Kateryna Filatova, Nataliia Riabokin, Iryna Horokhova
et al.
BACKGROUND Idioms form unique narratives within a speech community and define its linguistic identity. Translating idioms in Germanic and Romance languages poses significant challenges due to their figurative meanings and lack of direct correspondence with literal expressions. The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of idioms in Germanic and Romance languages and to explore the specifics of their translation into Ukrainian. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research material consisted of 120 idioms selected from English (a Germanic language) and Spanish (a Romance language). Structural, grammatical, lexical, and semantic analyses were applied to identify similarities and differences in form, meaning, and translation adaptability. Quantitative analysis was employed to assess the frequency and efficiency of different translation strategies. RESULTS The structural and grammatical analysis revealed that idioms of comparison in English, Spanish, and Ukrainian exhibit a similar syntactic structure but differ in adaptability during practical use. English and Spanish maintain relatively fixed grammatical forms, whereas Ukrainian demonstrates greater flexibility in grammatical transformations. Lexical and semantic analysis identified both universal and culture-specific features of the studied idioms. Universal associations were generally translated without loss of meaning, while culturally bound images required additional adaptation to preserve stylistic and semantic authenticity. Quantitatively, 66% of idioms were translated through direct equivalence, 24% through semantic adaptation, and 10% through lexical replacement. CONCLUSION Idioms with comparative structures constitute an integral part of linguistic development, reflecting both universal cognitive patterns and distinctive cultural imagery. Effective translation of such idioms requires balancing equivalence and cultural adaptation to maintain the original style and meaning across languages.
Digitale Spiele sind aus der Lebenswelt der Lernenden nicht mehr wegzudenken und auch in Bildungsinstitutionen werden Potenziale ausgewählter Games zunehmend erkannt und zum Lernen genutzt. Dabei stellt die Auswahl eines geeigneten Spiels zur gezielten Initiierung gewünschter Lernprozesse Lehrkräfte des Öfteren vor Herausforderungen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es daher, aufzuzeigen, inwiefern sich narrative Computerspiele als gewinnbringende Lerngegenstände für einen zeitgemäßen und kompetenzorientierten Literatur- und Medienunterricht eignen können. Hierzu wird eine prototypische Computerspielanalyse an A Juggler’s Tale (2021) durchgeführt und dargelegt, welche Interdependenzen zwischen spielinhärenten narrativen und ludischen Gestaltungsmitteln erkannt und gedeutet werden müssen, um Lernenden ein digitales Textverstehen sowie zeitgleich eine lohnenswerte medienästhetische
Erfahrung zu ermöglichen und auf diese Weise zu einem ludoliterarischen Kompetenzerwerb beizutragen.
Abstract (english): Recognize ludic and literary learning potential. A prototypical computer game analysis from "A juggler's tale" (2021)
Digital games have become an integral part of learners’ lives and the potential of selected games is also increasingly being recognized and used for learning in educational institutions. However, the selection of a suitable game for the targeted initiation of desired learning processes often presents teachers with challenges. The aim of this article is therefore to show to what extent narrative computer games can be profitable learning objects for a contemporary and competence-oriented literature and media education. For this purpose, a prototypical computer game analysis of A Juggler’s Tale (2021) will be carried out and it will be shown which interdependencies between game-inherent narrative and ludic means of design have to be recognized and interpreted in order to offer learners a digital text comprehension and at the same time a worthwhile media-aesthetic experience and thus contribute to the acquisition of ludoliterary competence.
Efficient and effective data discovery is critical for many modern applications in machine learning and data science. One major bottleneck to the development of a general-purpose data discovery tool is the absence of an expressive formal language, and corresponding implementation, for characterizing and solving generic discovery queries. To this end, we present TQL, a domain-specific language for data discovery well-designed to leverage and exploit the results of programming languages research in both its syntax and semantics. In this paper, we fully and formally characterize the core language through an algebraic model, Imperative Relational Algebra with Types (ImpRAT), and implement a modular proof-of-concept system prototype.
It is crucial to consider two foundational principles of phonosemantics: the principle of non-arbitrariness (motivation), principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign. The former principle suggests a pervasive interrelation among real-world phenomena and objects. Numerous instances in the history of science demonstrate the discovery of connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena. In contrast, the principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign asserts the independence between the signifier and the signified, clashing with the overarching principle of hierarchization. According to this principle, each element in a ’higher’ system can act as an autonomous ’lower’ system. As such, a word becomes an independent ’lower’ system, possessing a substrate—the signified and the signifier—and a structural relationship between them. Stripping a word of these connections removes its structural integrity; without structure, it ceases to be a system. Therefore, Ferdinand de Saussure, the pioneer of systemic linguistics, declared the principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, challenging the very concept of systemicity. While embracing the system of arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, we acknowledge that not all words are motivated. Many words exist whose motivation remains undetermined with current etymological research. Thus, we recognize two perspectives on this issue: natural and conventional. Fundamentally, a linguistic sign is arbitrary, yet in contemporary synchronic analysis, it manifests a dual nature: both arbitrary and motivated. It is important to discern which principle dominates in each instance of nomination. In any specific nominative act, a certain characteristic of the denoted object is selected as the basis of the nomination, and in this critical moment, the nomination is motivated rather than arbitrary. Often, the selection of this particular characteristic might be random, highlighting the nomination’s arbitrariness, or its lack of motivation. Phonetic symbolism embodies a regular, non-arbitrary connection, phonetically driven, between the phonemes of a word and the non-acoustic attribute of the denotate that forms the basis of its nomination. Phonetic semantics is a natural spontaneous connection between the phonemes of a word and the non-sound characteristic of the denonation, which serves as the basis for nomination. Scientific research aims to consider the studied phenomenon in two aspects of its manifestation: oh the one hand, phonetic semantics has a statistical character, on the other hand it is psychophysiological process based on synaesthesia, syntenemia and kinematics. Research materials are offered on the examples of Germanic and Slavic languages, which are a demonstration and confirmation of the truth of the investigation. The chronology of scientific facts about the functioning of phonetic semantics allows us to come to the conclusion that this linguistic phenomenon was developed at the early stages of the formation of languages and is in constant dynamics and processes that are regular and dynamic significantly affect the relationship between the occurrence and meaning of lexical units over time, which is evidenced by the linguistic transformations of the lexical endowment of different system languages.
The development of domain-specific languages (DSLs) is a laborious and iterative process that seems to naturally lean to the use of generative artificial intelligence. We design and prototype DSL Assistant, a tool that integrates generative language models to support the development of DSLs. DSL Assistant uses OpenAI's assistant API with GPT-4o to generate DSL grammars and example instances. To reflect real-world use, DSL Assistant supports several different interaction modes for evolving a DSL design, and includes automatic error repair. Our experiments show that DSL Assistant helps users to create and modify DSLs. However, the quality of the generated DSLs depends on the specific domain and the followed interaction patterns.
Hierarchical graph rewriting is a highly expressive computational formalism that manipulates graphs enhanced with box structures for representing hierarchies. It has provided the foundations of various graph-based modeling tools, but the design of high-level declarative languages based on hierarchical graph rewriting is still a challenge. For a solid design choice, well-established formalisms with backgrounds other than graph rewriting would provide useful guidelines. Proof nets of Multiplicative Exponential Linear Logic (MELL) is such a framework because its original formulation of cut elimination is essentially graph rewriting involving box structures, where so-called Promotion Boxes with an indefinite number of non-local edges may be cloned, migrated and deleted. This work builds on LMNtal as a declarative language based on hierarchical (port) graph rewriting, and discusses how it can be extended to support the above operations on Promotion Boxes of MELL proof nets. LMNtal thus extended turns out to be a practical graph rewriting language that has strong affinity with MELL proof nets. The language features provided are general enough to encode other well-established models of concurrency. Using the toolchain of LMNtal that provides state-space search and model checking, we implemented cut elimination rules of MELL proof nets in extended LMNtal and demonstrated that the platform could serve as a useful workbench for proof nets.
Denne studien undersøker to aspekter ved intonasjonen hos elleve nybegynnerstudenter i norsk (østnorsk). Det ene aspektet er melodien i aksentfrasen, og spesielt om talerne har tilegnet seg leksikalske toneaksenter (tonem/tonelag). Det andre er interaksjonen mellom leksikalsk toneaksent og intonasjon på setningsnivå, her illustrert med setninger med snevert fokus. Jeg finner at de tre informantene som har snakket norsk lengst (4, 11 og 15 måneder), skiller mellom aksent (tonem/tonelag) 1 og 2 med nærmest førstespråkslik presisjon, og at de resterende åtte (som alle har snakket norsk i 3 måneder) nesten konsekvent bruker én aksentmelodi som normalt likner på aksent 1 i østnorsk. Jeg argumenterer for at tilegnelse av de østnorske toneaksentene trolig har funnet sted hos flere av informantene, også de som kun anvender én aksentmelodi. I kontekstene med snevert fokus skiller derimot ingen av informantene mellom aksentene, og ingen anvender fokuseringsstrategier som likner på dem man finner hos førstespråkstalere. Til slutt diskuterer jeg hvilke implikasjoner disse funnene kan ha for undervisningspraksis. Jeg foreslår at det er grunn til å være mer optimistisk til eksplisitt undervisning i leksikalske toneaksenter enn det som har vært tradisjon, og at framstillingen i klasserommet bør omfatte flere setningstyper for å vise hvordan toneaksentene legger grunnlaget for det meste av norsk intonasjon.
Giovanni Sileno, Thomas van Binsbergen, Matteo Pascucci
et al.
Several solutions for specifying normative artefacts (norms, contracts, policies) in a computational processable way have been presented in the literature. Legal core ontologies have been proposed to systematize concepts and relationships relevant to normative reasoning. However, no solution amongst those has achieved general acceptance, and no common ground (representational, computational) has been identified enabling us to easily compare them. Yet, all these efforts share the same motivation of representing normative directives, therefore it is plausible that there may be a representational model encompassing all of them. This presentation will introduce DPCL, a domain-specific language (DSL) for specifying higher-level policies (including norms, contracts, etc.), centred on Hohfeld's framework of fundamental legal concepts. DPCL has to be seen primarily as a "template", i.e. as an informational model for architectural reference, rather than a fully-fledged formal language; it aims to make explicit the general requirements that should be expected in a language for norm specification. In this respect, it goes rather in the direction of legal core ontologies, but differently from those, our proposal aims to keep the character of a DSL, rather than a set of axioms in a logical framework: it is meant to be cross-compiled to underlying languages/tools adequate to the type of target application. We provide here an overview of some of the language features.
Since the advent of LISP, the fifth generation programming language has developed for decades. However, compared with the fourth generation programming language, the fifth generation programming language has not been widely used because of its obscure semantics, rigorous representation of problems, and limited inference ability. For this reason, COOL (Constraint and Object Ordered Language), a fifth generation programming language proposed in this paper, overcomes the problems of intuitive semantics, rigorous restrictions on handling problem conditions, and improves the inference ability of previous fifth generation programming languages. Specific improvements are as follows: First, COOL supports process-oriented and object-oriented for easy application in production projects; Second, COOL supports expression as function declaration and function return, which improves language affinity for mathematical formulas, and supports embedding function parameters into function name strings to make function naming closer to natural languages. Make mathematical problems easier to describe; Third, COOL introduces a weighting mechanism and accelerates the inference process through cumulative weighting. Fourth, COOL introduces the concepts of forward and reverse functions in programming so that computers can infer and execute problems with logical sequential constraints. Fifth, the computer can deduce the reverse solution process by using the forward solution process through the back-tracking algorithm and the dynamic programming algorithm, so that the computer can deduce the problem with time-sequential constraints. Sixth, the pre-execution step is introduced to separate the inference and function query process of the program from the execution process, so as to improve the execution speed of the program.
Fornaldarsagas or legendary sagas is an exemplary source to research the environment of Icelandic authors in the late Medieval time. They combine aspects of fiction writing, historical narrative, and folklore. The plots of these works had functioned in the memory a long time before reaching the pages of books. As a result of this, the meaning of these texts was constantly adapting to new conditions, leaving just some elements of the historic core. These aspects make Fornaldarsagas a valuable source for studying the collective memory and worldview of that time. In the current article, it was attempted to research the perception of Rus and Eastern Europe in the legendary sagas. We tried to reconstruct general conceptions and intellectual tendencies through the prism of the frontier images of these lands. As a result of involving Iceland in the sphere of influence of European culture, local scientists began to use ancient and European sources in constructing their historical narratives. When translating European treatises into their language, the Icelanders not only copied them but substantially supplemented them. Unlike European authors, who had too little empirical information, Icelanders inherited elements of memory from the Migration Period, Viking Age, and Rus-Scandinavian relations of X-XI centuries. Due to this combination of traditions, Eastern Europe received new images which absorbed the symbols of different times and cultures. An eloquent example of such symbiosis is the concept of Svíþjóð hin mikla. This term was supposed to be a translation of the ancient concept of Scythia but acquired a new meaning and turned the place into a «home of the Scandinavian gods». The idea of an Svíþjóð hin mikla became a mixture of ancient concepts and European interest in the East. At the same time, it was associated with Germanic episodes, that influenced the formation of the myth about the eastern origin of the Scandinavian gods. These ideas formed the literary canon, and the authors adhered to it when writing their works. These aspects of Icelandic writing help us better understand the intellectual environment and rethink the historicity of legendary sagas.
World War II and Hitler have brought severe consequences for many countries, as well as for Germany which started the war. The tragedy of the German people was often overshadowed by Hitler. The experienced economic crisis, the totalitarian regime of Hitler who came to power by election, and the outbreak of World War II dragged humanity into depression. The aim of the study is to examine Fallada’snovel Every Man Dies Alone by considering the historical, social and economic conditions in Germany during World War II. Concordantly, literary sociology has been chosen as the method to deal with the novel. The economic, psychological, and sociological conditions of people in wartime Germany were analysed in the study. In his novel, Fallada discussed the lives of little men, their struggles and rebellion against the order, as well as the deceivers, the corrupt people, the partisans, the non-partisans, the oppressed, and those who tried to kowtow to the system. By doing so, he brought social criticism to the period and examined people’s attitudes from different aspects using sarcastic language. In his novel, he portrayed the miseries, oppression, and the people who were subjected to disidentification and Nazification in Germany during the Second World War in accordance with the conditions of the period. The novel depicted the fight against the Nazi regime of a couple living in Berlin in the 1940s after their son’s death at war. Even though this couple aimed and struggled to raise awareness, their efforts failed because people were afraid to respond to their efforts as they were restrained by Nazi rule. This fear and oppression caused people to become alienated from themselves and remain silent, and therefore the guilty went unpunished.
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
La novela de Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929) de Alfred Döblin surge en una época y un espacio de enorme ebullición política y también de militancia sexo-disidente, el Berlín de la República de Weimar. Compuesta como un montaje de las voces de la gran ciudad, la novela deja ingresar muchas de las tensiones, discusiones y militancias de la época en torno a la disidencia sexual. Este artículo, en consecuencia, realiza un recorrido por esas representaciones sexo-disidentes en Berlin Alexanderplatz para pensarlas en tensión con la producción y reproducción de la masculinidad heterosexual. En contraste con esta efervescencia sexual del Berlín de los años veinte, me interesa también pensar la producción de las cisheteromasculinidades pensada a partir del concepto de homosociabildiad, fundamentalmente en de la relación entre los personajes de Franz y Reinhold. De esta forma, se puede vincular también este punto con la violencia y agresividad contra la mujer, muy marcada en la novela de Döblin, y, principalmente, con el intercambio de mujeres entre Franz y Reinhold.
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
Kiko Fernandez-Reyes, Isaac Oscar Gariano, James Noble
et al.
Dynamic languages like Erlang, Clojure, JavaScript, and E adopted data-race freedom by design. To enforce data-race freedom, these languages either deep copy objects during actor (thread) communication or proxy back to their owning thread. We present Dala, a simple programming model that ensures data-race freedom while supporting efficient inter-thread communication. Dala is a dynamic, concurrent, capability-based language that relies on three core capabilities: immutable values can be shared freely; isolated mutable objects can be transferred between threads but not aliased; local objects can be aliased within their owning thread but not dereferenced by other threads. Objects with capabilities can co-exist with unsafe objects, that are unchecked and may suffer data races, without compromising the safety of safe objects. We present a formal model of Dala, prove data race-freedom and state and prove a dynamic gradual guarantee. These theorems guarantee data race-freedom when using safe capabilities and show that the addition of capabilities is semantics preserving modulo permission and cast errors.
Context-free grammars are not able to model cross-serial dependencies in natural languages. To overcome this issue, Seki et al. introduced a generalization called $m$-multiple context-free grammars ($m$-MCFGs), which deal with $m$-tuples of strings. We show that $m$-MCFGs are capable of comparing the number of consecutive occurrences of at most $2m$ different letters. In particular, the language $\{a_1^{n_1} a_2^{n_2} \dots a_{k}^{n_{2m+1}} \mid n_1 \geq n_2 \geq \dots \geq n_{2m+1} \geq 0\}$ is $(m+1)$-multiple context-free, but not $m$-multiple context-free.
This paper aims to treat the latest novel TYLL by Daniel Kehlmann with an approach of literary studies as well as to make it didactically useful. With regard to the didactic approach, this contribution seeks to offer literary (recommended) instructions for its application in literature courses at university on the one hand and literary didactic tasks for the field of German as a foreign language on the other hand. These can be used from level B2 / C1 in different teaching and learning contexts, especially in adult education.
Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages, History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia
Automatic differentiation plays a prominent role in scientific computing and in modern machine learning, often in the context of powerful programming systems. The relation of the various embodiments of automatic differentiation to the mathematical notion of derivative is not always entirely clear---discrepancies can arise, sometimes inadvertently. In order to study automatic differentiation in such programming contexts, we define a small but expressive programming language that includes a construct for reverse-mode differentiation. We give operational and denotational semantics for this language. The operational semantics employs popular implementation techniques, while the denotational semantics employs notions of differentiation familiar from real analysis. We establish that these semantics coincide.