AbstractDoes the official criminalisation of a group lead to permanent out‐migration? In the early 20th century, British officials in south India designated multiple castes as inherently criminal under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA). The CTA required police registration and could force entire groups into special settlements. Utilising unique, individual‐level administrative data on all south Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, I analyse criminalisation's effects on return migration. Members of criminalised castes returned to India less even when offered free repatriation, with a statistically and economically significant fall of 18%. My results show the impact of policies of criminalisation on migration.
Shahidul Islam, Ashik Aowal, Md Sharif Uddin
et al.
Reconstructing a method's change history efficiently and accurately is critical for many software engineering tasks, including maintenance, refactoring, and comprehension. Despite the availability of method history generation tools such as CodeShovel and CodeTracker, existing evaluations of their effectiveness are limited by inaccuracies in the ground truth oracles used. In this study, we systematically construct two new oracles -- the corrected CodeShovel oracle and a newly developed HistoryFinder oracle -- by combining automated analysis with expert-guided manual validation. We also introduce HistoryFinder, a new method history generation tool designed to improve not only the accuracy and completeness of method change histories but also to offer competitive runtime performance. Through extensive evaluation across 400 methods from 40 open-source repositories, we show that HistoryFinder consistently outperforms CodeShovel, CodeTracker, IntelliJ, and Git-based baselines in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. Moreover, HistoryFinder achieves competitive runtime performance, offering the lowest mean and median execution times among all the research-based tools. While Git-based tools exhibit the fastest runtimes, this efficiency comes at the cost of significantly lower precision and recall -- leaving HistoryFinder as the best overall choice when both accuracy and efficiency are important. To facilitate adoption, we provide a web interface, CLI, and Java library for flexible usage.
Non-Markovian stochastic processes are ubiquitous in biology. Nevertheless, we lack a general framework for quantifying historical dependencies. In this Letter, we propose an information-theoretic approach to decompose history dependence in systems with non-Markovian dynamics, quantifying the information encoded in dependencies of each order. In minimal models of non-Markovian dynamics, we show that this framework correctly captures the underlying historical dependencies, even when autocorrelations do not. In prolonged recordings of fly behavior, we find that the scaling of non-Markovian dependencies is invariant across timescales from fractions of a second to minutes. Despite this invariance, the overall amount of non-Markovian information is non-monotonic, suggesting a unique timescale on which historical dependencies are strongest.
This article explores the significance of building construction in the evolution of human civilisation, tracing its origins from mountain caves to sophisticated structures in the Indus Valley Civilisation. It highlights the advancements in materials and techniques, noting the grandeur and artistic merit of ancient and medieval buildings. Focusing on the princely state of Bikaner, it details the use of local resources like red sandstone from Dulmera and Khari. The Khari quarry stone was a key construction material in Bikaner from the era of Rao Bika Ji to the nineteenth century. In Besides Khari, stones from Dulmera and other villages such as Hansera and Aalsar were used. The involvement of various professional castes and artisans such as gajdhar, karigar, chejara, usta, Sika, Suthar, Luhar and labourers in construction could be seen. The raw material for building construction was available locally. Brick-making was another important activity in building construction, which was done by potters mixing yellow clay with straw. Other important materials were lime, kankar, and murad, which were managed by the Kumhar and Chungar communities. Fuel for lime kilns came from local sources such as dry khejri wood. Colouring materials such as lime-based kalli were obtained locally. Water for construction was supplied from wells, which were managed by malis and sikas. Iron, obtained locally from outside states, played an important role, with blacksmiths making the necessary tools. Various professional castes were involved in the construction process, reflecting a mix of local resources and skilled labour, leading to distinct architectural features in Bikaner buildings. This article emphasises the durability of pre-modern buildings due to natural materials and examines archival documents like Kamthana Bahis for insights into the eighteenth–nineteenth-century Bikaner’s construction practices. These documents provide comprehensive information on building methods, materials and the socio-economic aspects of construction, illustrating the structural and aesthetic differences between government and non-government buildings. The study underscores the cultural heritage and architectural legacy of Bikaner, offering a detailed analysis of its historical building techniques and materials.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Confucianism have a complex relationship in Indonesia. Therefore, this article focuses on the relationship between human rights principles and religious traditions that consider the importance of the UDHR for Confucians. It is also related to the fulfilment of the rights to freedom of religion and education, and it focuses on the case of the elimination of Confucian religious education during the New Order in Indonesia. This article is compiled using historical methods. The primary sources used are Supreme Council of the Confucian Religion (MATAKIN) correspondence with the government officials. The study results show that the Confucian community uses the UDHR as a promotional medium for Confucian religious education in schools. In addition, they fight for Confucianism to gain legal recognition as a religion.
The review was devoted to the monograph by E. A. Gunaev (Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences) “National Autonomies of the South of Russia in the Soviet period: Territorial Structure and Management System (on the example of Kalmykia)” (Elista: KalmSC RAS, 2022. 400 p.). The monograph was written on the basis of a wide range of sources and literature, including 30 files from 6 funds of 3 state archives, 425 publications of documents and research. E.A. Gunaev identified three stages in changing the administrative-territorial structure and management system in the national autonomies of the South of Russia: 1920–1943, 1944–1976, 1977–1991. Each stage is presented in a separate chapter of the monograph. The author proposed a historical and legal analysis of the problems under consideration with an emphasis on the study of regulatory aspects. Of significant interest is the study of the problem of legal succession between national autonomies, recreated after the rehabilitation of repressed peoples, and their national-state formations before forced eviction. E.A. Gunaev distinguishes between the categories of continuity, legal continuity and succession, and analyzes the possibilities of their use within the framework of the issue under consideration.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
This short paper describes the first steps in a project to construct a knowledge graph for Brazilian history based on the Brazilian Dictionary of Historical Biographies (DHBB) and Wikipedia/Wikidata. We contend that large repositories of Brazilian-named entities (people, places, organizations, and political events and movements) would be beneficial for extracting information from Portuguese texts. We show that many of the terms/entities described in the DHBB do not have corresponding concepts (or Q items) in Wikidata, the largest structured database of entities associated with Wikipedia. We describe previous work on extracting information from the DHBB and outline the steps to construct a Wikidata-based historical knowledge graph.
Connor Basinger, Marc Pinsonneault, Sandra T. Bastelberger
et al.
Stellar evolution theory predicts that the Sun was fainter in the past, which can pose difficulties for understanding Earth's climate history. One proposed solution to this Faint Young Sun problem is a more luminous Sun in the past. In this paper, we address the robustness of the solar luminosity history using the YREC code to compute solar models including rotation, magnetized winds, and the associated mass loss. We present detailed solar models, including their evolutionary history, which are in excellent agreement with solar observables. Consistent with prior standard models, we infer a high solar metal content. We provide predicted X-ray luminosities and rotation histories for usage in climate reconstructions and activity studies. We find that the Sun's luminosity deviates from the standard solar model trajectory by at most 0.5% during the Archean (corresponding to a radiative forcing of 0.849 W m$^{-2}$). The total mass loss experienced by solar models is modest because of strong feedback between mass and angular momentum loss. We find a maximum mass loss of $1.35 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$ since birth, at or below the level predicted by empirical estimates. The associated maximum luminosity increase falls well short of the level necessary to solve the FYS problem. We present compilations of paleotemperature and CO$_2$ reconstructions. 1-D "inverse" climate models demonstrate a mismatch between the solar constant needed to reach high temperatures (e.g. 60-80 $^{\circ}$C) and the narrow range of plausible solar luminosities determined in this study. Maintaining a temperate Earth, however, is plausible given these conditions.
<p>Glacier surges are prevalent in the Karakoram and
occasionally threaten local residents by inundating land and initiating mass
movement events. The Kyagar Glacier is well known for its surge history, and
in particular its frequent blocking of the downstream valley, leading to a
series of high-magnitude glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Although the surge
dynamics of the Kyagar Glacier have been broadly described in the
literature, there remains an extensive archive of remote sensing
observations that have great potential for revealing specific surge
characteristics and their relationship with historic lake outburst floods.
In this study, we propose a new perspective on quantifying the surging
process using successive digital elevation models (DEMs), which could be
applied to other sites where glacier surges are known to occur. Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer DEMs, High Mountain
Asia 8-meter DEMs, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM were used to
characterize surface elevation changes throughout the period from 2000 to
2021. We also used Landsat time series imagery to quantify glacier surface
velocities and associated lake changes over the course of two surge events
between 1989 and 2021. Using these datasets, we reconstruct the surging
process of the Kyagar Glacier in unprecedented detail and find a clear signal of
surface uplift over the lower glacier tongue, along with uniformly
increasing velocities, associated with the period of surge initiation.
Seasonal variations in surface flow are still evident throughout the surge
phase, indicating the presence of water at the glacier bed. Surge activity of the
Kyagar Glacier is strongly related to the development and drainage of the
terminal ice-dammed lake, which itself is controlled by the drainage system
beneath the glacier terminus.</p>
The Mannaean Kingdom’s heartland is located south of Lake Urmia and north of Lake Zaribar in the Zagros Mountain in western Iran from the 9th to 6th centuries BC. Until recently, knowledge on the Mannaeans mostly came from Assyrian texts and, in rare cases, from Urartian inscriptions. In the last five decades, new findings from archaeological excavations and surveys have revealed other aspects of Mannaean material culture. Most of these excavations have been published in Iranian journals, which present summaries without clear methodologies or typologies. This article is an attempt at synthesizing recent publications on archaeological field studies, in some of which the author participated. The goal is document the state of knowledge of the Mannaean culture based on the results of recent archaeological excavations and to share a more articulate understanding of this kingdom with a larger audience.
History of Asia, Oriental languages and literatures
Sougata Bose, Thomas A. Henzinger, Karoliina Lehtinen
et al.
We explore the notion of history-determinism in the context of timed automata (TA) over infinite timed words. History-deterministic (HD) automata are those in which nondeterminism can be resolved on the fly, based on the run constructed thus far. History-determinism is a robust property that admits different game-based characterisations, and HD specifications allow for game-based verification without an expensive determinization step. We show that the class of timed $ω$-languages recognized by HD timed automata strictly extends that of deterministic ones, and is strictly included in those recognised by fully non-deterministic TA. For non-deterministic timed automata it is known that universality is already undecidable for safety/reachability TA. For history-deterministic TA with arbitrary parity acceptance, we show that timed universality, inclusion, and synthesis all remain decidable and are EXPTIME-complete. For the subclass of TA with safety or reachability acceptance, one can decide (in EXPTIME) whether such an automaton is history-deterministic. If so, it can effectively determinized without introducing new automaton states.
Explainability of machine learning models is mandatory when researchers introduce these commonly believed black boxes to real-world tasks, especially high-stakes ones. In this paper, we build a machine learning system to automatically generate explanations of happened events from history by \gls{ca} based on the \acrfull{tpp}. Specifically, we propose a new task called \acrfull{ehd}. This task requires a model to distill as few events as possible from observed history. The target is that the event distribution conditioned on left events predicts the observed future noticeably worse. We then regard distilled events as the explanation for the future. To efficiently solve \acrshort{ehd}, we rewrite the task into a \gls{01ip} and directly estimate the solution to the program by a model called \acrfull{model}. This work fills the gap between our task and existing works, which only spot the difference between factual and counterfactual worlds after applying a predefined modification to the environment. Experiment results on Retweet and StackOverflow datasets prove that \acrshort{model} significantly outperforms other \acrshort{ehd} baselines and can reveal the rationale underpinning real-world processes.
Michael Gref, Nike Matthiesen, Sreenivasa Hikkal Venugopala
et al.
For research in audiovisual interview archives often it is not only of interest what is said but also how. Sentiment analysis and emotion recognition can help capture, categorize and make these different facets searchable. In particular, for oral history archives, such indexing technologies can be of great interest. These technologies can help understand the role of emotions in historical remembering. However, humans often perceive sentiments and emotions ambiguously and subjectively. Moreover, oral history interviews have multi-layered levels of complex, sometimes contradictory, sometimes very subtle facets of emotions. Therefore, the question arises of the chance machines and humans have capturing and assigning these into predefined categories. This paper investigates the ambiguity in human perception of emotions and sentiment in German oral history interviews and the impact on machine learning systems. Our experiments reveal substantial differences in human perception for different emotions. Furthermore, we report from ongoing machine learning experiments with different modalities. We show that the human perceptual ambiguity and other challenges, such as class imbalance and lack of training data, currently limit the opportunities of these technologies for oral history archives. Nonetheless, our work uncovers promising observations and possibilities for further research.
Yuto Nishimura, Yuki Saito, Shinnosuke Takamichi
et al.
We propose an end-to-end empathetic dialogue speech synthesis (DSS) model that considers both the linguistic and prosodic contexts of dialogue history. Empathy is the active attempt by humans to get inside the interlocutor in dialogue, and empathetic DSS is a technology to implement this act in spoken dialogue systems. Our model is conditioned by the history of linguistic and prosody features for predicting appropriate dialogue context. As such, it can be regarded as an extension of the conventional linguistic-feature-based dialogue history modeling. To train the empathetic DSS model effectively, we investigate 1) a self-supervised learning model pretrained with large speech corpora, 2) a style-guided training using a prosody embedding of the current utterance to be predicted by the dialogue context embedding, 3) a cross-modal attention to combine text and speech modalities, and 4) a sentence-wise embedding to achieve fine-grained prosody modeling rather than utterance-wise modeling. The evaluation results demonstrate that 1) simply considering prosodic contexts of the dialogue history does not improve the quality of speech in empathetic DSS and 2) introducing style-guided training and sentence-wise embedding modeling achieves higher speech quality than that by the conventional method.
El objetivo de este artículo es edificar un marco de comprensión de la realidad comunitaria en África subsahariana tradicional. Los antecedentes del contenido epistemológico del concepto de comunidad muestran que las aportaciones varían en función de los parámetros de análisis de cada autor. Asimismo, se asume que la comprensión de la realidad comunitaria en el universo negroafricano no es posible si no se fundamenta en las variables de la estructura socioantropológica del universo negroafricano: la persona, la familia, el clan, la tribu, la etnia y las religiones tradicionales ancestrales. A través de un análisis de esas variables, se llega a la conclusión de que es necesario guardar las distancias respecto al actual estadocentrismo para repensar los modos de organización comunitaria en África subsahariana tradicional, en toda su diversidad y complementariedad.
<p>Central Asia experienced a number of significant elevational and
climatic changes during the Cenozoic, but much remains to be understood
regarding the timing and driving mechanisms of these changes as well as
their influence on ancient ecosystems. Here, we describe the palaeoecology
and palaeoclimate of a new section from the Nangqian Basin in Tibet,
north-western China, dated as Bartonian (41.2–37.8 Ma; late Eocene)
based on our palynological analyses. Located on the east-central part of
what is today the Tibetan Plateau, this section is excellently placed for
better understanding the palaeoecological history of Tibet following the
Indo-Asian collision. Our new palynological record reveals that a strongly
seasonal steppe–desert ecosystem characterized by drought-tolerant shrubs,
diverse ferns, and an underlying component of broad-leaved forests existed in
east-central Tibet during the Eocene, influenced by a southern monsoon. A
transient warming event, possibly the middle Eocene climatic optimum
(MECO; 40 Ma), is reflected in our record by a temporary increase in regional
tropical taxa and a concurrent decrease in steppe–desert vegetation. In the
late Eocene, a drying signature in the palynological record is linked to
proto-Paratethys Sea retreat, which caused widespread long-term
aridification across the region. To better distinguish between local
climatic variation and farther-reaching drivers of Central Asian
palaeoclimate and elevation, we correlated key palynological sections across
the Tibetan Plateau by means of established radioisotopic ages and
biostratigraphy. This new palynozonation illustrates both intra- and
inter-basinal floral response to Qinghai–Tibetan uplift and global climate
change during the Paleogene, and it provides a framework for the age assignment
of future palynological studies in Central Asia. Our work highlights the
ongoing challenge of integrating various deep time records for the purpose
of reconstructing palaeoelevation, indicating that a multi-proxy approach is
vital for unravelling the complex uplift history of Tibet and its resulting
influence on Asian climate.</p>
Computers are used for various purposes, so frequent context switching is inevitable. In this setting, retrieving the documents, files, and web pages that have been used for a task can be a challenge. While modern applications provide a history of recent documents for users to resume work, this is not sufficient to retrieve all the digital resources relevant to a given primary document. The histories currently available do not take into account the complex dependencies among resources across applications. To address this problem, we tested the idea of using a visual history of a computer screen to retrieve digital resources within a few days of their use through the development of ScreenTrack. ScreenTrack is software that captures screenshots of a computer at regular intervals. It then generates a time-lapse video from the captured screenshots and lets users retrieve a recently opened document or web page from a screenshot after recognizing the resource by its appearance. A controlled user study found that participants were able to retrieve requested information more quickly with ScreenTrack than under the baseline condition with existing tools. A follow-up study showed that the participants used ScreenTrack to retrieve previously used resources and to recover the context for task resumption.