By putting the plants’ needs and forms at the core of his definition of beauty, thus making horticultural knowledge the prerequisite to garden creation, he endeavoured to oust architects from the landscape profession. This natural aesthetics also theoretically entailed less care and fewer costs, which appealed to aspiring Victorian middle-classes who could acquire and share horticultural knowledge in the columns of Robinson’s popular gardening magazines. The community of gardeners gathered in those pages reflected a larger Weltanschauung in which the figure of the gardener embodied the possibility of harmonious coexistence and symbiosis between Victorians and Nature.

Moya Jones

On 23 June 2016 Wales, like England, voted to leave the European Union. This vote may seem curious in the light of the fact that Wales has been the recipient of generous EU funding over the past forty years. However, Welsh voters’ preference for an exit is possibly explained by a number of factors which highlight Wales’s distinctive profile, for it resembles neither Scotland nor Northern Ireland. These reasons include political and social patterns within Wales as well as party politics and also possible failures in communication. However, the Welsh vote was predictable.

Ondine Aza

In the wake of the financial crisis, which started in the United States in 2007 and given the problems that developed countries had to face internally, Official Development Assistance (ODA) was expected to be negatively affected. However, in 2010, net ODA was actually 63% above its 2000 level. So we can wonder if development aid has proven to be one of the few areas which resisted the onslaught of the crisis. The paper will focus on the case of British assistance in recent times. It is indeed both interesting and relevant to pay special attention to the British example due to its colonial history; Britain has always stood out when it came to development aid and has displayed a much more extended vision of aid than what is strictly required by the United Nations (UN) or World Bank standards. British ODA has actually steadily increased since 2007. So far, the United Kingdom (UK) has clearly shown a solid attachment to development and is amongst the few advanced economies that fulfil the target of allocating 0.7 percent of their Gross National Income to ODA. Given the motivations of the British government in its commitment to aid, it is argued that Britain is likely to continue its good performance as a provider of ODA.

Máximo Aláez-Corral

This essay looks into the deconstruction of the male gaze and the objectification process around the concepts of nudity and nakedness. Starting from the review of some of Martha Nussbaum’s, John Berger’s, or Laura Mulvey’s main ideas on the topic of the gaze and objectification, a practical analysis of some of the short stories contained in Nuala Ní Chonchúir’s Nude (2009) is provided. By so doing, I intend to examine the ways in which conventional objectification phenomena can be turned upside down, challenged or parodied in order to reveal cultural discriminatory undercurrents and offer a new non-objectifying visual and written representation of the naked body.

Alexandre Fachard

Matthew Wilson

Positivism captured the Victorian imagination. Curiously, however, no work has focused on the architectural history and theory of Positivist halls in Britain. Scholars present these spaces of organised Positivism as being the same in thought and action throughout their existence, from the 1850s to the 1940s. Yet the British Positivists’ inherently different views of the work of their leader, the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857), caused such friction between them that a great schism in the movement occurred in 1878. By the 1890s two separate British Positivist groups were using different space and syntax types for manifesting a common goal: social reorganisation. The 'raison d’être' of these institutions was to realize Comte’s utopian programme, called the Occidental Republic. In the rise of the first organised Positivist group in Britain, Richard Congreve’s Chapel Street Hall championed the religious ritualism and cultural festivals of Comte’s utopia; the terminus for this theory and practice was a temple typology, as seen in the case of Sydney Style’s Liverpool Church of Humanity. Following the Chapel Street Hall schism of 1878, Newton Hall was in operation by 1881 and under the direction of Frederic Harrison. Harrison’s group coveted intellectual and humanitarian activities over rigid ritualism; this tradition culminated in a synthetic, multi-function hall typology, as seen in the case of Patrick Geddes’ Outlook Tower. Thus though seeking the same end – to transform society for the better – the two Positivist groups went about their work in inherently different ways.

Jean-Paul Rosaye

F. H. Bradley’s ‘Concluding Remarks’, ending his Ethical Studies (1876), were undeniably significant in prompting his subsequent metaphysical work. Yet, they have rarely been studied as a separate text, despite its fame among the members of the London Ethical Society in late-Victorian times. In this text, Bradley’s answer to the threat of materialism and agnosticism endangering true faith and orthodoxy shaped a very ambiguous religious solution to ethics. While consolidating the concept of self-realization he had contributed to define against utilitarian and Kantian presuppositions, his views suggested an interpretation of faith wavering between an orthodox statement and some heretical positions which could satisfy but a small number of religious believers.