Hasil untuk "Public law"

J. Alstott, E. Bullmore, D. Plenz

Power laws are theoretically interesting probability distributions that are also frequently used to describe empirical data. In recent years, effective statistical methods for fitting power laws have been developed, but appropriate use of these techniques requires significant programming and statistical insight. In order to greatly decrease the barriers to using good statistical methods for fitting power law distributions, we developed the powerlaw Python package. This software package provides easy commands for basic fitting and statistical analysis of distributions. Notably, it also seeks to support a variety of user needs by being exhaustive in the options available to the user. The source code is publicly available and easily extensible.

Jess Cornaggia, Yifei Mao, X. Tian et al.

S. Tasnim, M. Hossain, Hoimonty Mazumder

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only caused significant challenges for health systems all over the globe but also fueled the surge of numerous rumors, hoaxes, and misinformation, regarding the etiology, outcomes, prevention, and cure of the disease. Such spread of misinformation is masking healthy behaviors and promoting erroneous practices that increase the spread of the virus and ultimately result in poor physical and mental health outcomes among individuals. Myriad incidents of mishaps caused by these rumors have been reported globally. To address this issue, the frontline healthcare providers should be equipped with the most recent research findings and accurate information. The mass media, healthcare organization, community-based organizations, and other important stakeholders should build strategic partnerships and launch common platforms for disseminating authentic public health messages. Also, advanced technologies like natural language processing or data mining approaches should be applied in the detection and removal of online content with no scientific basis from all social media platforms. Furthermore, these practices should be controlled with regulatory and law enforcement measures alongside ensuring telemedicine-based services providing accurate information on COVID-19.

R. Porta, Florencio Lopez‐de‐Silanes, A. Shleifer et al.

Recent research has documented large differences among countries in ownership concentration in publicly traded firms, in the breadth and depth of capital markets, in dividend policies, and in the access of firms to external finance. A common element to the explanations of these differences is how well investors, both shareholders and creditors, are protected by law from expropriation by the managers and controlling shareholders of firms. We describe the differences in laws and the effectiveness of their enforcement across countries, discuss the possible origins of these differences, summarize their consequences, and assess potential strategies of corporate governance reform. We argue that the legal approach is a more fruitful way to understand corporate governance and its reform than the conventional distinction between bank-centered and market-centered financial systems.

R. Porta, Florencio Lopez‐de‐Silanes, A. Shleifer

R. Porta, Florencio Lopez‐de‐Silanes, A. Shleifer et al.

We investigate empirically the determinants of the quality of governments in a large cross-section of countries. We assess government performance using measures of government intervention, public sector efficiency, public good provision, size of government, and political freedom. We find that countries that are poor, close to the equator, ethnolinguistically heterogeneous, use French or socialist laws, or have high proportions of Catholics or Muslims exhibit inferior government performance. We also find that the larger governments tend to be the better performing ones. The importance of historical factors in explaining the variation in government performance across countries sheds light on the economic, political, and cultural theories of institutions.

Archon Fung

Sanjai Bhagat, Bernard S. Black

Teresa P. R. Caldeira

Jeffrey C. Alexander

T. Novotny

Joseph Harrington

M. Hatzenbuehler, J. Pachankis

Lana Ofak

This paper examines the intersection of environmental procedural rights and the emerging concept of the Rights of Nature, utilising the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) as a legal framework. It examines how access to justice, particularly through the case law of the Convention’s Compliance Committee (ACCC), can serve as a mechanism for advancing environmental protection beyond anthropocentric interests. Analysis of selected ACCC case law from Denmark, Germany, France, and Italy reveals that while environmental NGOs benefit from broader standing, individuals often face significant procedural barriers. Additionally, NGOs face challenges such as a lack of access to free legal aid and high litigation costs. The paper argues that although the Aarhus Convention has laid a strong foundation for broader access to justice in environmental matters, further concrete actions by the Parties to the Convention are needed to eliminate these barriers. The paper also highlights the increasing relevance of animal welfare within environmental law, noting its intersection with biodiversity and sustainability goals. The ACCC’s broad interpretation of “law relating to the environment” supports this, offering new mechanisms for protecting Rights of Nature.

F. Cullen, B. Fisher, B. Applegate

Peter Frumkin, J. Galaskiewicz

أسماء حسين

Over the past decades, Egypt has made significant progress toward improving the health outcomes of its population through the implementation of the Universal Health Insurance (UHI) Law enacted in 2018. The implementation of the new UHI Law of 2018 requires a major transformation to the health financing system. In addition to, it is essential to move into the digitalization age of healthcare in Egypt.Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) tools have the potential to improve the efficiency of healthcare system, decision-making processes, and optimizing healthcare financing systems. Additionally, AI applications can also set priorities for the resource allocation of governments that are involved in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).This study provides an overview of the integration the Machine Learning (ML) approaches into healthcare financing functions to overcome the issues related to the health financing system that accelerate achieving UHC in the Egyptian health system.To achieve this objective, the researchers used a systematic Literature Review by reviewing full papers, charting extracted data, and screening and summarizing findings. This Literature Review was done through the database of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2023.This research revealed that ML and AI applications have a significant impact on many aspects of the health financing domain in the Egyptian health system that supports health Digital Transformation and the role of E-Health Company, the first health digitalization company in Egypt for progress toward UHC in 2030.

Nour Latif, Seyyed Tababai

It is well known that the public position represents a vital source of stability for the employee and their family, as the employee devotes effort throughout their service to serve the country and obtain material benefits and rights that ensure a decent standard of living. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the legislator to preserve these rights, as failure to do so may drive the employee to pursue illegal means to secure them. From this concern arises the problem of the study: Have the Iraqi and Iranian legislators safeguarded the legal rights resulting from the termination of an administrative employee’s service in Iraq and Iran? Accordingly, the main question posed by this study is: What are the legal implications and rights arising from the termination of the service of an administrative employee in Iraq and Iran? By applying a descriptive-analytical approach to examine Iraqi and Iranian laws related to this issue, the study found significant areas of similarity between the two countries in terms of the effects and legal rights resulting from termination. Both Iraqi and Iranian employment laws permit termination of civil service under specific conditions and regulations. An employee may submit a request for termination upon completing a certain period of service, and the decision rests with both the employee and the aadministration.Additionally, Iraqi law aligns with Iranian law in cases of retirement referrals, based on the conditions outlined in each system, including the agreement found in Article (First/Second Paragraph) of the amended Unified Retirement Law No. (27) of 2006. However, the study also identified differences. Iraqi legislation differentiates between termination of service as a matter of permissibility and employee choice, whereas Iranian legislation does not distinguish between voluntary and mandatory termination when granting public employees their rights. The study also clarifies how Iranian law allows challenges to decisions involving the denial of pension rights.

Cholifatul Islamiah, Erny Herlin Setyorini

The practice of corruption in Indonesia has occurred systematically and widely in the life of society so that corruption can be called an extraordinary crime. In addition, the absence of illicit enrichment as a criminal offense in the corruption eradication law is a serious matter. Considering that Indonesia has ratified the UNCAC, which shows that Indonesia agrees to the provisions contained therein, including illicit enrichment. The purpose of this study is to identify and elucidate the traits that distinguish the crime of illicit enrichment from other forms of corruption. This study uses conceptual, comparative, and legislative methods to examine normative legal issues. The study's findings indicate that there are traits comprising multiple components that identify this illegitimate enrichment as a corrupt act. The court also determines the suspect's assets or money concerning the illicit enrichment crime. The court will evaluate the information submitted and decide if the targeted individual has unlawfully or illegally enriched themselves to establish whether the elements of inappropriate wealth and income have been proven and illicit enrichment has happened. The notable increase in wealth among public officials raises questions about whether they are the owners of assets obtained illegally. In light of this, controlling illicit enrichment is essential to the battle against corruption.

Piotr Marciniak

Chambers of commerce play an important role for entrepreneurs and the economy. However, their position, organization, effectiveness and tasks vary from country to country. The challenges of the 21st-century economy require the strengthening of chambers so that they can effectively support business. We should look for possible improvements. Chambers are usually categorized into three main models: Anglo-Saxon, continental and mixed. An additional public (or administrative) model is sometimes added. The analysis of the literature shows, however, that the assignment of chambers to models is sometimes arbitrary or customary. This results in different classification of some countries into specific models – e.g. Poland is assigned to the Anglo-Saxon or mixed model, while Spain is placed in the continental model, although some features of their chambers indicate the properties of the mixed model. The systematic confusion stems from the fact that the current taxonomy is too general to address effectively some of the most important differences between chambers operating in more than 200 countries. But more important is that its design does not provide tools and information that (in the increasing complexity of today’s economy) could support the development of chambers based on the results of comparative research. This article outlines a set of the key differences between British, Polish and Belgian chambers of commerce with several references to Canadian and US chambers. They are all private law and generally listed as Anglo-Saxon model members. But there are major differences between them. It’s important to examine foreign systems when changes to the domestic chambers are considered. It should be clear that there is no single and common framework that can be just replicated. Each country’s history, economy and social norms must be considered before changes are made. This is why comparative studies are the key to finding the best improvements for local needs.