Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Olga E. Pekelis

This paper investigates the synchronic traits and the microdiachronic evolution of the Russian pronoun nekotoryj. Synchronically, I argue that nekotoryj has four different meanings, with the meaning of an indefinite pronoun being the most frequent and the least distributionally restricted. Diachronically, nekotoryj is shown to have had an article-like function in the Russian language of the 19th century and earlier, which it shared with the numeral odin ‘one,’ while in modern Russian this function is undertaken by odin alone. Within a typological stance on the facts observed, I suggest that nekotoryj displays both expected and unexpected traits. The former includes the outcome of its competition with odin. The latter concerns the distribution of nekotoryj across the contexts that make up the semantic map of indefinite pronouns. Nekotoryj appears to be an instance of an indefinite pronoun that contradicts some predictions put forward by the semantic map.

Júlio RODRIGUEZ, Marco CEPIK

Resumo Neste artigo, analisamos as vicissitudes do controle democrático das atividades governamentais de inteligência nos Estados Unidos entre 1972 e 1980. Durante a fase anterior da Guerra Fria (1947-1971), a alta polarização sistêmica entre os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética, juntamente com a expansão da capacidade estatal e dos conflitos sociais internos nos EUA, condicionaram diretamente a formação de um complexo sistema nacional de organizações e atividades de inteligência nos dois países. Nos anos 1970, a estabilização estratégica das relações entre os EUA e a URSS (détente) dependeu também do desenvolvimento tecnológico da coleta de inteligência de comunicações, sinais e imagens por meio de satélites. A vigilância policial e militar de dissidentes internos e a crise política crescente até o final do governo Nixon criaram as condições para uma tentativa inédita e consistente de exercício do controle externo democrático das atividades de inteligência por parte dos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário. O recrudescimento da Guerra Fria a partir de 1980 e a eleição de Reagan marcam o início de uma reversão parcial nos controles. Em menos de uma década, uma democracia altamente institucionalizada como a norte-americana fez grandes esforços e teve muitas dificuldades para regular e controlar as atividades de inteligência.

Павло Павленко

The town of Bucha became a collective symbol of the modern genocide of Ukrainian people, because it was there where the scale of all the crimes committed against Ukrainians was revealed during the liberation of Kyiv Oblast from the Russian occupiers in March-April 2022. It was Bucha that gave many people in Ukraine the reason to debate if there is God at all.  Today, Ukrainian churches began to consider the possibility of "theology after Bucha", asking practically the same questions that Christians and Jews were concerned with after World War II.  As then the main question was "Where was God at Auschwitz?" Now the question is where Biblical God was during Bucha genocide, and in a broader context, where God is with the love and mercy in Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The article is nearly the first scientific research of Christianity in Ukrainian academic religious studies during the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The author examines the conditions for the foundation of a new theological system in the realm of Ukrainian Christianity after the victory over rushism, following the example of the theology after the Holocaust/Shoa in Western Christianity after WWII. The article analyses a number of caveats that, if not addressed today, could make the constructive development of the abovementioned theology impossible. The author predicts possible parallels between "theology after Auschwitz" and the future "theology after Bucha". In fact, “theology after Auschwitz" did not radically affect Western, primarily European Christianity after 1945 because it did not provide unambiguous answers to a range of urgent essential questions related to the existence of a believer in the world recovering from the great war. So, with a considerable degree of probability (already evident from the remarks of individual representatives of different religious denominations) there is concern that "theology after Bucha" may fail practically at its beginnings, becoming a "pure theory", having no chances to be applied at the all-Christian level. It is partially clear today that an attempt would be made to launch "theology after Bucha" exactly along the ideological tracks of "theology after Auschwitz", that is, to direct it exclusively to the search for the arguments shifting the burden of responsibility for "Bucha" from God and thereby possibly save Christianity from the ideological crisis it has been in Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The author concludes that if "theology after Bucha" really begins to move along the similar ideological fairway like "theology after Auschwitz", the post-war Christianity in Ukraine will face a disappointing perspective to lose social relevance and, as a result, will be radically reduced to ritualism.

R. Hickey

Among the many contact situations those which involve language shift occupy a special position. All language shift scenarios have in common that at the outset there is one language and at the end another which is the majority language in the community which has experienced the shift. This is true now and must also have been in history and pre-history when countless cases of shift occurred. Just consider the early Indo-European migrations. Movements of sub-groups of this family into new geographical locations usually meant that the pre-Indo-European populations were ‘absorbed’, i.e. that they shifted in language (and culture) to the branch of Indo-European they were confronted with. This shift may be partial or complete, for instance, on the Iberian peninsula it was partial with Basque remaining but in the British Isles it was complete. The shift may have lasted into history, making the ‘absorption’ more visible, as was the case with Etruscan in Italy. Whether the Indo-European branches still show traces of this early contact and shift is much disputed (see Vennemann this volume for relevant comments). But going on shift scenarios today and assuming that the same principles of contact applied then as now, one can postulate the influence of earlier groups on later groups if the size of the shifting population was sufficient for the features of its shift variety to influence the language they were shifting to as a whole. This is not always the case, however, so a note of caution should be struck here. Moving forward to recent history one can see in the anglophone world that language shift did not always leave traces of the original language(s). The considerable shift of native Americans to English has not affected general forms of English in either the USA or Canada. What may occur is that the shift variety establishes itself as a form in its own right, focussed with a stable speech community, cf. South African Indian English (Mesthrie 1992), but even then there is usually a further approximation to supraregional forms of English which dilute the specific profile of the shift variety, cf. Australian Aboriginal English and Maori English.

Mirco Dondi

To offer a first access to the Didactics of History it is necessary to teach students to historicize the past, a concept foreign to them both for the young age and for the dimension of simultaneity and eternal present in which the information society leads us to live. The second access to historical content must start from the web because it is the environment more familiar to students. Internet is the modern archive both as a source in its millions of pages, and as a place where public and private institutions upload their official sources. The digitalization of content and networks offers innovative tools for learning with E-learning environments. It is a procedure that goes beyond distance teaching by intervening on the role of the teacher, no longer at the center of the class, but at his side and offering with Lifelong learning real tools for the updating of teachers that can potentially be addressed to the entire citizenship. The possibility of accessing documents, the possibility of offering content by audiovisual promotes access to the public of the historian emphasizes its public function and its responsibility.

Olga Vladimirovna Osharina

One of the popular symbols of the Resurrection in early Christian Egypt was the composition with Lazarus. The subject of «The Raising of Lazarus» is based on the text of the Gospel by John (John 11.1-45). From the very beginning the earliest depictions of Lazarus appear in the paintings of the catacombs, and then on the sarcophagi and items of applied art. As a rule, they are associated with the funeral context and go back to two iconographic traditions: the Greco-Roman and the Near Eastern.

Alexander Brilhante Coelho, Ivã Gurgel

Caracterizamos neste artigo a postura epistemológica do jovem Mário Schenberg, tal como expressada em seu primeiro no trabalho, Os princípios da mecânica, publicado em 1934 pela Revista Polytechnica. Destacamos os diálogos explícitos e implícitos que Schenberg trava com epistemólogos e físicos da transição do século XIX para o XX, particularmente os diálogos com Pierre Duhem e Ernst Mach. À época, Schenberg defende uma epistemologia antirrealista e instrumentalista, contra uma invasão de elementos metafísicos na teoria. O jovem Schenberg defende, ainda, a segurança do processo de teorização por indução, com uma ascensão dos experimentos às leis e das leis a teoria. No momento da publicação do artigo, Schenberg era um estudante de engenharia da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo, recém transferido da Escola de Engenharia de Pernambuco, onde conhecera o professor Luiz Freire. A influência de Freire foi determinante sobre a trajetória científica de Schenberg, que se tornaria o primeiro físico teórico stricto sensu do Brasil. É por meio de Freire que Schenberg se aproxima de uma tradição relativamente marginal de professores das escolas de engenharia que foram construindo, ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XX, uma identidade científica. Esse grupo de professores militava pela “ciência pura”, se contrapondo ao utilitarismo predominante nas escolas politécnicas no período anterior à fundação das universidades. O artigo de Schenberg pode ser lido como um dos últimos trabalhos dessa tradição de engenheiros com identidade científica, um trabalho que, ao mesmo tempo que carrega alguns traços da tradição politécnica, aponta para uma reflexão que só se desenvolveria plenamente com o surgimento de um regime científico disciplinar no interior das faculdades de ciências fundadas na segunda metade dos anos 1930

Angelo Adriano Faria de Assis

R. Cervera, M. Khamashta, J. Font et al.

Behnam T. Said

Narratives, that is narrations handed down among an ideological group or movement, play an important role for mobilising followers. There are considerations to challenge extremist narratives by creating counter-narratives or alternative narratives to counter militant extremism. Under certain circumstances this may be reasonable. However, this requires to deal intensively with the narrations and arguments of the ideological opponent. In the field of jihadism, an analysis of the quarrels between the so called Islamic State (IS) and other jihadists provides an opportunity to gain insight into ideological frictions, and to develop arguments against the IS which may look particularly authentic as they come from fellow jihadists. This text gives a short overview of inner-jihadist conflicts, then present some basic topics of IS criticism and contextualizes them under considerations of counter-measures.

P. Stern, C. Wennerlind

Dmitri Gouzévitch, Irina Gouzévitch

Авторы указывают на ряд комплексных исследований, посвященных европейским газетам, как источнику по русской истории. При изучении Великого посольства (ВП) газеты используются давно и часто, но обычно это одни и те же издания. А ведь общее количество газетных статей, в которых говорилось о ВП, достигает нескольких тысяч. В статье анализируются некоторые из ранее не использовавшихся заметок. Так, показывается, что материал для некоторых из них в целях дезинформации поставляла сама Москва. Объясняется, почему немецкие, голландские и английские газеты пестрели информацией о ВП, а французские очень долго молчали. Приводятся примеры использования газетного материала при анализе конкретных фактов, в том числе, исторических анекдотов (посещение мастерской известного часовщика John Carte; знаменитая и скандальная, направленная против Франции речь Петра I при встрече с Вильгельмом III в Утрехте 1/11.9.1697; выяснение причины, по которой ВП изменило в Пруссии свой маршрут и поехало не в Австрию, а в Голландию).

Rodrigo Pinto de Andrade, Francielle Aparecida Garuti de Andrade

Resenha

Florencia Calvo, Gloria Beatriz Chicote

Caracterización del espacio urbano en los Fabliaux

K. Briffa

D. Cerar, T. Cerar, E. Ružić-Sabljić et al.

José María Lorca Alcalá

La crisis del petróleo de 1973 después del corte de suministro de la OPEP a raíz de la guerra de Yom Kippur (octubre de 1973) afecta especialmente a nuestro país tradicionalmente consumidor de altos niveles de energía y una predisposición gubernamental a mantener sus precios bajos. Los documentos manejados pertenecen al Ministerio de Industria y a partir de ellos comprobamos el interés por absorber la crisis vía presupuestos, a través del superávit de la balanza de pagos y garantizando un precio bajo al fuel-oil. The oil crisis in 1973 after the outage of OPEC following the Yom Kippur War (October 1973) particularly affects our country traditionally high consumer of energy and with a government willingness to keep prices low. Handled documents belong to the Ministry of Industry and checking them we observe the target to absorb this situation via budget crisis, through the surplus of the balance of payments and ensuring low fuel oil price.

H. Hoos, David Bainbridge

Martin Fritz

This paper reviews the legal foundations of work-related migration to Germany and Austria in the second half of the 20th century. Three key questions frame the analysis: at the beginning an overview shows which legal regulations are being made and by whom. This first step is to trace the actors behind the laws and to analyze their contents. Secondly historical continuities that could lead to a postcolonial perspective are being examined. The concluding third step outlines the gap between legal norms and reality, thereby aiming at sensitizing for the political-economic motives and every-day-reality as well as normative ideologies.