Hasil untuk "Finnic. Baltic-Finnic"

Karmen Juhkam, Eleriin Miilman

2024. aasta suvel esietendus rahvusvahelisel etenduskunstide festivalil Baltoscandal lavastus „KIBE!“ (idee autor ja lavastaja Robin Täpp), kus noored etenduskunstnikud võtsid vaatluse alla pulmade pidamise tausta, sisu ja tähenduse minevikus ning tänapäeval. Abielule ja armastusele esitati küsimusi selles samas pulma­ vormis: etendus algas laulatustega, millele järgnes joviaalne, seltskondlik ja üha tumenev pidu. Mängis bänd, peeti kõnesid, söödi rosoljet ja tervitati noorpaari. Tavadest, ootustest ja eelarvamustest tiine pulma sisse kuhjati halastamatult lisakihte – mõjusaid tsitaate kirjandusest, muusikast, visuaalkultuurist ja tegelikkusest, mis tipnes deliiriumiga. Artiklis analüüsime lavastust „KIBE!“ kui mitmekihilist teksti. Selleks määratleme, mis tekstidest lavastus koosnes ja mis võis nende tähendus olla. Samuti analüüsime, kuidas avaldusid lavastuses pulma kaks külge: pulm kui siirderiitus ja pulm kui kultuurietendus. Artiklis uurime, missugune suhe ja pinge tekstide vahel tekkis ning millist mõju see vastuvõtule avaldas. Abstract. Karmen Juhkam, Eleriin Miilman: til death do us part: ­ Rituals, love, and hope for happiness. In the summer of 2024, a ­ wedding took place at the international performance arts festival Baltoscandal in Rakvere, Estonia – but it was no ordinary wedding. KIBE! (conceived and directed by Robin Täpp) was a performative production in the form of a wedding, where young performance artists explored the traditions, ­ meanings, and transformations of marriage – past and present – through the rite of ­ passage itself. The audience witnessed two wedding ceremonies, enjoyed a festive ­ dinner filled with tradition, toasts, and joyful band music, with the atmosphere slowly shifting towards the unreal and unsettling. Thoughts of doubt start appearing through quotes from literature, visual culture and music, culmi­ nating in a state of delirium. This article analyses KIBE! as a multilayered text, primarily ­ focusing on how the different texts interact and create new ­ meanings. In addition, the analysis will focus on the double framing of KIBE! as a performance and as a wedding that in itself is a rite of passage and a cultural performance.

Maria Ovsjannikova, Fedor Rozhanskiy

This introductory paper presents the context and current challenges of Uralic syntactic studies. The brief summary of seven selected papers from the SOUL-4 conference published in the present issue is followed by an overview of six topics from the domain of Uralic syntax, namely: differential object marking; object agreement; impersonal constructions; the syntax of minor parts of speech; subordination and nonfinite predication; and possessive constructions. The aim of this overview is to show how intricate and, in some ways, how unfamiliar Uralic syntax looks from the Standard Average European perspective and how many issues still await further study. Kokkuvõte. Maria Ovsjannikova, Fedor Rozhanskiy: Uraali keelte süntaks: põhiomadused ja väljakutsed. Sissejuhatus. See sissejuhatav artikkel tutvustab Uurali süntaktiliste uuringute konteksti ja praeguseid väljakutseid. Esmalt tehakse lühikokkuvõte seitsmest SOUL-4 konverentsil ette kantud käesolevasse numbrisse valitud artiklist, millele järgneb ülevaade kuuest Uurali süntaksi valdkonna teemast, nimelt: diferentseeritud objekti markeerimine, objekti ühildumine, impersonaalsed konstruktsioonid, abisõnade süntaks, alistusseos ja mittefiniitne predikatsioon ning omastavate konstruktsioonide süntaks. Käesoleva ülevaate eesmärk on näidata, kui keeruline ja mitmes mõttes võõras on Uurali süntaks Euroopa keskmise standardi perspektiivist ning kui palju küsimusi ootab veel edasist uurimist.

Helin Puksand, Kerli Haav, Elika Klettenberg

Tänapäevane maailm on täis tekste, mistõttu on teksti mõistmine üks olulisemaid oskusi igapäevaelus hakkama saamiseks. Tekstist arusaamine ei tohi sõltuda selle esitusviisist, nii et kuulamis- ja lugemisoskus on võrdselt olulised. Võõrkeeleõppes on kuulamistekstist arusaamine oluliselt keerulisem võrreldes loetava teksti mõistmisega, kuid emakeeles on seni teksti mõistmist lugemisel ja kuulamisel võrdlevalt suhteliselt vähe uuritud. Artikkel annab ülevaate uuringust, milles sooviti teada saada, kas 4. klassi õpilased mõistavad teksti paremini kuulates või lugedes. Uuringus osales 46 õpilast, kellel kontrolliti tekstist arusaamist nii lugemis- kui ka kuulamisülesandega. Tulemustest selgus, et 4. klassi õpilased mõistsid teksti paremini kuulates. Ka nõrga lugemisoskusega õpilased sooritasid kuulamisülesandeid paremini kui lugemisülesandeid. *** Text comprehension of 4th-grade students by reading and listening The modern information society has led to an overabundance of oral and written texts. However, along with technological development, literacy has also changed: in addition to paper books, numerous online materials are used to access information requiring reading, listening, and viewing skills. (Castek 2016: 212) Therefore, understanding diverse texts is important both for coping with social life and for achieving personal goals (OECD 2019: 28). Difficulties in text comprehension can be one of the causes of learning difficulties and academic failure (Cain 2010: 114, Pedaste et al. 2019: 131). To prevent learning difficulties, it is important to develop students’ text comprehension skills equally in listening and reading. The article looks for the answers to whether the 4th-grade students understand the meaning of text more by reading or listening, and if one skill is more or less developed, what is the level of the other skill. The study included 46 students whose text comprehension was tested with listening and reading tasks. The results indicated that 4th-grade students had a better understanding of the information in the listening text. The outcome showed that compared to listening more students got low (less than 50%) test results in reading. The weak readers are not poor listeners. The results showed that poor readers had significantly higher listening test results, some of them had even excellent results. There were few students with poor listening test results, whose reading test results were even lower, indicating they might have more severe learning difficulties. The reading ability of students with good listening skills was not equally good: Half of the students with a high score on the listening test had an average or even low reading score. Good readers had a high or average listening score. This shows that different part-skills do not develop evenly, which is why it is important to deal with all part-skills in school (Kline 1996: 7–8). 4th-grade students have a higher understanding of the listening text, so it would be essential to pay more attention to the teaching of reading strategies. Teachers should remember that a poor reader is not a poor listener. The development of listening skills should not be forgotten in lower secondary school.

Helen Hint, Piia Taremaa, Maria Reile et al.

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis analüüsime eesti keele demonstratiivide referentsiaalseid omadusi sellistes konstruktsioonides, kus demonstratiivid kuuluvad definiitse määratlejana nimisõnafraasi koosseisu. Otsime vastust küsimusele, mille poolest erinevad demonstratiivadverb (nt siin, seal) ning demonstratiivpronoomen (see, too), kui need esinevad määratlejana koos kohakäändes nimisõnafraasiga (vrd siin koolis ja selles koolis). Oleme püstitanud hüpoteesi, et demonstratiivadverbid seostuvad ruumitähendust väljendavate substantiividega, demonstratiivpronoomenid esinevad aga nende substantiividega, mille referent on mitteruumiline. Uurimuse andmestik pärineb 2017. aasta eesti keele ühendkorpusest, kust oleme võtnud 100 lauset iga demonstratiivi kohta igas kohakäändes, seega kokku 2400 lauset. Materjali analüüsime kvantitatiivselt (tingimuslike otsustuspuude ja juhumetsadega) ning kvalitatiivselt. Uurimuse tulemused kinnitavad, et substantiivi semantilised omadused, täpsemalt substantiivi semantiline klass ning konkreetsus, on seotud määratleja valikuga. Kohatähenduses substantiividega esineb määratlejana sagedamini demonstratiivadverb, mittekoha tähenduses substantiivide määratlejana kasutatakse aga demonstratiivpronoomenit. Mittekohta tähistavate substantiivide korral mõjutab määratleja valikut omakorda sõna konkreetsus. Seega on võimalik demonstratiivseid määratlejaid eesti keeles kasutada referenti looval viisil. Abstract. Helen Hint, Piia Taremaa, Maria Reile, Renate Pajusalu: Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs as determiners in Estonian: why are we in “here world” in “this situation”? We investigate the variation of definite determiner constructions in Estonian: noun phrases with a demonstrative pronoun (see ‘this’, too ‘that’) or demonstrative adverb (siin ‘here’, seal ‘there’) as a determiner are contrasted. The question is what differentiates the use of a demonstrative pronoun and a demonstrative adverb if used in a determiner position in an NP. The data from Estonian National Corpus 2017 were tagged for semantic class of a noun, noun concreteness, and verb type. We collected 100 clauses for each sub-construction (six spatial cases crossed with four determiner forms), 2400 clauses in total. For statistical analysis, we used conditional random forests and inference trees. We show that nouns expressing spatial meaning prefer demonstrative adverbs as determiners, while non-spatial nouns combine with demonstrative pronouns. Spatiality-wise polysemous nouns exhibit more varied preferences. Adverbial determiners are more probably used with concrete nouns, and abstract nouns co-occur with pronominals. Overall, the frequency of demonstrative adverbs as NP attributes confirms that demonstrative adverbs are productive determiners in Estonian.

Kairi Janson

On veebi- ehk klõpsumeedia ajastu. Reklaamitulu nimel on ajakirjanikud hakanud koostama pealkirju, mille tagamõte on püüda lugeja tähelepanu ja ärgitada teda pealkirjale klõpsama. Selline pealkiri võib olla eksitav ja lugeja ootusi petta. Siinse artikli keskmes on lünkpealkirjad: sellised klõpsulõksu-pealkirjad, mida ei saa ilma kontekstita täielikult tõlgendada. Analüüsitakse meelelahutusportaali Elu24 pealkirju aastatel 2008, 2013 ja 2018. Tulemustele antakse võimalikud põhjendused portaali pikaajalise ajakirjaniku intervjuu põhjal. Ilmneb, et lünkpealkirju esines enim 2013. aasta valimis, kuigi osakaal jäi samasse suurusjärku ka aastal 2018. Peamiselt luuakse lünkpealkirju üldise tähendusega nimisõna- ja kvantorifraaside ning küsi- ja käsklausetega, vähem ka hüüdlausete ning ase- ja asemäärsõnadega. Mõnikord on lünk pealkirja loodud mitme keelevahendi koosmõjul. *** "Forward-reference headlines as clickbait in Estonian online media" The era of online click media has begun. Journalists are creating clickbait headlines, which aim at catching readers’ attention and making them want to click on the headline. This kind of headlines can be misleading and not live up to the readers’ expectations. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the kind of clickbait headlines that cannot completely be interpreted without context: forwardreferencing headlines. Headlines from the entertainment portal Elu24’s from 2008, 2013 and 2018 were analyzed. The results indicate that the headlines of 2013 contained the most forward-reference, although 2018 was not far behind. Mostly, nouns and quantifiers as well as interrogative and imperative sentences were used for creating forward-reference. Pronouns and proadverbs and exclamatory sentences were used less. In some cases, the reference was created by multiple linguistic tools at once. An interview with a long-time Elu24 journalist helped explain the results.

Enikő

The Finns living in the Torne/ Tornio Valley were cut off from the Finns in Finland in 1809, when Sweden lost the territory of Finland in favor of Russia. Since then, the Tornedalian Finns have become the victims of a definite assimilation policy. Today their language, Meänkieli, is a minority language officially acknowledged in Sweden, but it is an endangered language nowadays, as well. One of the most important factors which led to the endangered status of Meänkieli was the systematic assimilation policy of the 19th and the 20th century Sweden. One of the main aims of its representatives was to lead language minorities to the path of modernization, offering them the acquisition of majority languages instead of their minority mother tongues. In my study, I am looking for an answer to the question of how modernization affected the Tornedalian Meänkieli-speaking community in Northern Sweden during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, as reflected in some feuilletons written by the well-known Meänkieli writer Bengt Pohjanen. My research is based on the relational interpretation of history, culture, literature, and language identity.

Heli Laanekask

Kujunes traditsioon, et neis Soome ülikoolides, kus soome keelt õpetatakse peaainena, kuulub eesti keel õppekavasse lähisugulaskeelena; lektoriteks on enamasti olnud eestlastest õppejõud. Aastal 1958 rajatud Oulu ülikoolis alustati soome keele peaainega 1966. a, eesti keele lektori ametikoht kinnitati alates 1.9.1967. Oulus otsustati lektor hankida Eestist (mujal Soome ülikoolides olid eesti keele lektoriteks kas enne Teist maailmasõda või sõjakeerises Soome asunud eestlased). Bürokraatlike ja ideoloogiliste takistuste kiuste hakati mujalegi Soome ülikoolidesse kutsuma lektoreid Eestist. Nõukogude Liit lubas eesti lektoreid Soome vaid üheks-kaheks, hiljem kolmeks-neljaks õppeaastaks. Okupatsioonist vabanenud Eestist valiti Oulu ülikooli uus eesti keele lektor 1992. aastal ametisse juba tavapärase konkursi korras. Kokku on aastatel 1967–2016 Oulus eesti keele lektorina töötanud 15 õppejõudu, neist kaheksa Tartu ülikoolist ja neli Tallinna pedagoogilisest instituudist. Esialgsesse õppekavva kuulusid eesti keele alg-, järg- ja vestluskursus ning eesti kirjanduse kursus. 1987. aastal sai eesti keel ja kultuur Oulus kõrvalaineks (võimalik sooritada alamastme õpingud, 1997. aastast ka keskastme õpingud). Külalisõppejõududena on Oulus esinenud tuntud Eesti haritlasi; õpetust on toetanud mh ka Eesti haridus- ja teadusministeerium. Oulu eesti keele lektorid on aktiivselt osalenud rahvusvahelises teadustöös ja eesti-soome kultuurivahetuses ning aidanud luua positiivset Eesti-kuvandit Soomes ja Soome-kuvandit Eestis. Eesti keele ja kultuuri kõrvalaine õpetamine lõpetati Oulu ülikoolis (nagu mitmes Soome ülikoolis varem) rahapuuduse tõttu. 2014. aasta sügissemestrist töötab Oulus eesti ja soome keele lektor, kes lisaks soome keele ainetele õpetab ka eesti keele alg- ja järgkursust. Tasapisi on eesti keele ja kultuuri õpetus taas laienemas. *** On teaching of the Estonian language and culture at the University of Oulu It is an established tradition that in Finnish universities where the Finnish language is taught as a main subject, the Estonian language belongs to the curriculum as a closely related language; the lecturers have mostly been Estonians. At the University of Oulu, founded in 1958, teaching of the Finnish language as the main subject began in 1966, the position of the lecturer of the Estonian language was established on 1 September 1967. In Oulu, a decision was made to invite the lecturer from Estonia; at other Finnish universities, the lecturers were Estonians who had settled in Finland before or during World War II. The Soviet Union allowed the Estonian lecturers to work in Finland only for one or two, later for three or four academic years. Despite bureaucratic and ideological obstacles, other Finnish universities also began to invite lecturers from Estonia. After the liberation of Estonia from the Soviet occupation, the new lecturer of the Estonian language was elected in 1992 by regular contest. In total, 15 people have worked as lecturers of Estonian in Oulu from 1967–2016 – eight of them from the University of Tartu and four from Tallinn Pedagogical Institute. The original curriculum included an introduction to Estonian, an intermediate course, a conversational course and a course of Estonian literature. In 1987, the Estonian language and culture became a subsidiary subject in Oulu, it was possible to take basic studies, from 1997 intermediate studies. Well-known Estonian intellectuals were invited to Oulu as visiting lecturers; teaching was also supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. The Estonian lecturers in Oulu have actively participated in international research and Estonian-Finnish cultural exchange and contributed to the positive image of Estonia in Finland and of Finland in Estonia. Teaching of the Estonian language and culture at the University of Oulu as a subsidiary subject (like in several Finnish universities earlier) was stopped because of shortage of finances. From the autumn semester of 2014, the University of Oulu employs a lecturer of Estonian and Finnish who, in addition to Finnish language subjects, teaches the introduction to Estonian and intermediate Estonian. Slowly, the teaching of the Estonian language and culture at the University of Oulu is broadening again.

Ingrid Rüütel

The article discusses folk songs in Virumaa region, starting from their earliest forms until today. Like Estonian folk songs in general, folk songs in Virumaa are also divided into two main historic-stylistic layers: the ancient or runo verse (in Finland usually called Kalevala-metric or runosong) and the newer or end-rhymed folk songs. The former is a unique cultural phenomenon, the poetic-musical style of which is known only at Baltic-Finnic peoples, whereas the latter, by their form and music, are close to the folk songs of European peoples in the past few centuries. Between the two, there is a smaller group of so-called transitional folk songs. Virumaa region is part of the northern Estonian linguistic and cultural area, which also covers western Estonia and the islands, and which can be regarded as the cradle of ancient classical Estonian culture. This was the region of the earliest permanent farming as well as transfer to cultivating economy, which brought about sedentary settlement, the formation of the oldest Estonian villages and patriarchal extended family. It was probably here that in the last millennium B.C. – in the later development stage of the Proto-Baltic-Finnic language – the (Kalevala-metric) runo verse folk song was born, which spread all over Estonia and also to other Baltic-Finnic peoples. The oldest types of Estonian runosong (regilaul) are thought to have emerged in northern Estonia. Connection with the historical tradition of the region has persisted until today. In recent years the creation of new modern runosongs has gained impetus. Although the purity of form often leaves to be desired, they are a living proof of the vitality of the runo verse.

Aleksei Kelli, Kadri Vider, Heiki Pisuke et al.

"Regulatory framework determining the development and utilization of digital language resources in Estonia and its compatibility with CLARIN infrastructure" The article focuses on legal issues relating to language resources. These issues are analyzed throughout the process of the creation of language resources and their subsequent distribution. Language resources can be defined as copyright protected databases, which are governed by two tiers of rights: 1) rights in material used to create the database and 2) rights in this database. The creation of language resources can be subject to two models: 1) the contract model and 2) the exception model. Both models have their advantages and disadvantages. The models are analyzed in the light of developments at the EU level. Before language resources can be distributed, it is necessary to transfer copyright covering resources to a partner of the Center of Estonian Language Resources. The rights are transferred within employment or contractually. For this purpose, CLARIN deposition license agreement templates have been developed. Before end users can access language resources they have to accept CLARIN Terms of Service. The scope of the article is not confined to the explanation of CLARIN agreement templates. The article also highlights the latest amendments to these templates.

Kristi Salve

The article searches for an answer to the question whether Estonian runic songs contain references to Livonians. Using the materials from the database of Estonian runic songs, the article observes some names of countries, rivers and towns. The name of Courland proved to be extremely popular; it appears, however, in very different contexts. Thus, concrete place names have been used as generalisations for distant lands. Among town names, both Riga and Võnnu (Latv. Cēsis) are obviously centres of the Teutonic Order like the Estonian towns mentioned in parallel verses. As hydronyms are generally ancient, the names of rivers (Salatsi, Latv. Salaca; Koiva, Latv. Gauja; Väina, Latv. Daugava) proved to be the most interesting. First, their distribution area is concrete and expressive: The Salatsi is known in South-West Estonia, the Väina in South-East Estonia. The Koiva is like a connecting link, as it appears as the parallel word of both the Salatsi and the Väina. The names of these three rivers have been used in clearly mythical songs where they denote dangerous places connected with the otherworld. Kokkuvõte. Kristi Salve: Salaja Salatsi kaudu: Eesti regilaulude kohanimed, mis on seotud liivlaste asualadega. Artikkel otsib vastust küsimusele, kas eesti regilauludes leidub viiteid liivlastele. Kasutades eesti regilaulude andmebaasi, jälgitakse artiklis mõningaid maade, jõgede ja linnade nimesid. Kuramaa nimetus osutub väga populaarseks; see ilmneb siiski erinevates kontekstides, mis on sageli määratud alliteratsiooni poolt. Linnanimede hulgas on Riia äärmiselt sage. Kuna hüdronüümid on üldiselt iidsed, on ka jõenimede (Salatsi, läti Salaca; Koiva, läti Gauja; Väina, läti Daugava) esinemus eriti huvitav. Esiteks on nende levikuala kindlapiiriline ja tähenduslik: Salatsi on tuntud Edela-Eestis, Väina Kagu-Eestis. Koiva on nagu ühenduslüli, sest see ilmneb paralleelsõnana nii Salatsi kui ka Väina puhul. Väina ja Koiva vasteks paralleelvärsides võib olla Narva jõgi ja meri; kõik need on isikustatud. Märksõnad: eesti keel, liivi keel, regilaulud, ajalooline onomastika, kohanimed Kubbõvõttõks. Kristi Salve: Salliz Salāts kouți: Līvõ kūožnimūd ēsti vaņīmis ro’vlōlis. Kēra vȯtšūb vastõkst kizzimizõn või ēsti vaņīmis ro’vlōlis um tǟtõkši iļ līvlizt. Ēsti vaņīmist rovlōlõd dattõdbǭzõ kȭlbatõs kēras sǭbõd vaņțõltõd mǭd, jougūd ja jālgabõd mingizt nimūd. Kurmǭ’ nim um väggi populār, kuigid se tulāb jeddõ ädsmingižis kontekstis, mis saggõld attõ lõvdõd alliteratsijst. Jālgabõd nimīst ātõ Riia ‘Rīgõ’ ja Võnnu (lețkīel Cēsis) ī’žkiz sagdizt. Ku viedkubūd nimūd iļamīņ attõ väggi vanād, siz ka jougūd nimūd (Salatsi ‘Salāts’, lețkīel Salaca; Koiva lețkīel Gauja; Väina ‘Vēna’, lețkīel Daugava) īžkiz interesant. Salatsi um tundtõd Lǟnd Ēstimǭl, Väina Lȭinag Ēstimǭl, Koiva um neiku ītõbpǭsmõz, ku se um parālelsõnāks nei Salatsi kui Väina jūs. Nänt kuolm joug nimīdi um kȭlbatõd sieldõ mītiližis lōlis kus ne ātõ tuoiz īlmaks sidtõd kārtabizt kūožõd.

Renate Pajusalu

The paper deals with the changes occurring in the system of demonstratives and personal pronouns in the Võro language, the present-day variety of the South Estonian Võru dialect. In the Võro language the third person pronoun is timä/tä and there are three demonstrative pronouns (sjoo~seo, taa, and tuu) and three series of demonstrative adverbs (siin:siia:siit; taha:tan:tast; sinna:seal:sealt) are in use. The data for the study come from the newspaper Uma Leht (2012–2014) and mini-series produced by Estonian Public Broadcasting in 2011. The data show that the former addressee-centered system of South Estonian demonstratives has disappeared. At the same time, the language has retained all of the pronouns, although their frequency and context of use differs in the written and the spoken data.

Gerson Klumpp, Ritva Laury, Renate Pajusalu

Preface to the special issue on referential devices in Uralic languages

Eleri Aedmaa

Artiklis võrdlen sõnadevahelise seose tugevuse mõõtmise statistilisi meetodeid, mida kasutatakse arvutilingvistikas püsiühendite tuvastamiseks. Töö põhieesmärk on rakendada viit sümmeetrilist statistikut – t-skoori, vastastikuse informatsiooni väärtust, hii-ruut-statistikut, log-tõepära funktsiooni ja minimaalset tundlikkust – erineva suurusega korpuste peal ja välja selgitada, milline meetod töötab eesti keele ühendverbide automaatsel tuvastamisel kõige paremini. Teine suurem eesmärk on katsetulemuste põhjal uurida, milline on korpuse suuruse mõju statistikute tööle. Lisaks palju testitud nimetatud sümmeetrilistele statistikutele rakendan psühholoogiliselt paremini põhjendatud asümmeetrilisi statistikuid ning toon välja nende eelised sümmeetriliste statistikute ees.

Ene Alas, Suliko Liiv

The article investigates the training needs for the English language national examination interviewers and raters in Estonia in light of the new national examination that is set to measure students’ proficiency at level B of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (henceforth CEFR) scale. A questionnaire study was designed to explore CEFR-related assessment literacy – the extent to which the target population employed the CEFR in their daily professional life, how accessible they felt the CEFR was for their professional needs and if they thought they could accurately place students on the CEFR levels. Additionally, the respondents assigned CEFR can do statements to the levels deemed appropriate. The results revealed ambiguity about the CEFR levels among the respondents, which lead the authors to propose a training sequence designed to empower the interviewers and raters to function more efficiently within the new national examination speaking test in Estonia.

Roman Gaidamaško

The current article is a brief review of the Finno-Ugric substrate appellatives in the Russian dialects of the Upper Kama. Special attention is paid to the identification and differentiation of the substrate types (viz. living or extinct Finno-Ugric dialects) along with its relative chronology. A new tentative etymology is proposed for some Russian dialectal words.

Kari Alenius

The unrestricted movement of EU citizens from one country to another has been one of the fundamental principles of the Union. On the other hand, this issue has also attracted criticism, particularly from the radical right and so-called populist parties, or the supporters of these movements. Part of the population of Europe regards immigration and the unrestricted movement of people as a threat to the stability and prosperity of their own society. Through these critical perspectives, permanent immigration is viewed as a larger problem, as its effects on the host countries are more permanent than in the case of temporary residence. Through the same perspectives, the short-term but uncontrolled stay of foreigners is often linked to crime. This study concentrates on what kind of image a significant part of the Finnish media has given of a recent case of the foreigners that have attracted large attention in the country.

Ilmari Ivaska

Clause type -based approach is a common framework in the studies of the syntax of learner language. The advantages of this approach include its comprehensibility, pedagogical applicability and its adaptability in terms of the natural acquisition theories of language, such as different usaga-based models. This paper discusses the clause types of learner Finnish and the phenomenon of mixing up features of several clause types in one actual sentence. The phenomenon of mixing up the features of different clause types is typical in native-speakers’ Finnish but is also a source of unidiomatic structures of learner Finnish. The existential sentence of Finnish serves as basis for this observation.

Kristiina Praakli, Ingrid Rummo, Silvi Tenjes

<p>Artiklis käsitletakse inimese suhtluse uurimist reaalses situatsioonis ning esitatakse multimodaalse suhtluse analüüs, milles näidatakse, kuidas suuline keel ehk kõnekeel üksi ei suuda kommunikatiivset tähendust esitada. Kommunikatiivsesse situatsiooni kui sotsiaalsesse tegevusse kuuluvad peale suhtlejate kõnekeele ka pilk, käeliigutus ning situatsioon tervikuna. Analüüs toob esile olulised inimese suhtlusmodaalsused.</p> <p>Artiklis võrreldakse peamiselt sotsioloogide poolt läbiviidud uuringuid, mida nimetatakse konversatsioonianalüüsiks ehk vestlusanalüüsiks, ning lingvistide käsitletud diskursusuuringuid. Kui vestlusanalüüs on uurimismeetod, mis lubab suhtlus- ja käitumissituatsioone analüüsida, siis diskursusanalüüsi võib käsitleda uurimisvaldkonnana.</p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa5.18

Reet Kasik

Vaatlen artiklis ametikirjade koostamise tekstilisi põhimõtteid ja analüüsin selle taustal üht konkreetset ametiasutusest kodanikule saadetud kirja. Jälgin kirjas avalduvaid võimuvahekordi ja arutlen valitud keelekasutuse sotsiaalsete põhjuste üle. Analüüsi teoreetiliseks raamistikuks on funktsionaalne grammatika ja arusaam tekstist kui keeleliste valikute kogumist (vt nt Halliday 1994), metoodiliseks aluseks kriitiline tekstianalüüs (vt nt Fairclough 1995). Artikli eesmärgiks on osutada keele tähtsusele võimuvahekordade kujundamisel, säilitamisel ja muutmisel ning näidata, kuidas keel toetab mõnede inimeste (ja nende kaudu institutsioonide) domineerimist teiste üle.

Silvi Tenjes