Hasil untuk "Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"

Adina SĂCARA-ONIȚA, Andra-Teodora PORUMB

Die Arbeit präsentiert Aspekte der nonverbalen Kommunikation im Geschäftsbereich. Kommunikation, sowohl verbal als auch nonverbal, ist eine Eigenschaft lebender Wesen. Sowohl Menschen als auch Tiere können ohne Kommunikation nicht überleben. Wissenschaftlich gesehen wird Kommunikation als ein Prozess des Informationsaustauschs von einem Individuum zum anderen, von einer Gruppe zur anderen betrachtet. Nonverbale Kommunikation macht 55%-65% des Informationsvolumens aus, das wir übermitteln. Durch nonverbale Kommunikation übermittelt der Gesprächspartner vor allem Gefühle, Meinungen und Einstellungen. Die nonverbale Sprache wird stark von der kulturellen Funktion beeinflusst, die Körperhaltung, Mimik und Gesten des Sprechers unterscheiden sich je nach Umgebung, aus der der Sprecher stammt oder in der er als Individuum geformt wurde.

Małgorzata Sokołowicz

The aim of the paper is to analyze Enfants du lichen, a book of poems by Maya Cousineau Mollen, an Innu poet born in 1975, in order to see if the labyrinth can be considered as a figure of the postcolonial Native American experience. Although the word « labyrinth » does not make its explicit emergence in the poems, their lexical field evokes a whole imagination which makes it emerge implicitly and allows us to believe that the figure of the labyrinth corresponds to the situation of the former colonized. Our contribution is divided into three parts. The first characterizes the postcolonial Native American experience, as described in the poems, and explains why it may be seen as a labyrinth. The second shows the exploration of the paths of possible escape and the last focuses on the exit, the « passage from darkness to light », which can be read as a new era in the life of Canadian Native Americans.

Dariusz Jan Skotarek

This article is concerned with the significance of the editor in the translation process. The author presents the current status of editors in translation studies and calls for more attention to be paid to them. In the analytical part, the author analyses and presents selected examples of editorial changes of the first version of Yuri Slezkine’s House of Government translation into Polish. The analysis deals with passages where the editors corrected the translators’ mistakes. Particular attention is paid to fragments where the editors implemented difficult, potentially controversial corrections. This serves to show the role editors play in the translation process as well as the multitude and importance of the changes they introduce. The article stresses that the choices in the final translation that the audience, including translation scholars, reads are very often the editors’, not the translator’s, which should be taken into account while giving praise or assigning blame.

Carlo Presotto

L’esperienza della pandemia ha permesso di sperimentare su larga scala intuizioni ed ipotesi su come muta la dimensione performativa del laboratorio teatrale quando si sposta nei contesti digitali. Chiederci quali aspetti rimangono attivi e quali vengono a mancare, ci permette di approfondire la conoscenza di come l’esperienza performativa agisce con le identità delle persone e dei gruppi. E insieme ci indica alcune strade possibili per agire nella realtà contemporanea caratterizzata da una crescente ibridazione tra reale e virtuale della nostra esperienza del mondo.

Loreta Ulvydiene Huber

The twentieth century witnessed an abundant number of traumatic events related to dark history, like exiles and repressions by the Soviet regime in Lithuania in 1940-1953. In a single week of June 1941, the Soviets exiled 2% of the entire Lithuania’s population, while the total number reached nearly 14%. At the time, when it was allowed to speak about the unspeakable events of travelling to and surviving imprisonment in different concentration camps, numerous important works of various genres were published. The first historical novel in English - Between Shades of Gray - was written in 2011 by Ruta Sepetys, the daughter of a Lithuanian refugee. The novel was translated into 30 languages. In 2018 Marius A. Markevicius adapted the novel into a film titled “Ashes in the Snow.” The aim of the research is to discuss trauma and its reflection in literature and cinema, focusing on translation as screen adaptation. The novelty of the paper lies in the topic of (re)focalization when dealing with screen adaptation in relation to collective or personal traumas embodied in literary works. The concepts of conventional translation and adaptational translation by Henrik Gotlieb (2017: 52) are also discussed. The analysis of trauma is based on Cathy Caruth’s ideas who defines traumatic memories as non-verbal, so filmmakers have to find a way to express trauma when language becomes inaccessible and inadequate (Caruth 1996: 3-6). Gerard Genette’s three types of focalization, -  zero, internal and external, - as well as visible and invisible narrator in the story, offer a new approach to the study of audiovisual translation from the perspective of screen adaptation according to the external and internal position of the focalizer in the narrative: perceptual, psychological and ideological.

María Dolores Asensio Ferreiro

Tradicionalmente se ha prestado escasa atención a la adquisición de las unidades fraseológicas (UF) en general, y de las paremias en particular, en las propuestas didácticas y en los manuales de lengua española y de otras lenguas extranjeras (LE). Por ello, el tratamiento que reciben la fraseología y la paremiología en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de (E/A de LE) continúa representando un desafío para investigadores y docentes, principalmente en lo que se refiere a estrategias metodológicas enfocadas a la didáctica de estas disciplinas en el aula de LE. El estudio de las UF en la E/A de LE se ha convertido en un campo propio denominado fraseodidáctica, campo emergente dentro del   ámbito de la fraseología, dada   la importancia de estas unidades en el proceso de adquisición y desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa del usuario de una lengua. No obstante, no sucede lo mismo con las investigaciones centradas en la adquisición de competencia paremiológica (CP) en la E/A de LE, es decir, en lo que denominamos “paremiodidáctica”. Una de las grandes problemáticas en este sentido se encuentra en que la ausencia de conciencia paremiológica en lengua materna (LM) complica el aprendizaje de estas unidades, tanto en LM como en LE, e incluso provoca una fractura en la competencia comunicativa con los hablantes nativos de esa comunidad, lo que impide una adecuada y fluida comprensión en LE y dificulta seriamente la posibilidad de alcanzar un elevado dominio en LE, según indican los niveles del MCER. A esto se añade la competencia multilingüe (CM) del alumnado actual ya que la globalización actual obliga al dominio de varias LE. En este trabajo, analizamos estas cuestiones y presentamos un estudio en torno al multilingüismo inherente al alumnado universitario actual, con el fin de averiguar la relación entre la CP y la CM de estudiantes con LM español. Los resultados suponen una fuente de información privilegiada para profundizar en la investigación en paremiodidáctica de LE.

Dat Bao, Yongde Ye

This article reports a study on EFL/ESL learner perceptions of classroom tasks with reference to verbal or non-verbal participation, that is, how much speech and silence would be employed in response to a rage of task types. Data were collected from 260 learners from Indonesia and the Philippines. The article begins by explaining why silence and speech are the focus of the discussion. Secondly, it shares the literature review on how silence works in language learning and why it deserves a place in classroom teaching. Thirdly, it highlights classroom tasks that trigger silent processing and explain why this is the case. Finally, there are recommendations for task design in which similar activity types are introduced to assist the learning of reflective students.

Grant M. Armstrong

Abstract In many languages a set of adjectives are characterized by their “past/passive” participial morphology. Lexicalist and syntactic approaches to word formation converge on the claim that such adjectives can be derived from verbal inputs with no external argument but never from verbal inputs with an external argument. That is, there are “adjectival passives” but no “adjectival antipassives” marked with the same morphology. I argue that a sub-class of adjectives marked with the “past/passive” participial morpheme –do in Spanish, labeled participios activos in descriptive grammars, should be treated as adjectival antipassives in precisely this sense. I propose that Spanish has an Asp head that (i) is spelled out with “past/passive” participial morphology and (ii) selects an unergative verbal input creating a state/property whose argument corresponds to the external argument of that verbal source. If on the right track, the proposal supports the existence of a typology of adjectivizing heads that are spelled out uniformly with “past/passive” participial morphology but must be distinguished in terms of selectional and semantic properties (Bruening 2014, Word formation is syntactic: Adjectival passives in English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 32. 363–422; Embick 2004, On the structure of resultative participles in English. Linguistic Inquiry 35. 355–392). It differs from previous approaches in claiming that such a typology must include root-derived adjectives, as well as ‘active (=unergative)’ and ‘passive’ deverbal adjectives.

Michael Carl, M. Cristina Toledo Baez

The paper describes an experiment in which two groups of translators annotate Spanish and simplified Chinese MT output of the same English source texts (ST) using an MQM-derived annotation schema. Annotators first fragmented the ST and MT output (i.e. the target text TT) into alignment groups (AGs) and then labelled the AGs with an error code. We investigate the inter-annotator agreement of the AGs and their error annotations. Then, we correlate the average error agreement (i.e. the MT error evidence) with translation process data that we collected during the translation production of the same English texts in previous studies. We find that MT accuracy errors with higher error-evidence scores have an effect on the production and reading durations during post-editing. We also find that that from-scratch translation is more difficult for ST words which have more evident MT accuracy errors. Surprisingly, Spanish MT accuracy errors also correlate with total ST reading time for translations (post-editing and from-scratch translation) into very different languages. We conclude that expressions with MT accuracy issues into one language (English-to-Spanish) are likely to be difficult to translate also into other languages for humans and for computers – while this does not hold for MT fluency errors.

Gerd Hentschel

Observations on the Spread of Lexical Germanisms in the Contemporary Silesian Regiolect The article analyses the extent to which Silesians who say that they regularly use the Silesian regiolect still actively use the numerous lexical Germanisms that have been described for Silesian. It is based on a survey of nearly 1,000 respondents about their “subjective frequency” of Germanism usage. Procedures are suggested for distinguishing between Germanisms that tend to be used more frequently and those that tend to be used less frequently. A much-discussed codification of Silesian could dispense with the latter. Factors influencing usage frequency that are discussed in the article include the prevalence of a range of Silesian Germanisms in Polish dialects outside of Silesia as well as knowledge of German. In addition, the extent of Silesian and Polish usage by speakers of Silesian in different communication contexts is also described.

Natalia Yu Nelyubova, Polina S Syomina, Viktor I Ershov

In this article, the concepts “concept” and “value”, which clearly and fully characterize the linguistic world-image of a particular nation, are examined. Some approaches to the study of the term “concept” are discussed, the concept and its structure characteristics are presented, the nominative field of the concept and its attributes are analyzed. A brief description of the term “value” in linguistics is given. A parallel with the concept is given, some similarities and differences in the nature of these two terms are described. The material examined is the French language proverbial fund of France and Belgium. The definition of the proverb is given, examples of French and Belgian proverbs are analyzed, and their analysis is carried out in order to identify the most popular values of both nations. The principal concepts reflected in the proverbs studied: “woman”, “man”, “love”; the conclusions, obtained as a result of the research, are summarized. The purpose of this article is to study French concepts on the basis of French proverbial dictionaries and compare them with the concepts revealed in the proverbs of French-speaking Belgians. This study is relevant because, despite the availability of scientific literature describing the main concepts of the French and a number of works on the comparative analysis of the French language peculiarities of the French and Belgians, the problem of comparing the linguistic world-image of both nations on the material of proverbs has not been previously studied in detail.

Andrea Chiurato

As many other experimental writers of the XX century, the nouveaux romanciers have paid a particular attention to the role and the scope of the tragedy in the modern world. By questioning its conceptual and prototypical structures they thus wished to understand its everlasting influence on our civilisation and, at the same time, to undercover its ideological underpinnings. That’s perhaps the reason behind their fascination for the long vexed questions related to status of the tragic hero in the contemporary age; the same questions which, since the beginning of the Fifties, aroused a heated debate among themselves. Robbe-Grillet – the leading light of the group – regarded indeed such figure with a certain suspicion because of its close connection with the notions of “fate” and “destiny”; while other novelist, as Michel Butor, rather praised its potential as a metaphor of the human condition. The aim of my paper to provide an overview of their production from Les gommes (1953) and L’emploi du temps (1956) to Sphinx en chapeau (1984) in order to highlight their different approaches to the same subject – the story of Oedipus – as well as the differences between their own artistic visions.

Mariarosa Loddo

Alla malattia la letteratura si è sempre interessata, tanto da farne un vero e proprio topos. Tuttavia, mai come nel corso del Novecento l'esperienza del patologico sembra aver creato un connubio così stretto con l'autobiografia. Raccontare la propria vita o riscriverla alla luce della malattia è diventata una pratica letteraria – e non solo – largamente diffusa, tanto da essere identificata con un neologismo creato appositamente per definirla, ovvero «patografia». Cercheremo pertanto di individuare le origini, le influenze e i tratti distintivi di questa categoria testuale, che si ipotizza costituire un nuovo genere. Il confronto tra le opere di Annie Ernaux, Christa Wolf e  Hervé Guibert permetterà infine di rilevare i contributi originali e quelli ampiamente condivisi nella concettualizzazione e nella narrazione di ciò che significa essere malati.  Illness has always been easy to find in literature and indeed it has become a real topos. However, it is only in the XXth century that the illness experience has become an essential part of autobiography. Writing his own life or rewriting it after facing the disease is assumed to be nowadays a – not only -  literary practice which has reached a great popularity; this is also proved by the neologism «pathography», that was coined to identify this kind of texts. Hence, we may be talking about a new genre, whose origins, influences and peculiar features will be tracked down in this paper. Finally, a comparison between the works of Annie Ernaux, Christa Wolf and Hervé Guibert will allow us to discern the original perspectives from those largely shared in the narration and conceptualization of the illness experience.

Carla Almeida, Luisa Massarani, Ildeu de Castro Moreira

In Brazilian cultural manifestations, science is not usually pictured prominently. Still, one can find references to it in some of the most popular forms of communication. Cordel literature is one of them. In this article, we try to understand how the scientific world is inserted and represented in this literary genre. We did a discourse analysis based on a corpus of 50 Cordel booklets on topics related to science. We note that the booklets present, as a whole, an ambivalent image of science, extolling the scientific achievements and their authors in some cases, whereas, in others, showing a critical view of technological development. Our study suggests that the mixing of science and Cordel literature has the potential to bring together scientific and popular cultures. This could also promote a critical thinking in the public about the relationship between science and society. Therefore, Cordel literature may be an interesting tool for education and popularization of science.

Paula Andrea Montoya

Ludmila Dimitrova, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa, Radovan Garabík et al.

Main results of MONDILEX project The paper presents the results and recommendations of MONDILEX, a 7FP project that covered six Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The paper summarizes the research undertaken on standardisation and integration of Slavic language resources and on the establishment of a virtual organisation supporting research infrastructure for Slavic lexicography. The results should be useful for an implementation of a research infrastructure in the coming years.

G I Bykova

The article is devoted to the studies of religious-and-political discourse in the works of J. Ratzinger (Pope Benedictus the XVI). The author considers the religious-and-political concept «faith» in its historical and modern context. There are analyzed such notions as «progress», «science», «freedom» in the comprehension of Benedictus the XVI.

Marcia Amaral Peixoto Martins, Anna Olga Prudente de Oliveira

A proposta deste artigo é contribuir para a história da tradução no Brasil, investigando a atuação tradutória de D. Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil de 1831 a 1889. Buscou-se mapear sua produção nessa área, determinar seus objetivos ao traduzir, suas ideias acerca da tradução, as estratégias tradutórias adotadas e, na medida do possível, identificar relações ou topicalidades entre a seleção dos textos selecionados para tradução e situações, períodos ou ideais políticos.