Andrew Balthrop, Justin T. Kistler, Yemisi Bolumole
et al.
<i>Background:</i> Carbon pricing in the form of fuel taxes is an important tool for abating climate change. This study examines the impact and pass-through of fuel taxes in the truckload freight market. <i>Methods:</i> State-level truckload market data, integrated with retail diesel prices, are analyzed using fixed-effects regression modeling. <i>Results:</i> Taxes and fuel costs are not only passed on by diesel retailers to motor carriers; the results reveal the overshifting of diesel taxes from motor carriers to shippers. <i>Conclusions:</i> The findings are consistent with inelastic short-term demand for long-haul carriage, indicating that relatively large price increases will be necessary to reduce diesel consumption in the trucking industry.
Transportation and communication, Management. Industrial management
The article explores that the legal institution of superficies originated in the law of Ancient Rome, and its reception was carried out in the law of many European countries, including Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century, which included Western Ukrainian lands from 1772 to 1918, as well as in the law of modern Ukraine. The author found out that Justinian created a new legal institution for the use of someone else’s land for the transfer of urban land for development – superficies, which took the form of a long-term, alienable and inheritable right to use someone else’s land for development. It has been established that in Roman private law, the right of ownership of a constructed building belonged to the owner of the land plot according to the rule superficies solo cedit – the building follows the land. In turn, the superficiary had the right to use and dispose of the building or other structure erected on someone else’s land at his own discretion, namely, he had the right to sell, donate, exchange, lease, etc. The author found that with the development of pandect law, that is Roman private law recepted and adapted to the new conditions, the understanding of the essence and content of superficies changed in relation to its fundamental legal principle – superficies solo cedit. Namely, among German pandectists in the 19th century, the theory of special ownership of a structure was established, based on the recognition of a building constructed on the basis of a granted superficies right as an essential component of the right of development (and not of a land plot) and the extension of the legal regime of immovable property to this right. This approach was laid down as the basis for the legal regulation of superficies in Austria-Hungary. Although the author has investigated that the Austrian General Civil Code of 1811 did not provide for the legal institution of superficies, the article analyzes individual norms of the Code that regulated the construction of a building on someone else’s land (Articles 418- 419, 515). The author found out that the institution of superficies was introduced in Austria-Hungary just in the Law «On the Right to Build» of April 26, 1912, which regulated the right to build on someone else’s land and which is still in force in the Austrian Republic. The author established that in modern Ukraine superficies were first provided in the Civil Code of Ukraine, adopted just in 2003, in Chapter 34 «The Right to Use Another Person’s Land Plot for Development» (Articles 413-417), and in 2007 the Land Code of Ukraine was supplemented with Chapter 16-1 «The Right to Use Another Person’s Land Plot for Agricultural Needs or for Development», which contains only 1 article – Article 102-1. It has been analyzed that these norms establish the grounds for the emergence of the right of superficies, the rights and obligations of the owner of the land plot provided for development and the land user, as well as the grounds and legal consequences of the termination of this right. Therefore, the author, taking into account the experience of legal regulation of superficiary relations in Austria-Hungary, supported the proposal to recognize in modern Ukrainian law buildings (structures) constructed on the basis of the right of superficies as an integral part of such a right.
It is determined that since ancient times the first monuments of the state and law appeared, many national legal systems of the world have been established in the further history of mankind. Thanks to many factors, each country has formed its own legal system. Each of these systems has a unique set of features and characteristics that set it apart. At the same time, one of the important trends of modern legal development is broad international integration, which is manifested in the unification of legislation, the mutual absorption of different national cultures, the flow of people between countries.This article examines the understanding of Islamic law, the characteristic features of the religion of Islam, the comparison of Muslim law with the law of Muslim countries, by identifying Islamic law with the legal family of Romano-Germanic law. Accent the attention is focused on the influence of dogma in Islam, which society relies on, as well as the influence of the sources of Muslim law (Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas) on Islamic countries. It is established that the duties of Muslims precede the law of Islam. In particular, it is due to the fact that for Muslims, duties before Allah are more important than their rights. Attention is drawn to the norms and rules taken from the Sharia, which a Muslim must follow and worship. It is analyzed, which elements of Muslim law are borrowed from the Romano-Germanic legal family. Certain differences between Islamic law and Romano-Germanic law are considered. In the course of the research, an uneven state of legal development in Muslim countries was revealed, which indicates the corresponding process of westernization (modernization). It has been proven that there are no significant changes in Muslim law during the process of westernization. However, it is important to understand that Islamic law has different aspects and interpretations and cannot be spoken of as a homogeneous or static system. Islamic law is a subject of constant debate, and its interpretation and application may change over time.
Os Juizados Especiais foram instaurados com o propósito de disponibilizar procedimentos céleres, simples e informais, com contornos mais adequados às necessidades dos cidadãos em situação de hipossuficiência econômica, social e informacional. Inobstante, várias das regras aplicadas ao sistema dos juizados não se coadunam com o intuito de ampliação do acesso à justiça, eis que, ao invés articularem um mecanismo eficiente para a tutela de litigantes vulneráveis, dificultam a reivindicação de seus direitos em juízo. Desse modo, com base em revisão bibliográfica e em inferências de caráter predominantemente indutivo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a dissonância do discurso que legitimou a instauração dos Juizados Especiais em relação às diretrizes procedimentais consignadas nas leis responsáveis por regulamentá-los. Num primeiro momento, serão revisitados marcos teóricos que exploraram o entrelaçamento do campo do processo civil com a ideologia e a cultura, a fim de demonstrar que o conteúdo do direito processual é fortemente influenciado por forças exteriores ao universo jurídico. Após, proceder-se-á à análise do conteúdo da Lei no 9.099/95, de modo a apontar dispositivos que contradizem a promessa dos Juizados Especiais de tutelar os direitos dos cidadãos hipossuficientes. Na sequência, com base no conceito de seletividade do sociólogo Claus Offe, serão esboçadas possíveis explicações para as contradições havidas entre a aparência e a realidade dos Juizados Especiais, sugerindo-se que, por detrás de sua configuração procedimental, reside o intuito de precarizar o tratamento das “pequenas” causas. Por fim, serão expostas as conclusões alcançadas ao longo da pesquisa.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law
Ghana recently created six new regions, amid controversy over who was entitled to vote in the region-creating referenda and its likely economic consequences. The Supreme Court declined jurisdiction to address the suffrage controversy, paving the way for voters in only the specified areas of the affected regions to vote for creating the regions. This article evaluates the Court's reasons for declining jurisdiction and the arguments made to support the creation of the regions. It concludes that there is merit in the claim that all voters in the affected regions should have participated in the referenda and raises substantial doubts about the arguments in favour of creating the regions. It also concludes that creating new regions gives the semblance of increased decentralisation but only results in deconcentration, hence more centralisation. The exercise continues the post-independence drift from regional power-sharing to fragmented powerless regions. Since the resulting fragmentation of the country provides no clear benefits but imposes certain costs, the article suggests either a constitutional amendment or statutory reforms to raise the bar for creating new regions.
This essay presents the pessimistic and skeptical view of justice by the Swiss author and playwright Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-1990). The analysis is made based on common aspects identified in his masterpiece The Visit (1956), and in another less known play, A Dangerous Game (1956). Firstly, the plays’ plots are described, compared and contrasted. For a methodological approach, seven “points of inflection” were constructed between the texts, exploring: a) the role, in the plot, of the visits; b) whether Dürrenmatt describes justice as it is, or its deviations; c) the importance of the form of the courts for the characters; d) the justice of the accusations; e) the power of the characters; f) the humor of the plays; and, finally, g) the depiction of death. The conclusion is that despite differences in plot, Dürrenmatt’s plays are an important testament to his disheartening view of institutions.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The objective of this research paper is to explore and analyse mediation in the People’s Republic of China and in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The author also investigates the historical, philosophical and social origin of mediation and its development since the Han Dynasty. Mediation has a long tradition in China, and its importance can be traced back to the philosophy of Confucianism. Nowadays mediation is known as the key to resolving all disputes and linking it to the “harmonious society” political doctrine. There are currently a few types of mediation practices in China: mediation by People’s Mediation Committees outside the court, judicial mediation in civil disputes and minor criminal cases inside the court, mediation and arbitration of rural land contract disputes or mediation and arbitration in labour disputes. The importance of mediation is demonstrated by Article 111 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, which provides that “People’s Mediation Committees are a working committee under grassroots autonomous organisations – the Residents Committee and the Villagers Committee – whose mission is to mediate civil disputes.” The Committees and the courts should also popularise, through mediation and arbitration, the laws and the policy and educate citizens to abide by the laws and respect universally accepted morals. As can be seen, owing to the government’s guidance on mediation procedures the number of cases settled through mediation has markedly increased. The statistics show that the parties not only resolve their dispute but are also willing to resort to mediation again. The high success rate of mediation is, among other things, due to the fact that it is a safe and neutral process, and the mediators’ role in facilitating resolution does not impose a solution. Another advantage of mediation is speed and effectiveness as well as a reduction of costs. This article also discusses the Taiwanese experience with mediation, as well as its development. To sum up it may be said that mediation in the People’s Republic of China and in the Republic of China (Taiwan) functions well and is increasingly winning trust of citizens.
Verônica Teixeira Marques, Grasiele Borges Vieira de Carvalho, Gabriel Ribeiro Nogueira Júnior
Os elevados índices de violência doméstica no Brasil refletem uma realidade social bastante preocupante. Apesar da promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha, e da consolidação da Política
Nacional pelo Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres, ainda há muito para evoluir. Além do dever de proteger a mulher, o Estado precisa implementar politicas públicas para os agressores, conforme determinação da lei,a partir de um acompanhamento psicossocial, interdisciplinar e educativo, objetivando o caráter preventivo da punição. Propõe-se analisar nesse artigo, breves considerações sobre algumas políticas públicas com foco em agressores de violência doméstica, implantadas em outros países, a exemplo de Portugal e França e sinalizar os projetos em execução no Brasil. Infelizmente, a maioria dos estados brasileiros ainda não estruturou esses programas/políticas públicas de atendimento a homens que cometeram violência contra mulheres. Pondera-se que as iniciativas existentes em outros países podem servir como paradigma para um modelo nacional. Ressalta-se, que para que estas ações aconteçam é indispensável o engajamento dos órgãos que compõem o sistema de justiça criminal: Judiciário, Ministério Público, Defensoria Pública, OAB, Polícia Judiciária, além da sociedade civil, a vítima e o próprio autor, demonstrando-se que as iniciativas bem sucedidas têm lastro na cooperação desses autores.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Luis Javier Moreno-Ortiz, Camilo Guzmán-Gómez, Rodrigo González-Quintero
Una de las manifestaciones más controversiales del fenómeno de la constitucionalización del derecho es la constitucionalización de la cosa juzgada. La cosa juzgada constitucional ha desplazado a la cosa juzgada como elemento definitivo de una controversia, por medio de instrumentos como la tutela contra providencias judiciales; ha afectado el alcance de la competencia de control de constitucionalidad de tribunales como el Consejo de Estado; y ha ido introduciendo una institución más flexible, que admite excepciones en el control abstracto de constitucionalidad, como la de la Constitución viviente, y en el proceso de tutela, con la procedencia excepcional de la tutela contra la sentencia de tutela.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
En el presente trabajo analizaremos la plasmación práctica de uno de los principios cooperativos, «adhesión voluntaria y libre», refiriéndonos al alta de los y las socios y socias en las sociedades cooperativas. Para ello, explicaremos en primer lugar el significado de ese principio, para posteriormente traer a colación su regulación normativa, haciendo especial hincapié en aquellos aspectos en los que difieren nuestras leyes autonómicas, y finalizando con una breve referencia al aspecto económico y los diferentes modos de realizar las respectivas aportaciones y sus consecuencias.
Recibido: 31 mayo 2017
Aceptado: 14 octubre 2017
Publicación en línea: 22 diciembre 2017
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A mediação de conflitos está institucionalizada no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Prevista em diversos leis e integrando políticas públicas diversas, atualmente seu maior risco pode ser o de ser considerada uma “panaceia universal”, ideal para todos os tipos de conflitos, o que, ao final, contribuiria para sua fragilização e descaracterização. Considerando essa problemática, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o primeiro caso de mediação judicial do Distrito Federal, verificando lições que ele pode trazer ao momento atual e contribuindo para uma reflexão sobre os desafios da mediação judicial de conflitos na atualidade.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
La producción doctrinaria y jurisprudencial sobre control de constitucionalidad se asienta en la premisa consagrada en el Art. 31 de nuestra Constitución Nacional (CN) y para que este principio no sea meramente declarativo, existen mecanismos que permiten supervisar la supremacía. Se exige la construcción de un sistema garantista de defensa de la Constitución. Es innegable que la crisis de la justicia está presente en numerosos sistemas. En los códigos de procedimientos suele haber gran confusión y contradicción. Ante esto, analizar el ordenamiento es muy útil para descubrir si existen problemas de identificación del derecho debido a la imprecisión del lenguaje (problemas de indeterminación), al hecho de que no exista norma previa para regular un supuesto (lagunas que constituyen un problema de subdeterminación) o casos de exceso de normas (sobredeterminación) que a veces generan soluciones incompatibles (contradicción) o inconstitucionalidad. En este texto, se analiza si el artículo 192 del Título III, Capítulo III del Código Procesal Civil de Córdoba (CPCC) es contrario al artículo 18 CN y los tratados internacionales que integran el plexo normativo constitucional. Se considera que el derecho a no declarar contra sí mismo es fundamental en el proceso penal porque otorga al imputado un marco de seguridad jurídica y mantiene un equilibrio entre la búsqueda de la verdad material y los derechos fundamentales del imputado; pero no parece que debamos hacer analogía del proceso penal para decir que “tener por confeso al demandado” en el proceso civil viole su derecho de defensa.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Area Immigration is an area that is in every Immigration Check Point (TPI) in which the functions of immigration especially related to the people’s traffic inspection which coming in and out of a country and there are a restricted and a sterile area that can only be traversed by parties concerned like the passengers or crew whom will exit or entry Indonesian territory or official and authorized personnel. Arrangements regarding to the area of ??immigration set in Part Five, Article 22 paragraph (1) of Immigration Law determined that: In every Immigration Checkpoints assigned a specific area to immigration inspection is the area of ??immigration. The existence of the immigration area reflects the immigration service quality standards in a country. As an international area marked by yellow line (yellow line), the area of ??immigration has a position that is as important as the sovereignty of a country. Normatively, immigration area which available in each Immigration Check Point is the place and area that was authorized by the Ministry and has a legal status (legal standing) and legitimate in law. So that the existence of the immigration area is a representation of authority and sovereignty. But immigration area is less effective because of the legal instruments governing inadequate and also people have not been aware of law so that there are many violations happens in the immigration area.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
During the last fifteen years, it has become apparent that capacity building is an important ingredient for sustainable development. In this regard, governments in Africa rank capacity building for infrastructure delivery amongst the top priorities for promoting sustainable development. A large share of Africa’s infrastructure is domestically financed, with the central government budget being the main driver of infrastructure investment. It is, therefore, important to strengthen the finance and technical capacity of public sector officials to effectively manage the preparation, structuring, implementation and operations and maintenance of infrastructure. In the quest to improve the infrastructure delivery capacity of public sector officials, this dip stick survey has assessed and highlighted gaps in terms of limited working knowledge of financial instruments, products and services such as viability gap finance and partial risk guarantees, as well as different financing models including fixed and floating interest rate borrowing from DFIs. All officials interviewed confirmed the importance of prioritizing finance training in the areas of selection, preparation and appraisal of investment projects