The article is devoted to the development of ideological constructions of the Conservative Party of Great Britain in one of the most important periods of world history - the period between the two world wars (1919 - 1939). It was in these years that ideology had a tremendous influence on the life of various states, and ideological models of building ideal societies were actively implemented. The Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917, followed by the rise to power of the Fascists in Italy and the Nazis in Germany in 1922 and 1933 respectively, caused fear among traditional British elites. The rise of socialist sentiments in society and the rapid growth of the Labor Party's popularity were particularly alarming. In these conditions, as well as in the conditions of economic difficulties of the mid-1920s-1930s, the Conservative Party increasingly turned to social issues, and also created an image of a kind of “party of peace”, advocating inter-class peace and cooperation as opposed to socialist class antagonism. At the same time, the Conservatives do not abandon their “eternal” values, such as respect for British customs and traditions, preservation of private property, patriotism, etc.
Archaeology, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Adnan Šišić, Jelena Baćanović-Šišić, Harald Schmidt
et al.
Abstract From 2016 to 2019, 128 organic and conventional spring and winter pea fields in Germany were surveyed to determine the effects of cropping history and pedo-climatic conditions on pea root health, the diversity of Fusarium and Didymella communities and their collective effect on pea yield. Roots generally appeared healthy or showed minor disease symptoms despite the frequent occurrence of 4 Didymella and 14 Fusarium species. Soil pH interacted with the occurrence of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) and F. tricinctum that correlated with reduced or increased soil pH values, respectively. While legumes in the cropping history or reduced time between legumes correlated with occurrence of D. pinodella and to a lesser degree with the members of the F. solani species complex (FSSC), the reverse was true at least in organic spring peas for F. redolens. Only in conventional systems increased root infections with F. redolens and the FSSC were linked to root rot incidence whereas yields negatively correlated with the FOSC and positively with F. tricinctum isolation frequencies. Overall, this study shows that pea root rot pathobiome is rather stable and that the damage caused is mostly due to the interaction with environmental conditions.
Deogratias Tuyisingize, Lars Kulik, Delagnon Assou
et al.
ABSTRACT The diversity and composition of mammal communities are strongly influenced by human activities, though these relationships may vary across broad scales. Understanding this variation is key to conservation, as it provides a baseline for planning and evaluating management interventions. We assessed variation in the structure and composition of Afrotropical medium and large mammal communities within and outside protected areas, and under varying human impact. We collected data at 512 locations from 22 study sites in 12 Afrotropical countries over 7 years and 3 months (2011–2018) with 164,474 camera trap days in total. Half of these sites are located inside protected areas and half in unprotected areas. The sites are comparable in that they all harbor at least one great ape species, indicating a minimum level of habitat similarity, though they experience varying degrees of human impact. We applied Bayesian Regression models to relate site protection status and the degree of human impact to mammal communities. Protected area status was positively associated with the proportion of all threatened species, independent of the degree of human impact. Similarly, species richness was associated with area protection but was more sensitive to human impact. For all other attributes of the mammal communities, the pattern was more complex. The influence of human impact partially overrides the positive effects of protected area status, resulting in comparable mammal communities being observed both within protected areas and in similarly remote locations outside these areas. We observed a common pattern for large carnivores, whose probability of occurrence declined significantly with increasing human impact, independent of site protection status. Mammal communities benefit from sustainability measures of socio‐economic context that minimize human impact. Our results support the notion that conservation of mammalian species can be achieved by reducing human impact through targeted conservation measures, adopting landscape‐level management strategies, fostering community engagement, and safeguarding remote habitats with high mammal diversity.
Marjeta Konec, Sebastian Collet, Carsten Nowak
et al.
Abstract Large carnivores such as wolves (Canis lupus) at times disperse distances of several hundred kilometers, which may enable gene flow over vast distances. Such long‐distance dispersal events, however, often remain undetected, and documenting long‐distance dispersers and their movements typically depend on strong transboundary collaborations. Here, we report the dispersal of a wolf (MSV0FF) from the Alpine region of northern Slovenia to Bavaria in southern Germany, a straight‐line distance of around 300 km. The disperser originated in a pack with a genetically diverse breeding pair, where the father exhibited ancestry from the Dinaric and Italian Alpine populations. Genetic analysis of the mother indicated that she was an immigrant from a divergent population further south in the Dinaric‐Balkan region. Such a varied ancestry augments the probability of immigrants being genetically misclassified as wolf‐dog hybrids in their area of arrival, which increases the risk of unfavorable management decisions toward individuals that would be genetically highly valuable for the recipient population. Wolf MSV0FF therefore demonstrates the benefits of international collaborative monitoring networks and the value of sharing samples and analytical approaches for the monitoring of wide‐ranging species.
Ecology, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
The second Official Symposium of the ICTM Study Group on Global History of Music was held in Palermo, Sicily, from 7 to 9 June 2023, under the title ‘An entire ocean in a drop of water’: Island Musics, Performance Identities, and Sound Archives. More than fifty scholars and researchers from all over the world came together in eleven sessions and three panels to discuss some of the most relevant topics of our time in the field of ethnomusicological studies, such as the function and value of archives, the musical traditions of the diasporas, and the historical dimension of music in prevalent oral tradition and mentality. The three days of the symposium held in Palermo were marked by an in-depth examination of cross-cutting themes, to which scholars from seventeen different countries contributed, including Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan, Canada, Germany, Austria, Portugal, Argentina, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, Ireland, China, the United States, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. Some participants delivered their papers through online presentations, while most of them gathered to share the results of their latest research.
Understanding the socio-historical processes after the April War of 1941 and the dismemberment of Yugoslavia presupposes a deeper knowledge of opposing national perspectives since 1918, when this country was created, of the events between the two world wars, as well as their multidimensional characters, since they largely determined wartime polarizations and alignments. The Second World War is one of the most problematic historical periods in the post-Yugoslav area, from a scientific and political point of view. With numerous relief and insufficiently explored components, it still belongs to the so-called “hot memory”. The disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1941 was greeted by its peoples and political subjects with different visions of whether (and if so: how) a new Yugoslavia should be established. The anti-fascist struggle was led by a partisan movement with the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) playing a dominant role. Each Yugoslavia (“old” and “new”) also meant “a new constitutional concept of the relationship between its main peoples/political groups” (Dejan Jović). The history of the Slovenes, wrote Edvard Kardelj at the end of the thirties of the 20th century, “is nothing but a long chain of oppression and trampling of a small nation”. After the First World War (the “Great War”), the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the collapse of Austria-Hungary divided the Slovenes among four countries. The parcelization of the Slovenian ethnic space did not end there. The territory of Slovenia (Drava Banovina) after the fragmentation of Yugoslavia in 1941 was divided between Germany, Italy and Hungary, into six parts, with different administrative regimes. The Slovenian people were torn apart, humiliated, threatened with destruction and disappearance from the ethnic map of Europe. This people was one of “the most fragmented in Europe and all the occupiers planned to wipe it out through persecution, assimilation and denationalization. Research on refugees and exile is closely related to issues of human rights, nationalism, genocide and ethnocide. This issue has a humanitarian, political, legal and moral dimension. Part of the exiled Slovenes also came to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1941, which was part of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Slovenes have a specific place in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the end of the 19th century. They also contributed to the development of the National Liberation Movement ( NOP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by acting in an illegal revolutionary movement and partisan units, as well as participating in the constitution of the new government and defining the future internal structure of post-war Yugoslavia. The war in the territory of occupied Yugoslavia was, among other things, a civil war that destroyed the idea that this monarchist state can be restored in the form in which it was created in 1918. The ranks of the NOP included Slovenians who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina before the war, as well as those who came as exiles in 1941. Major events related to the construction of the “new” Yugoslavia took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which Slovenians participated, important for the history of Slovenia as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina. By actively participating in the anti-fascist war, the engagement and visions of their prominent representatives at the top of the NOP (Edvard Kardelj and others) and in the activities of the AVNOJ in 1943, determining and making its landmark decisions, the Slovenians had a significant share in the victory and establishment of a new, federal the Yugoslav state and the construction of the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Complex Yugoslav federalism, with scattered forms and models, represented a specific historical phenomenon.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
This paper focuses on the negotiation of borders in Anna Seghers’ novel Transit (1944) and Christian Petzold’s film of the same name (2018). Inspired by the German-Jewish communist writer’s own experience of traversing borders, Seghers’ Exilroman describes the torment of a nameless refugee from Germany waiting to escape Marseille, one of the last open frontiers in a Europe ravaged by National Socialism. 70 years later, the Berlin School director’s multilingual film delves into the history of displacement and nationalism in Europe by setting the 1940s fascist persecution amongst the refugee crisis in present-day France. Petzold’s distinctive trans-period approach gives a voice to the marginalized and displaced in two centuries and from two continents, making it impossible to separate ‘old’ from ‘new’ Europe. Presenting expulsion and migration as timeless phenomena, Petzold speaks to the historical fluctuation of borders and movement of populations. Both authors construe the crossing of borders as loss of identity and alienation, but offer different solutions, if any, to what they perceive as an existential as well as political predicament.
Background and objective: Findings on the association between
testosterone and cardiovascular risk in men have been inconsistent. Previous
studies investigated this association based on testosterone level measured at one
single point in time (e.g., testosterone level at the baseline visit), which
might not be relevant for the future cardiovascular events that occurred many
years later, given the dynamic changes of testosterone level over time.
Additionally, as compared to patients without prior cardiovascular history, those
with prior cardiovascular events are more likely to have pathological changes in
coronary or peripheral vasculature, and therefore more susceptible to
cardiovascular events when exposed to risk factors. However, whether time-varying
testosterone level affects differently between patients with prior cardiovascular
events and those without is unknown. The objective of this study was to
investigate the association between time-varying testosterone level and risks of
myocardial infarction and stroke, and compared the associations stratified by
patient’s prior cardiovascular event history.
Material and methods: We used data of 376 hypogonadal men from a
registry study in Germany with up to 11 years’ follow-up and applied Cox
proportional hazards regression models to investigate the proposed association.
Results: No association was found between baseline testosterone level
and risks of myocardial infarction and stroke. When taking into account the
changes of testosterone level over time and including testosterone as a
time-varying covariate in the model, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for
myocardial infarction associated with 1 nmol/L increase in testosterone level was
0.78 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.97); no association between time-varying testosterone
level and stroke was found. The associations between testosterone level and
cardiovascular risk were not different among patients with prior cardiovascular
event history and those without.
Conclusion: One baseline measurement of testosterone level may be
insufficient to predict one’s future risk of cardiovascular events; regular
monitoring of testosterone levels may be useful to assess the short-term
cardiovascular risk in men.
James Taylor, Colin Devey, Morgane Le Saout
et al.
During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
Land-use history and habitat age are considered highly important regarding the species composition and conservation value of, e.g., grasslands and forests. Ancient sites, i.e., sites with a continuous habitat history, are thought to be richer in rare, threatened, and more specialised species than recent sites. However, species composition is also affected by abiotic and ecological factors such as soil and climate parameters, and further analyses are needed to determine whether history or other factors are more important. In previous studies carried out at two study areas in the German Jurassic mountains, land-use history was identified as the main factor shaping vascular plant composition of ancient vs. recent grassland sites. Ancient was defined that there was a continuous grazing history since at least 200 years, while recent grasslands have developed from arable fields considerably after this time. Many species such as arable weeds and crop species, being residuals of the former land-use type, were found in the recent grasslands. In the present study, we assessed the terricolous cryptogam vegetation (bryophytes, lichens, macromycetes) of the same ancient and recent sites regarding species composition, occurrence of endangered species, and the applicability of the indicator species concept and Ellenberg indicator values. Although land-use history was the strongest explaining factor regarding vascular plant vegetation in previous studies, cryptogam vegetation did not reflect this signal. Species numbers and Ellenberg indicator values were quite similar in ancient and recent grasslands but we could, nevertheless, identify indicator species for both grassland types, with Rhytidium rugosum, Cladonia furcata ssp. subrangiformis and Hygrocybe persistens as strongest indicators of ancient grasslands, and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus as strongest indicator of recent grasslands. When we compared the results for vascular plant and cryptogam vegetation we found that land-use history seems to have much less influence on the composition of the cryptogam vegetation in grasslands, given a certain time of recreation and succession. This is very likely due to an enhanced dispersability of cryptogam propagules. We found rare and endangered cryptogam species in ancient and recent sites; therefore, species maintenance measures can be worthwile in both grassland types.
Kilsdonk Iris, Witbreuk Melinda, Van Der Woude Henk-Jan
Developmental dysplasia of the hip comprises a broad spectrum of abnormalities in hip development, of variable severity. Besides physical examination, ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged younger than six months. The Graf method is the most widely used ultrasound technique for infant hips; a stepwise approach will be shown in this article. Furthermore, the process of dynamic ultrasound imaging will be explained as well as the use of transinguinal ultrasound in infants wearing a spica cast. There is no consensus on the best way to screen for developmental dysplasia of the hip, which is probably the reason why different screening programs exist throughout Europe, as will be discussed in this article. The use of universal versus selective ultrasound remains a controversy, as does the timing. Is it better to perform sonography in all newborn infants like in Germany and Austria? Or should we examine only the infants with clinical hip instability or risk factors (breech position, positive family history), like in the UK and the Netherlands? This article reviews the epidemiology, static and dynamic ultrasound techniques in screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip, and differences in screening programs throughout Europe. Set aside the uncertainties about whom and when to screen, it needs to be emphasized that ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip is important, since the disease is initially occult and easier to treat when identified early. In this way, the radiologist can aid in preventing serious disability of the hip.
Oldupai Gorge is located within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in northern Tanzania along the western margin of the East African Rift System. Oldupai's sedimentary record contains inter-stratified stone tool industries associated with the Earlier, Middle, and Later Stone Age. While diachronic technological change is perceptible, the totality of locally available rocks remained largely unchanged through time. Here, thin section petrography, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, and Electron Probe Micro Analysis were employed to characterize source lithologies in the Oldupai region. One of our goals was to determine if outcrops have rock types with unique mineral assemblages amenable for sourcing lithic artifacts. Petrographic analysis of 62 lithologic samples collected in primary and secondary positions reveal discriminatory differences. More precisely, five outcrops have quartzites with unique mineral assemblages, five outcrops have meta-granites with unique mineral assemblages, Engelosin phonolite samples are texturally and mineralogically unique, and magmatic samples recovered in secondary position may be sourced to their volcanic center. Our results demonstrate it is feasible to discriminate source materials using mineralogy, which implies that sourcing lithic artifacts is possible. For proof of concept, we assign the source/s of previously described fuchsitic quartzite artifacts from three archaeological sites at Oldupai to two nearby outcrops. Additional archaeological testing will allow researchers to glean new understandings of hominin behavior and stone procurement in the Oldupai paleobasin.
This article covers the political effects of the Pietist movement in the Prussian territories. It details basic Pietist thought and how these doctrines were secularized, particularly in the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century, as Germany became a unified nation-state. In particular, it examines the question of how these religious beliefs were stripped of their original contexts and then secularized and politicized to encourage devotion first to the militaristic Prussian state and then to the unified nation of Germany in the late nineteenth century. This article utilizes various Pietist texts such as Philipp Jakob Spener's Pia Desideria and the works of August Hermann Francke as a basis for analysis, as well as various other primary and secondary sources to make the argument that Pietist virtues were secularized by heads of state throughout Prussian and unified German history, ultimately creating a brand of strict, unique citizenship.
History of Central Europe, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
This Article focuses on the extent to which the different legal approaches of Germany and Singapore to religious diversity were shaped by history. It first analyzes the development in Germany and describes four phases of the development of the law on the relationship between church and state. Starting with the consequences of reformation, it shows that—for centuries—the relationship between denominations had been the crucial matter of this body of law. Only later, the law dealt with conflicts between religion and atheism. This Article then presents the fundamental rights approach of the Basic Law and examines it against the backdrop of the historical development and recent challenges. Second, this Article offers a historical account of Singapore’s attempts at regulating and managing religious diversity. It starts with the establishment of a British trading post on the island in 1819 and runs up to the present day. As a result of mass migration in its early years, Singapore was to become, in the twentieth century, one of the most religiously and culturally diverse nations in the world. This Article shows that Singapore has sought to regulate and manage the various religious groups through a combination of legislation and state policy.
Law of Europe, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Carolin Donath, Marie Christine Bergmann, Sören Kliem
et al.
Abstract Background Data on the prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and direct self-injurious behavior in adolescents with a migration background are scarce. There are hints that this population is at risk. The aim of the study is to investigate the epidemiology of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and direct self-injurious behavior in adolescents with a migration background in Germany while taking gender-specific differences into consideration. Methods A representative study with N = 10,638 students (mean age 14.91 years, SD = .73).) in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany was conducted. In the 2014–2015 school year, 672 classes were selected by randomly sampling different school types. The participation rate was 84.1%, excluding any classes for which the director refused to provide consent. A total of 49.8% were female adolescents, and 23.3% of the participants had a migration background. Target variables were assessed with items from the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire and the Self-Harm Inventory, partly adapted. Results Of all students, 7.6% had a lifetime history of suicide attempts, and 36.6% answered with a rating of at least “rarely” when asked to rate the lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation. The 12-month prevalence of direct self-injurious behavior was 17.8%. Adolescents with a migration background showed a significantly higher prevalence of all three constructs (p = .006; p < .001; p = .006). Male students with a migration background reported a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts (4.7% vs. 3.1%) than native males (p = .009). Female students with a migration background reported a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts (15.9% vs. 10.4%) and suicidal ideation (“often” 12.1% vs. 8.9%) than native female students (p < .001; p = .008). Conclusion Our assessment indicates an elevated risk for suicidal behaviors in adolescents with a migration background. From research on adults, it is known that the dominant motives for suicidal behavior in migrants are associated with their migration history/situation. As suggested by Cramer and Kapusta’s (Front Psychol 8:1756, 2017) theoretical model, the Social-Ecological Framework of Theory, Assessment, and Prevention, there is a need for culturally sensitive preventions that take into account the specific reasons for suicide attempts in migrants.
The history of content analysis is largely the history of quantitative content analysis. Although qualitative content analysis (QCA) was used in scholarly writings, it remained largely limited to an explorative, impressionistic, and less pragmatic role. Researchers who laid the foundations for the method of content analysis and coined it as a significant quantitative research method were influenced by the logical positivism popular in the 1940s and the dominance of quantitative forms of analysis, especially in Anglo-Saxon regions. These and other trends overshadowed the methodological developments in QCA, although critical voices raised objections to the over-reliance on quantification and analysis of manifest content at the expense of the deeper meanings in the text. Against this background, I make an attempt to look back briefly at the history and significance of QCA, and then critically examine the main reasons for the marginalization of QCA in the broader Anglo-Saxon vs. Continental context in comparison to its quantitative counterpart. While the stronger presence of qualitative research, including QCA, is explained by the dominance of hermeneutic intellectual traditions in Germany and other non-English speaking countries, their general marginalization is related to the methodological uncertainty, positivist quantitative orthodoxy in evaluating qualitative methods, and epistemological and ontological ambiguity connected to the approach. Based on the discussion, I provide some reflections on the future developments of QCA.
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of anti zona pellucida antibodies in the serum of repeat breeder Holstein cows in Third station Dairy Cattle Husbandry Agro Industry in Moghan. The study was conducted on 168 non-pregnant cows with a history of Repeat breeder. Animals were selected in two age groups ¸ more than three times calving or less. Ten ml of blood were obtained from Animals from the jugular vein and serum was separated. The presence of anti-ZP antibodies in animal sera were tested by commercial test kits for ELISA (Bioserve Diagnostic, Zona pellucida antibody ELISA, BS-20-20, Germany). From a total of 168 tested animals, 13 animals tested positive (7.74%) and 155 animals were negative (92.26%). Five of 109 cattle with less than three calving were positive and 8 of 59 animals with more than three calving were positive. The results showed highly significant differences between the two groups (Z=2/07) and this means that increasing age has a significant effect on the rate of appearance of anti zona pellucida antibodies in the serum of these animals.
This contribution focuses on the representation of history in four texts by Pierre Bergounioux. La Mort de Brune (1996), an evocation of the writer's sleepy native town Brive in the 1950's and 1960's, tells the story of Brune, one of Brive's very few famous figures. Having served in the Revolutionary Armies, Brune became Marshall of the Empire, and was brutally killed by the Royalists in 1815. In B 17 G (2001) and Le récit absent/ Le baiser de sorcière (2010), Bergounioux writes about the violent deaths of an American bombarder ("Smith") and a Russian tank commander ("Ivan") during the war against Nazi-Germany. The stories of Brune, Smith and Ivan symbolize decisive episodes in history. They each gave their lifes for the ideals of freedom and a more just society. Back in the sixties (2003) draws on a visit of the writer in 2002 to Cuba, where time has frozen and a dreamlike reality takes him back to his youth and the left-wing ideals he then cherished. Whereas La mort de Brune finishes with the great expectations that the 1968 Revolution aroused in the narrator, the young Bergounioux' alter ego, the other texts reflect the increasing pessimism of a writer who feels doubly disinherited: by the disappearance of the values of an age-old rural society as well as the loss of the ideals of his youth in the neo-liberal turmoil of the last three decades.
Philology. Linguistics, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature