Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Maria Puntarello, Ginevra Malta, Mauro Midiri et al.

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Suicide in prison is a significant medico-legal and public health concern, with rates several times higher than in the general population. Vulnerability is heightened by psychiatric disorders, substance use, and custodial stressors such as isolation, overcrowding, and restricted healthcare access. This study examines custodial suicides to identify diagnostic complexities, systemic shortcomings, and possible prevention strategies, including technological innovations. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted a retrospective forensic investigation of sixteen confirmed custodial suicides between 2022 and 2024. Each underwent a standardized protocol comprising crime scene inspection, complete autopsy, histopathology, toxicology, and review of prison medical and psychiatric records. Data on suicide methods, psychiatric comorbidities, and substance use were analyzed. <b>Results</b>: Hanging was the predominant method (12/16), displaying classical forensic signs such as pale, oblique ligature marks and petechial hemorrhages. Four cases involved acute intoxication, often with non-prescribed drugs. Psychiatric disorders were identified in 14 cases, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. Toxicological analyses revealed both prescribed and illicit substances, highlighting unauthorized exchanges within facilities. Autopsy findings consistently excluded homicide or natural causes, confirming the vitality of lesions and the mechanism of death. <b>Conclusions</b>: Custodial suicides are strongly associated with untreated or inadequately managed psychiatric conditions, compounded by restrictive prison environments. Comprehensive forensic autopsies are essential for accurate cause-of-death determination and institutional accountability. Preventive strategies should combine psychiatric care, architectural modifications to reduce ligature points, and ethical integration of AI-based surveillance for early detection of suicidal behavior. A multidisciplinary, rights-based approach is crucial to reduce suicide rates and safeguard the dignity and life of incarcerated individuals.

Maria Cristina Rodrigues Rodrigues

O presente artigo recupera dados e reflexões da tese de doutorado sobre o trabalho nas telecomunicações do Rio de Janeiro a partir de sua privatização em 1998. No processo de pesquisa, um dos materiais mais ricos que tivemos contato foram os e-mails de denúncia enviados ao sindicato pelos/as trabalhadores/as, através dos quais foi possível constituir um complexo quadro acerca das precárias relações de trabalho no setor nos anos 2000. A partir do conceito de “discurso oculto” de Scott (2013), foi possível analisar como tais mensagens nos informavam também sobre as ações de resistência cotidiana empreendidas pelos/as trabalhadores/as. Juntamente com outros documentos, estes dados nos possibilitaram dialogar criticamente com as teses que desde os anos 1980/90 afirmam a perda da centralidade do trabalho na vida social e da capacidade de luta dos/as trabalhadores/as.

Yonathan Listik

Gloria Casas Vila

Cet article présente comment l’interdiction formelle de la médiation familiale en cas de violence de genre en Espagne a été reçue et pratiquée par certains professionnel·le·s socio-juridiques travaillant sur les ruptures familiales. La mise en œuvre d’une loi dépend en grande partie de l’interprétation qui est faite par ceux et celles qui sont censé·e·s l’appliquer. Nous verrons la manière dont des professionnel·le·s (avocat·te·s, juges, psychologues, médiateurs et médiatrices familiales) font sens de la loi, y adhérent ou la rejettent. À partir d’une enquête qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés avec 18 opérateurs sociojuridiques, je montre comment les professionnel·le·s définissent de manière diverse et parfois divergente la violence de genre, les limites de la médiation et in fine, comment elles et ils font sens de d’une loi d’inspiration féministe dans une société patriarcale formellement égalitaire. This paper presents how the formal prohibition of family mediation in cases of gender violence in Spain has been received and practised by some social and legal professionals working on family ruptures. The implementation of a law depends, to a large extent, on the way it is interpreted by those who are supposed to apply it. We will see how professionals (lawyers, judges, psychologists and family mediators) make sense of this law, adhere to it or reject it. Based on a qualitative survey composed of 18 semi-structured interviews with socio-legal operators, I show how professionals define gender violence in different and at times opposite ways, the limits of the mediation process and, finally, how they (the professionals) make sense of a feminist-inspired law within a patriarchal formally egalitarian society.

Balloni A.

La questione della tutela dei minori assume il significato di un problema aperto che deve far riflettere a livello criminologico e vittimologico

Mônica Regina Nascimento dos Santos

A problemática dos direitos humanos substituiu ao longo dos anos a utopia revolucionária que fundou a sociedade moderna, após 1848, essa problemática passou a legitimar práticas de violação de direitos dos indivíduos e segue, nos dias atuais, atrelada ao legado liberal e individualismo burguês, na defesa de direitos do indivíduo isolado. Por outro lado, os direitos humanos têm assegurado patamares mínimos de conquistas – civis, políticas, sociais, culturais – a grupos específicos. No âmbito do debate sobre os direitos humanos há quem critique seus limites e apresente suas condicionalidades, bem como, há quem defenda uma narrativa contra hegemônica de direitos humanos. Este artigo, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, busca explicitar e contribuir com novos elementos nesse debate. Neste sentido, tem por base autores como J. Azevedo (2001), Bertoldo;Jimenez (2015), B. S. Santos (2014), I. Tonet (2016) J. Dewey (1976), N. Bobbio (2001), J. Trindade (1998) entre outros, discutindo o papel do Estado e da educação no contexto social de tentativa de consolidação dos direitos humanos em pleno século XXI.  

Carlos Zeller Orellana

Ombretta Ingrascì

L’articolo ripercorre il dibattito scientifico sulla violenza delle mafie a partire dallo studio di Umberto Santino e Giorgio Chinnici (1989) che analizzava gli omicidi e le guerre di mafia avvenute a Palermo dagli anni Sessanta fino alla seconda metà degli anni Ottanta. L’articolo successivamente si sofferma in primo luogo sulla tavola rotonda ospitata dalla rivista Meridiana nel 2017 in cui emeriti studiosi di mafia, appartenenti a diverse discipline si sono confrontati sul tema della violenza delle mafie; in secondo luogo sul  libro Mafia Violence, curato da Monica Massari e Vittorio Martone (Routledge, 2019), che mette a confronto le caratteristiche e i significati della violenza nelle mafie italiane e riporta i risultati di un progetto di ricerca co-finanziato dalla Fondazione di San Paolo e dall’Università Federico II di Napoli (realizzato tra il 2015 e il 2017), che ha analizzato le diverse espressioni della violenza camorrista in Campania, soprattutto nell’area di Napoli e Caserta. Parole chiave: Mafia, Violenza, Italia, Camorra, trauma

Graham Farrell, Tarah Hodgkinson, Martin A. Andresen

Abstract In contrast to the Canadian crime drop of the 1990s, homicide appeared as an anomaly with a peak in the 1970s. Yet previous studies tend to refer only to completed homicides, and here we also include attempts. The resulting trend is remarkably similar to that in Canadian property crime for five decades. This seems unlikely to be a coincidence and we speculate about a causal link.

E. V. Chesnokova

The article discusses the question of assessing the forensic validity of methodologies for the analysis of vehicle identification markings. The need is emphasized for further piecemeal efforts to achieve the goals of standardization of forensic science practices.

Brodie Paterson, Bryan Shewry, Patrick Bradley et al.

Staff working in the residential child care sector will typically continue to receive some training in how to accomplish restraint where it represents the last resort. However, it appears a disproportionate number of males appear to be involved in the delivery of such training. Why this situation may have come about and the potential implications are examined in this paper. A non-systematic thematic review of the literature investigates the potential implications of the current situation and a qualitative thematic analysis of interview data from a small group (n = 4) of women explores women's experience of participation in training in restraint. Sample numbers were restricted by ethical restrictions imposed on data collection. Findings suggest that a 'male' model of aggression may permeate some training programmes and negatively influence women's experience.

Emily E. Hartwell, Lara A. Ray

Background: Multiple measures are utilized to assess alcohol craving, often interchangeably. Little is known about the relationship between tonic and phasic craving. This study fills this gap in the literature by examining the association between tonic levels of alcohol craving and phasic craving for alcohol that is provoked by alcohol administration. Methods: Forty-three non-treatment seeking problem drinkers underwent an initial interview and two laboratory testing sessions, where either alcohol or a saline placebo was administered intravenously. Tonic craving was assessed via the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) at the initial interview. Phasic craving was assessed during the laboratory sessions (i.e., alcohol and saline administrations, single blinded) at baseline and at 3 subsequent breath alcohol concentrations (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 g/dl). Results: There was a main effect of PACS in predicting phasic craving across both saline and alcohol administration conditions (p < 0.05). The OCDS was predictive of phasic craving when alcohol, but not saline, was administered (p = 0.058); the obsessive subscale (p = 0.01), but not the compulsive subscale (p > 0.10), predicted phasic craving during alcohol, as compared to saline administration. Conclusion: In sum, tonic craving captured by the OCDS was predictive of phasic craving during alcohol administration whereas the PACS more generally captured the increase in phasic craving. Therefore, these measures of tonic craving may function differently in capturing the experience of phasic craving. Implications for the utilization of the PACS and OCDS as well as assessments of craving in alcoholism research are discussed. Keywords: Alcohol, Craving, Assessment

Catherine Lenzi

From the experience of an on-site research realized by a Social Work Training Centre team and seized from an ethnographic approach, the article proposes to show the meaning of doing research in a setting designed by and for social work. This is based on the experience of a survey carried out onto Custodial Education Facilities by a research crew made of both academic researchers and professional trainers. The paper aims to give insights of the concrete way the survey was performed and organized (approach and method) and on the issues raised by this kind of work. This especially regarding scientific interest, social usages, chiefly in terms of knowledge benefits.

Alinane Priscilla Kamlongera Katenga-Kaunda

The study on the history school subject showed that any reenactment of the history discipline should include the reinterpretation of identities from a historical perspective, and this reinterpretation should start with colonial history because this is where it all began. A different approach to history will have positive implications on society’s view of gender, as it will encourage the inclusion of devalued categories such as women, black women and third-world women. But does this mean that colonialism is fully to blame for all the gender issues, as is the case within the Malawian history syllabus? This paper explores the influence of colonialism on the history/social and environmental sciences primary school subject.

Viola Vaughan-Eden

Letter from the Editor

Observatori Conflicte Social

Richard Hoefer

Michel Boutanquoi

Ariel Kalil

NTfK

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