Melinda R. Snodgrass, Catherine Corr, Jisun R. Oh
et al.
The field of special education has privileged positivistic paradigms and, consequently, has underutilized qualitative methods. For those skeptical of this claim or curious about its accuracy, the purpose of this literature review was to: (a) understand the prevalence of qualitative methods within the broader context of the research methods published in top special education journals and (b) compare quantitative and qualitative features of the qualitative research published in those journals. Using a positivistic lens historically privileged in special education, we demonstrate in this review that quantitative methods remain the most prevalent method in special education research and that quantitative ways of knowing often infiltrate qualitative research in top special education journals. Thus, rather than solely focusing on increasing the diversity of methods used, the more impactful and pressing need is to increase the diversity of thought (i.e., paradigms) represented in the researchers, reviewers, editors, and gatekeepers that determine the paradigms that are present and privileged in special education research.
Dear Authors and Readers,The closing issue of “Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości” (ZTR, “The Theoretical Journal of Accounting”) for 2025, vol. 49, number 4, once again provides an engaging and multidimensional review of contemporary research trends in accounting. This Special Issue, titled Contemporary challenges, conditions and directions of development of accounting, gathers 13 studies that explore the ongoing transformation of the accounting discipline driven by technological advancements, sustainability demands, and evolving expectations from professionals and educators. The featured articles reflect a diverse range of approaches, from theoretical modelling and comparative analysis to bibliometric synthesis and empirical evaluation, offering a comprehensive perspective on the accounting field as it advances into a new digital and regulatory era.At the intersection of behavioural finance and accounting communication, Adeel Ali Qureshi and Mateusz Lemańczyk present a comprehensive literature review in their paper Attention metrics and stock market reactions to accounting events: A literature review. By combining bibliometric analysis with the TCCM frame- work, they investigate how investor attention, measured by media coverage, online search activity, and textual complexity, influences market reactions to accounting disclosures. Their findings highlight the increasing significance of behavioural insights and data analytics in understanding how financial information is perceived, processed, and priced.The paper by Mateja Brozović, Sanja Sever Mališ, and Dominik Piršić, titled Financial accounting analysis of leverage and profitability: Evidence from Croatian SMEs, expands the discussion to corporate financial performance. Using key financial ratios from small and medium-sized enterprises in Croatia, the authors analyse the relationship between leverage and profitability, providing empirical evidence that enhances understanding of the financial resilience and risk structures of SMEs, a vital yet often overlooked segment of the European economy.Renáta Hornická and Renáta Pakšiová examine the development of non-financial disclosure in their paper Scope of sustainability reporting in the largest companies in Slovakia in 2017 and 2022. By analysing textual data from the annual and sustainability reports of major Slovak firms, they document a noticeable growth in the scope and depth of ESG reporting following the introduction of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive. Their findings offer timely insight into how regulatory pressure drives increased corporate accountability and the institutionalisation of sustainability reporting in Central and Eastern Europe.A broader institutional and regulatory perspective on sustainability assurance is examined by Tanja Laković, Daniel Zdolšek, and Milica Vukčević in their paper Development of the regulatory framework for sustainability assurance: A comparative analysis of the transition from NFRD to CSRD in Slovenia and Montenegro. This comparative study highlights the challenges and opportunities of implementing the new EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive in Montenegro, a non-EU member state. It highlights differences in readiness and institutional adaptation between EU member and candidate countries.From a theoretical perspective, Serhii Lehenchuk and Viktoriia Makarovych offer an innovative conceptual discussion in Theoretical foundations of accounting for intellectual investment property: Towards standard setting. Their paper develops a framework for recognising and measuring intellectual investment property, bridging gaps between traditional accounting and emerging forms of intangible capital. By proposing theoretical principles for potential standardisation, the study adds a significant perspective to debates on accounting for knowledge-based assets in the digital economy.The linguistic and communicative aspects of accountability are examined in Raili Lilo, Elina Paemurru, and Ülle Pärl’s paper, Accountability through linguistic features: A holistic theoretical framework for sustainability reports. Through a meta- -analysis of previous empirical studies, the authors incorporate insights from legitimacy, stakeholder, signalling, and institutional theories to illustrate how language can both promote and conceal accountability in sustainability reporting. Their comprehensive framework offers a valuable basis for analysing how textual choices such as tone, clarity, and structure can influence stakeholders’ perceptions of corporate responsibility and transparency.The public sector perspective is presented by Diana Papradanova and Ventsislav Vechev in their paper An evaluation of the accounting model for reporting public sector entities’ revenues in Bulgaria in the context of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. The authors carry out a detailed comparative analysis of Bulgarian regulations and IPSAS provisions, highlighting conceptual differences and gaps that impede transparency and comparability. Their findings offer practical recommendations for aligning public-sector accounting practices with international standards and fiscal accountability principles.The human factor and digital transformation in accounting are central themes in Katarzyna Prędkiewicz and Krzysztof Biegun’s article, Factors that influence accountants’ acceptance of Artificial Intelligence: An extended Technology Acceptance Model, which incorporates technology anxiety and experience. The authors empirically expand the Technology Acceptance Model by including variables related to technological anxiety and professional experience, offering fresh insights into how accountants view, accept, and adopt AI tools in their work. Their findings emphasise both the opportunities and psychological barriers in the move towards automation and intelligent systems in accounting practice.The contribution by Ana Rep Romić, Marzena Remlein, and Sanja Sever Mališ, titled Information technology in accounting education: A bibliometric-systematic literature review (2006–2025), focuses on the intersection of pedagogy and digitalisation. Drawing on a bibliometric and systematic literature review spanning two decades of research, the authors map global trends in the integration of IT into accounting education. Their study identifies emerging competencies, evolving educational technologies, and the changing role of educators in developing digitally literate accounting professionals capable of responding to sustainability and AI-driven challenges.Kristina Rudžionienė, Aušrinė Tamulevičiūtė, and Aurelija Kustienė’s study, The relationship between CSR and earnings management in Lithuanian listed companies, explores how sustainability efforts relate to financial behaviour in a small, transitional economy. Contrary to prior expectations, their results indicate a positive link between corporate social responsibility and both accrual- and real-activity earnings management. This surprising outcome suggests that, in some cases, CSR initiatives might be strategically used to hide opportunistic actions. The study offers new empirical insights into ethical authenticity and transparency in financial reporting across Central and Eastern Europe.The intersection of family business and accounting research is explored in Amin Soheili’s paper Family business and accounting research: A structured literature review. Through a systematic review of seventy peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2024, the author maps the theoretical and methodological development of accounting research within family business contexts. Using a SWOT framework, the study highlights the underrepresentation of socioemotional and qualitative dimensions. The review advocates a broader investigation into private and emerging-market family firms, emphasising the need for interdisciplinary approaches that account for the behavioural and relational dynamics of family-owned enterprises.Gintarė Špogienė, Daiva Tamulevičienė, and Kristina Rudžionienė analyse five leading Lithuanian retail chains in their paper Integrating corporate social responsibility into internal decision-making in leading retail chains in Lithuania: A responsibility accounting perspectiveThey highlight a gap between publicly disclosed CSR and the information that genuinely influences managerial decisions. To reduce “informational noise” and enhance accountability, they suggest adapting responsibility accounting and reporting (RAR) to incorporate stakeholder-impact assessment and to categorise decisions as financial, philanthropic, or socially responsible, aligning internal controls with public CSR commitments and fostering more transparent, ethics-based governance.Finally, considering preparedness for the EU’s sustainability regime, Aleksandra Sulik-Górecka, Marzena Strojek-Filus, and Daniel Iskra, in their article Assessment of Polish companies’ preparedness for ESG reporting in the context of its determinants as evaluated by report preparers, explore Polish companies’ readiness through a nationwide survey and non-parametric inference. Most respondents rated themselves as only moderately prepared, with preparedness significantly linked to firm size (but not industry), about 70% viewing ESG reporting as complex, and they highlight a need for investment in personnel and reporting technologies. The study places these findings in the context of the roll-out of CSRD/ESRS and presents them as a baseline for more in-depth quality analysis.Taken together, the articles in this Special Issue reflect the complexity of modern accounting as a discipline that is simultaneously technological, behavioural, regulatory, and ethical. The contributions show how accounting continues to broaden beyond its traditional financial scope, including data analytics, artificial intelligence, linguistic transparency, and sustainability assurance. Each paper not only advances academic discussion but also provides valuable insights for practitioners, educators, and policymakers, enhancing the quality, relevance, and integrity of accounting information.The Editorial Team extends its gratitude to all authors and reviewers for their valuable contributions and diligent work in preparing this issue. We also thank our readers for their continued interest and engagement with the journal. We hope that the studies presented here will inspire further discussion, research, and innovation in the ever-evolving field of accounting.Marzena Remlein* Ana Rep Romić**The Editorial Team of ZTR is pleased to announce that in ZTR’s 49th year of publication, its four quarterly issues contained 39 articles: 25 in English and 14 in Polish. Their authors come from eleven countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Croatia, Montenegro, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Ukraine). We thank all the authors for their cooperation with the Editorial Team and the reviewers of their articles. The manuscripts submitted to ZTR were reviewed in 2025 by 73 reviewers, including 52 from Poland and 21 from abroad. The Editorial Team would like to thank all specialists who provided anonymous reviews and insightful feedback. The list of Polish and foreign reviewers is included in this issue of ZTR and on our journal’s website at https://ztr.skwp.pl/ cms/reviewers. We encourage authors and readers to visit ZTR’s website at https://ztr.skwp.pl/, which contains extensive information about ZTR, including its presence in databases (including Scopus, Web of Science, BazEkon, EBSCO Business Source Ulti-mate, Erich Plus, CEEOL, Cejsh, CROSSREF, DOAJ, and ICI Journals Master List), as well as an invitation to a thematic issue of ZTR in 2026 titled Accounting’s Expanded Horizon: Redefining Internal Practices for Organizational Flourishing (for more, see Call for papers published in ZTR, Vol. 49, No. 2 and at https://ztr.skwp.pl/cms/CMS:647). On behalf of the entire ZTR Editorial Team, I wish all authors, reviewers, members of the Editorial Board, and readers of ZTR a lot of health, happi-ness, and peace, as well as numerous professional successes in 2026. Yours sincerely,Anna Szychta
Opportunities for professional development (PD) are the key for teachers to improve their skills in a variety of areas and situations, including, but not limited to, technology in the classroom, positive behavior management strategies, effective collaboration, and making instructional accommodations for students with disabilities. These areas of PD are especially important for special education teachers. However, opportunities to access PD may vary greatly, especially for special educators who work in rural locations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey special education teachers serving rural or non-rural (i.e., suburban or urban) communities in the U.S. state of Nebraska about their unique PD experiences. Results indicated that special educators in rural areas often use their regional service agency to access PD opportunities and perceive those experiences positively. Suggestions for improving PD include providing relevant content during training and allocating resources to increase PD attendance. Recommendations for improvements are provided.
The present study examined the relationship between motivation, sport anxiety, big five personality traits and athlete burnout, making use of a cross section research design. A total of 200 university athletes between the ages of 18-26 years participated in the study, completing a battery of scales measuring motivation, sport anxiety, and personality traits. Pearson product moment correlation, multiple hierarchical regression analyses and mediations analyses were conducted to evaluate the results. The findings show that sport motivation (intrinsic regulation, introjected regulation and amotivation), personality traits (neuroticism, conscientiousness), and sport anxiety are correlated with and predicted various dimensions of athlete burnout. Sport anxiety mediated the relationship between introjected regulation, intrinsic regulation and amotivation. The study identified several antecedents of burnout in university athletes than can help address symptoms of burnout and prevent the negative consequences that arise as a result of burnout.
A Covid-járvány rávilágított arra, hogy az egészségügyi ellátórendszer önmagában kevés a nagyobb populációt érintő pandémia leküzdésében. Szükség van az orvosi-egészségügyi aktivitáson túl a nevelési alrendszert érintő, az abban jelenlévő szakemberek edukációs tevékenységére is. Éppen ezért is fontos jelen korunk járványait átélve történeti aspektusból is megvizsgálni az iskolai egészség-edukáció témáját. Az I. világháborút követő turbulens társadalmi és politikai közegben a népegészségügy kevésbé preferált területe volt a szakpolitika ágenseinek, miközben a háborúból hazatért katonák testi és lelki traumája, a hátországban maradottak egészségi állapota komoly problémaként jelentkezett. A virulens spanyolnátha, mely Európa-szerte családok milliót tette érintetté, a hazánkban is pusztító tuberkulózis, de különösen a gyerekekre veszélyes diftéria, influenza komoly kihívás elé állította a hazai tudományos és nevelési szcénát. Az egészséges életmód terjedését, az edukációt az iskolák közege (fenntartói attitűd, épített környezet minősége, tanyai, falusi lakosság szociokulturális hagyománya, a városi életmód gyors terjedése) sem segítette. Az alternatív egészségszemlélet, az életreform mozgalom ugyan sporadikusan felsejlik a korszakban, de a pedagógia fősodrában nem jelent meg, az egészséghez kapcsolódó edukáció lassan haladt, miközben például a gyermekhalandóság, mely a szülők egészségtudatos magatartásához is kapcsolódik, kirívóan magas volt. Klebelsberg Kuno miniszteri megbízása (1922) paradigmaváltásnak tekinthető, hiszen személye nem-csak jelentős államigazgatási tapasztalattal rendelkező miniszterként exponálódik, hanem koncepcióalkotó kultúrpolitikusként is, aki mikro és makro szinten értette az oktatást, a népoktatást érintő kihívásokat. Kutatásunk során a Néptanítók Lapja - mely a Vallás- és Közoktatásügyi Minisztérium normaképző, a praxisban lévő tanítók számára sorvezetőként szolgáló orgánum - érintett lapszámait elemeztük kvalitatív tematikus tartalomelemzés módszerével. A kiválasztott időszak 1922–1924. Kérdéseink: hogyan jelenik meg a szaklapban az iskolai egészségügy helyzete? Milyen szerepet és feladatot delegálnak, delegálnának a szakpolitika vezetői a néptanítók számára? Milyen iskolán kívüli feladatokat szánnak a tanítók számára az egészség-edukáció tárgyában? Látható-e mintázat a diskurzusban az iskolafenntartók vonatkozásában? A tanítószervezetek hogyan fogadták, milyen javaslatokat fogalmaztak meg a szakpolitika, illetve a praxisban tevékenykedők számára?
Kiyoshi Shikino, Tomoko Tsukamoto, Kazutaka Noda
et al.
Abstract Background To investigate whether speech recognition software for generating interview transcripts can provide more specific and precise feedback for evaluating medical interviews. Methods The effects of the two feedback methods on student performance in medical interviews were compared using a prospective observational trial. Seventy-nine medical students in a clinical clerkship were assigned to receive either speech-recognition feedback (n = 39; SRS feedback group) or voice-recording feedback (n = 40; IC recorder feedback group). All students’ medical interviewing skills during mock patient encounters were assessed twice, first using a mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) and then a checklist. Medical students then made the most appropriate diagnoses based on medical interviews. The diagnostic accuracy, mini-CEX, and checklist scores of the two groups were compared. Results According to the study results, the mean diagnostic accuracy rate (SRS feedback group:1st mock 51.3%, 2nd mock 89.7%; IC recorder feedback group, 57.5%–67.5%; F(1, 77) = 4.0; p = 0.049), mini-CEX scores for overall clinical competence (SRS feedback group: 1st mock 5.2 ± 1.1, 2nd mock 7.4 ± 0.9; IC recorder feedback group: 1st mock 5.6 ± 1.4, 2nd mock 6.1 ± 1.2; F(1, 77) = 35.7; p < 0.001), and checklist scores for clinical performance (SRS feedback group: 1st mock 12.2 ± 2.4, 2nd mock 16.1 ± 1.7; IC recorder feedback group: 1st mock 13.1 ± 2.5, 2nd mock 13.8 ± 2.6; F(1, 77) = 26.1; p < 0.001) were higher with speech recognition-based feedback. Conclusions Speech-recognition-based feedback leads to higher diagnostic accuracy rates and higher mini-CEX and checklist scores. Trial registration This study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials on June 14, 2022. Due to our misunderstanding of the trial registration requirements, we registered the trial retrospectively. This study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials on 7/7/2022 (Clinical trial registration number: jRCT1030220188).
Daunert, Louisa, Schulz, Sven, Lehmann, Thomas
et al.
Background: With the new licensing regulations for doctors coming into force, medical faculties are faced with the task of recruiting and qualifying more GP colleagues to train students in their practices. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the motivation of GPs to train students in their own medical practices. Method: A cross-sectional survey of Thuringian GPs was conducted from April to May 2020. 21 items on motivation, incentives and barriers were recorded and examined using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: The response rate was 35.8% (538/1,513). The GPs surveyed considered themselves motivated to train students in their medical practices. The motives can be described as predominantly intrinsic: the mutual exchange of knowledge, desire to share knowledge and to promote future doctors. Incentives included the opportunity to keep up to date with the latest knowledge, further training and contacts with colleagues. Barriers to teaching in the own medical practice were concerns about not being able to treat the same number of patients, a possible disruption of practice operations and lack of space. An analysis of the subgroups of GPs who were not yet teaching physicians indicated similar motives and barriers regarding training students in their practices, with a slightly lower overall motivation. Conclusion: The results describe the facets of the motivation of Thuringian GPs to train students and can be helpful for the expansion of a sustainable network of training GP practices. It is essential to address motives, to counter difficulties with individual solutions and to create targeted incentives.
Ledu Analí Ferreyros Calisaya, Ronald Lyonel Ferreyros Calisaya
El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el nivel de conocimiento que poseen los profesores sobre servicio de tutoría en la nueva secundaria en la C.E.S. “San Juan Bosco” Puno 20. Investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptiva de campo, diseño no experimental y trasversal. Con una población de 30 profesores que laboran C.E.S. “San Juan Bosco” Puno, sobre el servicio de tutoría en la nueva secundaria. La muestra fue no probabilística intencional. Técnicas encuesta y prueba de conocimiento. Concluye que los docentes si poseen conocimiento sobre tutoría, requieren nuevas alternativas de formación formal para fortalecer el servicio de la acción orientadora.
ABSTRACT This paper presents the outcomes of a Spanish study on aspects of the background, skills and perceptions of three groups of teachers – content teachers, language teachers and language assistants – working to implement CLIL in the monolingual area of Andalusia, Spain. The research was based on a questionnaire completed by 130 informants and highlights teachers’ perceptions on training and development needs, participation in courses and exchanges abroad (‘mobility’) and the coordination and organisation of their programmes. It also examines how variables such as type of teacher (content, language or assistant), level of English and teacher status influence responses. In general, the teachers were positive about their involvement in the CLIL programme, but content teachers were typically less confident in relation to aspects of CLIL implementation than language teachers. There was a general perception that content teachers and language assistants needed greater support to work effectively in CLIL. Somewhat surprisingly, there did not appear to be widespread uptake of mobility opportunities, nor was there any evidence of teachers having opportunities for study leave to develop their CLIL specialism, although there was general satisfaction with local programme coordination. In discussion of our results, we highlight the need for stronger specialist teacher education infrastructure to support CLIL implementation, in particular at university initial teacher education level.
Esta investigación analiza la influencia de la mentoría informal en la construcción de la imagen profesional de los novatos de la carrera de Derecho. Los mentores suelen ser modelos de imagen profesional para sus aprendices, ya que les enseñan a proyectar eficiencia técnica y coherencia sociocultural en su trabajo cotidiano. Ambos componentes son valiosos en organizaciones institucionalizadas, como las de tipo jurídico, que valoran que los novatos, además de su conocimiento especializado, muestren un comportamiento y una vestimenta adecuados a la cultura organizacional. El estudio utiliza una perspectiva cualitativa para analizar los datos obtenidos de entrevistas en profundidad con egresados de Derecho de instituciones de educación superior pública y privada mexiquenses. Los resultados muestran que la vestimenta es una señal poderosa de competencia profesional, aunque su valor depende de distintos elementos.
João Boaventura Ima-Panzo, Pedro Matias Promessa Marciano
Este trabalho pretende apresentar os resultados da acção do projecto Português na Escola, Solução Alternativa – PESA, Projecto de Extensão Universitária da Escola Superior Pedagógica do Bengo, entre 2016 e 2018 por meio de uma breve descrição, a julgar pelo papel importante que tem desempenhado na superação de problemas linguísticos ligados à leitura, interpretação e produção textual através de uma abordagem metodológica inovadora: a da Sequência didáctica sob o fundamento da Abordagem comunicativa com Enfoque integrador e Enfoque interactivo textual. Assim, com base em diferentes recursos metodológicos como o método histórico lógico que permitiu conceber o projecto desde a sua implementação; enfoque sistémico que possibilitou a sistematização do programa do curso; análise bibliográfica, que orientou a revisão da bibliografia; aplicação de inquérito de satisfação, que permitiu medir o impacto. Apresenta-se resultados como o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa dos alunos da 6ª, 7ª, 8ª e 9ª classe, ampliação do domínio metodológico específico dos estudantes de Licenciatura em Ensino da Língua Portuguesa e realização de monografias.
Clinical teacher preparation programs often incorporate reflective practices to promote critical thinking and professional growth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether special education teacher candidates’ reflective abilities changed from repeated exposure to reflective practice as they completed two field experiences. We sought to analyze patterns in candidates’ reflective practices by investigating both types of and topics for reflection. Six initial certification candidates completed two clinical experiences and wrote 30 reflection journal entries. Entries were sampled and reviewed to determine both a reflective ability score and reflective practice patterns over time. Results from a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated no change in special education candidates’ reflective ability over time. Candidates’ reflections were descriptive and focused mostly on themselves. Results suggest professional growth in reflective ability does not occur through maturation. Teacher educators need to consider supplementing reflective practices with learning supports to see substantive growth.
Regardless of the programming experience, the understanding of the program execution is mandatory if a programmer is to write a code. Therefore, it is vitally important for novice programmers to construct correct mental models of the execution of the notional machine. To this end, many program visualizations have been developed over the last years. However, novice programmers often focus on learning the syntax of a programming language rather than getting to grips with the programming itself. Dataflow visual programming languages (DFVPL) allow us to build programs by connecting blocks with arcs. In this paper we present our own DFVPL that exhibits a high level of responsiveness to user inputs and enables the user to control the execution of the program.
<p>This paper outlines the use of a form of research intervention known as the Change Laboratory to illustrate how the processes of organisational change initiated at a secondary school can be applied to develop tools and practices to analyse and potentially re-make educational traditions in a bottom-up manner. In this regard it is shown how a cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) perspective can be combined with a relational approach to generate the theoretical and practical tools for managing change at a school. Referring to an ongoing research project at a school, the paper describes how teachers and management there, with the aid of the researcher, attempt to re-configure their educational praxis by drawing on past, present and future scenarios from their schooling activity. These are correlated with similarly historically evolving theoretical models and recorded empirical data using the Vygotskyian method of double stimulation employed by the Change Laboratory. A relational conceptualisation of the school’s epistemological, pedagogical and organisational traditions is used to map out the connections between various actors, resources, roles and divisions of labour at the school. In this way the research intervention proposes a model of educational change that graphically represents it as a network of mediated relationships so that its artefacts, practices and traditions can be clearly understood and effectively manipulated according to the shared objectives of the teachers and school management. Such a relationally-oriented activity theory approach has significant implications in terms of challenging conventional processes of educational transformation as well as hegemonic knowledge-making traditions themselves. </p>
Agnieszka Radzimińska, Magdalena Weber-Rajek, Ewelina Lulińska-Kuklik
et al.
Introduction: A very important role in the protection of human health is their life style, their habits and patterns of conduct. Early adulthood is the best period to achieve long-term benefits from a selection of healthy living. However, the results of studies on health-related behavior of youth in Poland and in the world are not satisfactory. The purpose of the study: The purpose of the research was to assess the health behaviors of students of higher education in Bydgoszcz. Material: The study involved 272 students (124 women and 148 men) Bydgoszcz higher education students in the following fields of study: physiotherapy, nutrition, logistics and national security. The Inventory of Health-Related Behavior by Zygfryd Juczyński has been used in the research. The statistical analysis was performed using the package PQ Stat 1.6.2. Results: Throughout the treatment group an average level of health-related behavior has been shown. The results of the different categories of health-related behavior were lower than the results of the standardization groups. A higher level of health behavior has been shown in a group of medical students compared to non-medical students. The results for women were higher than men's results. Conclusions: The results of personal research and the research findings of other authors demonstrate that there is a need for implementation of programs of health promotion and health education in all fields of study.