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IntroductionThis study investigated the psychological mechanisms underlying Millennials’ and Generation Z’s consumption of the newly adopted Olympic sports, breaking, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing, featured for the first time in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. Drawing on the expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT), we examined how gaps between prior expectations and the actual viewing experience shape satisfaction and continuous viewing intentions.MethodsA survey was conducted from August to December 2024 involving Millennial and Generation Z respondents residing across 17 regions in Korea using purposive sampling to recruit individuals with prior viewing experience of the target sports. A total of 430 valid responses were analyzed in this study. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (Approval Number: SNU 24-10-055) and complied with the established ethical research guidelines.ResultsFindings indicated that prior expectations did not significantly influence disconfirmation or satisfaction, whereas perceived performance emerged as a central determinant of both constructs. Disconfirmation exerted a positive effect on satisfaction, suggesting that in contexts where prior information is limited, emotional and cognitive stimulation arising from performances exceeding expectations can enhance viewer satisfaction. Satisfaction significantly predicted continuous viewing intention.ConclusionThese results support the applicability of the EDT to Olympic sports content consumption while offering strategic implications for promoting sustained engagement among younger generations in newly introduced Olympic sports.
This chapter presents the activity conducted by the ITPA topical group (TG) on Diagnostics over about the last 15 years. Following a general introduction of the ITER Diagnostics led by their measurement roles, the document is organized in several subchapters detailing the design support, research and development activity conducted by each of the specialist working groups (WGs) of the TG. Please note that the magnetic diagnostics were supported at the TG without a specific WG. Their status is included in the general introduction. In the following some highlights of the subchapter’s contents are provided. Recent advances in ITER first wall (FW) diagnostics for the measurements of plasma-metallic wall interaction in support of the ITER research plan are reported. An InfraRed imaging Video Bolometer for ITER has been developed and tested on several tokamaks to measure the radiated power loss. A laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique which utilizes a pulsed laser beam to ablate locally by forming a crater, will measure local tritium inventory in the FW material. Real-time Residual Gas Analyzers will measure the neutral gas composition in a divertor port and an equatorial port during plasma operation. Due to the full metallic FW environment, the plasma-wall interaction in ITER will face several challenges such as the compromised radiated power and divertor heat flux measurements by reflection. Ray tracing and analysis codes have been developed to eliminate and correct the effects of reflection in the measurements. The characteristics of the reflecting surfaces depending on the roughness and angle of the incidence have been measured by dedicated experiments, and the results were applied to the reflection elimination. For the measurement of the metallic impurity radiation induced by eroded metallic atoms, a vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer has been developed and tested. An extensive thermonuclear diagnostic suite will be required to support the operation of ITER and the planned experimental program for future burning plasma experiments. Due to the harsh environmental conditions, the implementation of diagnostic systems in ITER is a major challenge. These conditions include high levels of neutron and gamma fluxes, neutron heating, particle bombardment. Therefore, the selection and design of diagnostic systems must take into account a number of phenomena previously unseen in diagnostic design. For this reason, the measurement of neutrons and confined or lost fast ions, with particular emphasis on alpha particles, is critical to ITER. The diagnostics associated with these measurements will be important for future plasma-burning experiments at ITER. The high neutron emission and very large plasma size in ITER make neutron diagnostics the main diagnostic method used to measure plasma parameters such as fusion power, fusion power density, ion temperature, energy of fast ions and their spatial distributions in the plasma core. Active spectroscopy techniques are methods where a neutral particle beam is injected into the plasma and information on plasma parameters is extracted from the measurement of line emission resulting from the beam-plasma interaction, either by plasma ions or by beam atoms. Spatial localization is achieved by crossing the beamline and multiple observation lines. The ITER plasma will be a high temperature, moderately dense, fully ionized collisional plasma. The plasma facing surfaces are principally metallic being fashioned from beryllium or tungsten but many other elements, arising from either structural or from operational needs, may enter this plasma. The energy range of the emitted photons range from meV (infra-red) to multi keV (x-rays) and originate from all areas of the plasma volume. The primary role of passive emission diagnostics is to identify what is in the plasma from spectral signatures. Extracting quantitative information from these measurements such as impurity content, ion temperature, rotation, degree of detachment and radiated power depends on calibrated instruments, a physics model of the atomic and molecular processes and plasma transport and an analysis workflow that takes into account environmental effects such as reflections. The particular needs for ITER have prompted a multi-machine, many-year effort to address all these aspects and this chapter reviews the work on diagnostic design, experiments and new analysis techniques. An overview of the laser diagnostics to be implemented on ITER is also provided in this paper. This includes descriptions of the Thomson scattering in the core, edge and divertor regions, polarimetry and interferometry diagnostics used for measuring plasma density and also measurements of helium density in the divertor using Laser Induced Flourescence. Techniques which can allow improvements on current measurements are also addressed in particular expanding poloidal polarimetry measurements to measure field fluctuations and proposed use of dispersion interferometery which has a number of advantages over existing methods. This paper identifies particular areas where further research and testing on existing tokamaks is useful even at this advanced stage to inform the design of diagnostics for ITER. Outstanding areas of concern for the implementation of laser diagnostics, in particular with a view to reliable operation are identified. An overview of the latest developments of microwave diagnostic systems and techniques is given. The primary focus is the contributions for ITER—the next step burning plasma experiment—which is supplemented by describing recent progress of techniques applicable for fusion experiments beyond ITER. The contributions are intentionally kept concise, and are being supplemented by a rich list of references for further studies. Radiation induced effects are receiving continuous and well-deserved attention of the ITER diagnostic community and they are in many cases one of the primary design drivers of the ITER diagnostic systems. The paper summarizes recent progress in this area focusing primarily on the ITER diagnostics but in some cases provides also outlook for the possible solutions for even more demanding radiation environment of fusion reactors beyond ITER. Despite advancements in the area of modeling and simulation of various radiation induced effects, experimental testing in a nuclear environment as close as possible to the target one is still seen as unavoidable for proper qualification of particular diagnostic functional elements. Recent advancement within three diagnostic areas: optical diagnostics, magnetics and bolometers is covered. Encouraging results on qualification of silica glass vacuum window assemblies are presented. In the area of magnetic sensors, progress of irradiation tests performed on ITER in-vessel LTCC inductive sensors is presented with outlook for novel technological approaches to inductive sensors utilizing thick printing and photolithography technologies being highlighted. Summary of advancements in the area of steady state magnetic field sensors based on Hall effect is given. New results of neutron irradiation test of the ITER borosilicate glass inserts for vacuum electrical feedthroughs are summarized finding negligible swelling at target level of neutron fluence. Off-line irradiation tests of fiber optic current sensors for plasma current measurement demonstrated that both for gamma doses up to 5 MGy and a total neutron fluence up to 10 ^15 cm ^−2 , radiation induced changes are still compatible with required measurement accuracy on ITER. The ITER bolometers are given as an example how considering radiation effects may influence the diagnostic design. Finally, outlook for future main R&D directions is outlined. All optical and laser-based diagnostics in ITER will be using mirrors to guide plasma radiation toward detectors, cameras and sensors. In the hostile plasma, radiation and particle environment the optical characteristics of diagnostic mirrors will degrade directly affecting the entire performance of involved diagnostic systems. An assessment of factors affecting mirror performance is provided. Among the prime adverse factors are deposition of plasma impurities, sputtering of mirror surface and steam ingress in the vicinity of mirrors. Within the International Tokamak Physics Activity with active support by ITER central team and domestic agencies, the structured research and development (R&D) program on mitigation of risks for diagnostic mirrors is underway. Within this program the mirror material development, the passive mitigation of mirror degradation by using diagnostic ducts and shutters along with an active mirror recovery program comprising the in-situ mirror cleaning and calibration is underway. Recent developments in diagnostic mirror R&D are described in this Chapter along with an example of their implementation of R&D solutions in ITER Infrared Thermography diagnostic. An assessment of still open engineering and physics questions, considerations on mirror risks during an early phase of ITER operation are given along with an overview of diagnostic mirror evolution in the late ITER operation stage toward the demonstration fusion power plant. Several crucial areas of diagnostic R&D outlined in ITER Research Plan are addressed. The basic control groups in a fusion reactor can be broken-down in five categories: (1) plasma position, magnetic configuration, and plasma current control, (2) profile control and confinement optimization, (3) MHD control and suppression, (4) edge dissipation control, radiation and plasma exhaust control and (5) break-down optimization. These categories are coupled via the physics (a control action in one domain will affect the other domains) and via shared actuators (e.g. ECRH for impurity accumulation avoidance, current density distribution control and MHD suppression). Consequently, a supervisory control system should determine the priority of the various control tasks, their couplings, and the interfaces with the safety and interlock system. For the systematic development of the various controllers taking the complexity of the plasma and the control system into account, a model-based approach is required. A short historical overview is given of the developments in systems and control theory and control engineering with special emphasis on those developments that are most relevant for Nuclear Fusion research and operation. An overview is given of the state of the field of fusion plasma control for the control categories. It will be shown how synthetic diagnostics are being developed in ITER and how they are used in diagnostic design and design validation and how they can be in model-based controller synthesis using relatively simple models. In modern control methods, multiple diagnostics are used to constrain relatively simple models. The constrained models provide an estimate for the state. This opens the route to state controllers, such as model predictive control. A major challenge in nuclear fusion research is the coherent combination of data from heterogeneous diagnostics and modeling codes for machine control and safety as well as physics studies. Measured data from different diagnostics often provide information about the same subset of physical parameters. Additionally, information provided by some diagnostics might be needed for the analysis of other diagnostics. A joint analysis of complementary and redundant data allows, e.g. to improve the reliability of parameter estimation, to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of profiles, to obtain synergistic effects, to consider diagnostics interdependencies and to find and resolve data inconsistencies. Physics-based modeling and parameter relationships provide additional information improving the treatment of ill-posed inversion problems. A coherent combination of all kind of available information within a probabilistic framework allows for improved data analysis results. The concept of integrated data analysis (IDA) in the framework of Bayesian probability theory is outlined and contrasted with conventional data analysis. Components of the probabilistic approach are summarized and specific ingredients beneficial for data analysis at fusion devices are discussed.
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity
Research links ambidexterity and innovation. However, the impact of the relationship between ambidextrous innovation and resilience relative to ambidexterity outcomes in the developing world remains atheoretical. Accordingly, this study introduces an ambidextrous innovation–resilience–ambidexterity interface to investigate 300 developing world SMEs. From this phenomenon–theory interface, equation, and regression modelling, we deduce theories to articulate the tenuous relationship between ambidextrous innovation strategies (IT [information technology] and learning capabilities) and resilience relative to ambidexterity outcomes for these SMEs. Juxtaposed against the ambidexterity–resilience link found in mainstream research, we show how the interplay of these ambidextrous innovation strategies with resilience weakens ambidexterity outcomes in a developing world setting, where essential entrepreneurship resources are too limited to meet SMEs’ needs. This study is original because it suggests that ambidextrous behavior may not always yield positive outcomes in a developing world setting, which has implications for research, policymaking, and SME practice.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Leticia Carmen Simón-López, Ismael Ortuño-Soriano, Raquel Luengo-González
et al.
BackgroundClinical trials are known to provide cause-and-effect results and data with low levels of bias. However, a lack of funding for clinical trials, which are considered expensive, means that academic sponsors are rarely able to conduct them. Academic trials are considered highly relevant for the valuable results they provide for clinical questions. This is why initiatives to conduct unfunded clinical trials have been identified as an important issue to pay attention to in future studies. Therefore, we present our initiative through Rogers’ theory, which is highlighted in the literature for diffusing innovative change across organizations.
ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper was to describe our case regarding management for conducting a nonfunded nurse-led clinical trial based on our previous low-interventional clinical trial across a specific health organization and with nurses.
MethodsWe conducted a low-intervention, nonexternally funded clinical trial using the human and material resources available on site. We managed our trial in a clinical trial unit where there were staff, sources, and ongoing commercial clinical trials. We conducted our trial based on an ongoing commercial trial, and, to do so, we needed behavioral changes. We relied on Rogers’ theory, and we identified strengths and barriers to change by analyzing actors' characteristics, perceptions of the situation, motivation, and information. Afterward, we divided the staff according to their characteristics related to innovation and change into permanent staff (research staff with a culture of change) and nonpermanent staff (nursing staff with occasional attendance and resistance to change). First, we preselected only those nurses who were more aware of change (innovators and pioneers) to participate in our trial to avoid a massive rejection, and later, we asked others to join (late adopters). We followed Rogers’ phases. For research staff who were aware of the funding, we focused on the “persuasion phase,” while for nursing staff, we mixed the “knowledge and persuasion phases” and used pioneers and early adopters as a positive example for other nurses as well as nonfinancial incentives (persuasion). Our trial consisted of different methods of vein cannulation, which was performed in the ongoing commercial trial. Thus, the entire development of our low-interventional clinical trial was conducted without interfering at any point with the parallel commercial clinical trial.
ResultsOur management allowed effective conduct of our study, and we met our aims without external funding and without ethical impact during the commercial clinical trial. Costs remained low, primarily because the major expenses were covered by the commercial clinical trial as an inherent part of its design.
ConclusionsOur initiative to conduct a low-intervention clinical trial with no or limited funding was cost-effective. This initiative can be used by researchers with valuable academic research questions who do not have the external funding to conduct studies.
Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04027218; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04027218
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR1-10.2196/56062
Medicine, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
The purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of organizational trust in the impact of social sustainability on organizational resilience. Using a sample of 441 employees in the energy sector in Istanbul, a structured questionnaire was applied to measure employees' organizational resilience, organizational trust and perceived social sustainability activities. Data analysis was carried out with SPSS and AMOS 24 programs. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used in the study. The data analysis based on path modelling confirms the mediating role of organizational trust in the effect of social sustainability on organizational resilience. The findings show that all social sustainability variables significantly affect all organizational trust dimensions, and organizational trust dimensions significantly affect organizational resilience dimensions. Accordingly, organizational trust dimensions and all social sustainability dimensions have a full mediating variable role in the effect of organizational trust dimensions on organizational resilience dimensions. Future research is important to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between social sustainability, organizational resilience and organizational trust. In particular, studies in specific sectors or cultural contexts can help us better understand how these relationships may vary and how they may shape organizations' strategies.
Lianne Holten, Rosalie van der Wolf, Marit S. G. van der Pijl
While key barriers to abortion care accessibility have been established, little is known about the experiences of people having abortions in the Netherlands. Stories of individual abortion-seekers can help counteract stereotyping, diminish abortion stigma, and improve accessibility. This study’s research question is: What experiences do abortion-seekers in the Netherlands have with abortion care and what new insights can the I-poem method of analysis provide? This qualitative feminist study used transcripts of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with abortion-seekers from previous research to create I-poems. Using a grounded theory method, the I-poems were coded deductively to validate previous findings, and inductively to generate new insights. The I-poems revealed that although abortion-seekers felt autonomous, their decision-making was complicated by doubt concerning their partner’s views and/or suitability as a parent, feelings of shame, and a lack of support. The abortion-seekers were often slowed by obstacles in policy and care; waiting caused feelings of fear and panic and routine pre-abortion ultrasounds led to anxiety. They often did not know what to expect from their body or the abortion procedure. I-poems show how autonomous choice in abortion care is socially constructed rather than purely individual. Abortion providers must pay special attention to external factors complicating the decision-making process such as partner discordance (even in stable relationships) and anxiety due to waiting times and routine pre-abortion ultrasound. Future action on normalisation of information provided on all aspects of choosing an abortion is necessary to realise informed choice and reduction of abortion stigma.Plain language summary Abortion is a medical procedure that ends a pregnancy. In some countries, people can easily get an abortion. In others, it is illegal or difficult to access. In the Netherlands, abortion is accessible and legal before 24 weeks of pregnancy and can be performed upon request of the abortion seeker. This policy is often seen as liberal, as it allows people to make their own decisions about their bodies. Still, abortion stigma is present in Dutch society. Stigma around abortion refers to negative attitudes and beliefs that society has towards people who have had abortions or are considering having one.Research by Holten et al7 looked at how easy it is for abortion seekers in the Netherlands to access abortion services. The study highlighted that people in the Netherlands still face barriers to accessing abortion services. For example: the law and regulations regarding abortions and the fact that people had difficulty in talking about their abortion due to stigma.The abovementioned study gives a broad view on challenges in the accessibility of abortion in the Netherlands, but the individual experiences are not portrayed.The goal of this study is to learn about the personal experiences of abortion-seekers in the Netherlands. It aims to understand what it’s like for these people to access abortion services and what we can learn from their individual stories by using a method of analysis called I-poem. I-poems are a type of poem created by the researcher by looking for sentences using the first-person pronoun “I” in interview texts. I poems show the personal experience or point of view of the person interviewed. This type of poem is often used to express emotions or share personal stories or observations.This study used interviews with people who have had abortions to create I-poems. The grounded theory method was used to analyse the I-poems in two ways: confirming what was found in previous studies, and also providing new insights from the data.The study found that the people contemplating having an abortion had a hard time making the decision to have an abortion because they had doubts, were worried about what their partner would think, felt ashamed to talk about it with friends and family, and didn’t have enough support. They also faced challenges like having to wait for the abortion because of clinic schedules and laws and getting ultrasounds before the procedure, which made them anxious. It was also found that the people contemplating abortion were unsure of what to expect from the abortion procedure and how their body would react, which made the decision even harder.The study concludes that even when people felt in control of their decision, the decision-making process was still difficult. The decision is not just personal, but is also affected by society, partners, and healthcare policies. The waiting time and the ultrasound before the abortion made the process harder, and abortion seekers were not aware of what to expect from the procedure. More information and education on all aspects of having an abortion should be provided to help people to make better informed decisions and reduce the abortion stigma. Further research on experiences of routine ultrasound before abortion in the Netherlands is needed to improve abortion care.
Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, The family. Marriage. Woman
The worsening of climate conditions is closely related to the large amount of carbon dioxide produced by human use of fossil fuels. Under the guidance of the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals”, with the deepening of the structural reform of the energy supply side, the hybrid energy system coupled with renewable energy has become an important means to solve the energy problem. This paper focuses on the comprehensive evaluation of hybrid energy systems. A complete decision support system is constructed in this study. The system primarily consists of four components: 1) Twelve evaluation criteria from economic, environmental, technological, and socio-political perspectives; 2) A decision information collecting and processing method in uncertain environment combining triangular fuzzy numbers and hesitation fuzzy language term sets; 3) A comprehensive weighting method based on Lagrange optimization theory; 4) Solution ranking based on the fuzzy VIKOR method that considers the risk preferences of decision-makers. Through a case study, it was found that the four most important criteria are investment cost, comprehensive energy efficiency, dynamic payback period and energy supply reliability with weights of 7.21%, 7.17%, 7.17%, and 7.15% respectively. A1 is the scheme with the best comprehensive benefit. The selection of solutions may vary depending on the decision-maker’s risk preference. Through the aforementioned research, the decision framework enables the evaluation of the overall performance of the system and provides decision-making references for decision-makers in selecting solutions.
We give a rigorous mathematical definition of conflict, on the basis of which we formulate the mathematical theory of conflicts as a problem of the theory of cognitive control. Possible ways of influencing the conflicting parties on each other are considered and analyzed. The analysis carried out shows that the control of a conflict situation is fundamentally different from the control of technical objects. So, when controlling technical objects, it is usually possible to directly influence the reason that causes error (deviation) in the system. In a conflict situation, there is often no opportunity to directly influence the opposite side of the conflict. However, each of the conflicting parties has the ability to change its own parameters and, thereby, create a conflict for the opposite side, which is forced to change its parameters to those necessary for the opponent in order to resolve its own conflict. Within the framework of the developed theory, the conflict between the worker and the employer is considered, and this conflict is analyzed from the point of view of the cognitive control theory.
The protection of urban heritage is not an abstract intellectual theory, as
it resembles any planning process subject to a set of factors. Those factors
are determined in a progressive and continuous way by the actors of this
field. If the political decision was considered the main motor of its
dimensions and objectives, the technical factor is not less important, it is
embodied these dimensions and objectives. In this context this study came to
approximate between the Points of View the first and the second the area of
conservation the World archaeological site Al Qal’a Bani Hammed in Algeria
(PPMVSA). Although their theoretical reference is the same, but technical
evaluation has different in determining the protection perimeter, using the
geographic information system (GIS) and multiple-criteria decision analysis
(MCDA) to systematically and precisely analyse the factors controlling the
determination of the archaeological protection area, we are reducing the
percentage of biased points of view and we propose an alternative to
protection plan based on precise scientific principles and standards.
Reza Karimi, Morteza Mohammadi Ostani, Mohammad Reza Nasiri
Objectives: The present study aims to survey the reaction of Web search engines to the markup metadata records of a person entity (fourteen infallibles) based on Schema.org at two levels of indexability and semantic visibility.Methods: The research method is experimental. The research populations consisted of 42 metadata records in the form of two experimental groups (14 records in Microdata format and 14 records in JSON-LD format) and a control group (14 records in HTML format). Another research population is Web search engines (Google and Bing) which was selected by the targeted sampling method. These records were published on an independent website and introduced directly to search engines. The data collection method was structured observation and the data collection tool was researcher-made checklists.Results: The results showed that Google and Bing search engines indexed the metadata records of person entities in two experimental groups (Microdata and JSON-LD) and also were done semantic visible. The metadata records of the control groups were also indexed in search engines but were not semantic visibility.Conclusions: Using Scema.org and its syntactic context for markup to create rich snippets will improve their indexability and semantic visibility in Web search engines. Creating structured data in the Web environment will lead to the realization of the Semantic web, and the retrieval of knowledge.
Traditional theories of intermediation are based on transaction costs and asymmetric information. They are designed to account for institutions which take deposits or issue insurance policies and channel funds to firms. However, in recent decades there have been significant changes. Although transaction costs and asymmetric information have declined, intermediation has increased. New markets for financial futures and options are mainly markets for intermediaries rather than individuals or firms. These changes are difficult to reconcile with the traditional theories. We discuss the role of intermediation in this new context stressing risk trading and participation costs.
Sara Fernandes,1 Guillaume Fond,1 Xavier Yves Zendjidjian,1 Karine Baumstarck,1 Christophe Lançon,1 Fabrice Berna,2 Franck Schurhoff,2 Bruno Aouizerate,2 Chantal Henry,2 Bruno Etain,2 Ludovic Samalin,2 Marion Leboyer,2 Pierre-Michel Llorca,2 Magali Coldefy,3 Pascal Auquier,1 Laurent Boyer1 On behalf of the French PREMIUM Group1Aix-Marseille University, School of Medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France; 2FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France; 3Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (IRDES), Paris, FranceCorrespondence: Sara FernandesAix-Marseille University, School of Medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, FranceTel +33-660185077Email sfernandes.sara@gmail.comBackground: There is growing concern about measuring patient experience with mental health care. There are currently numerous patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) available for mental health care, but there is little guidance for selecting the most suitable instruments. The objective of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the psychometric properties and the content of available PREMs.Methods: A comprehensive review following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted using the MEDLINE database with no date restrictions. The content of PREMs was analyzed using an inductive qualitative approach, and the methodological quality was assessed according to Pesudovs quality criteria.Results: A total of 86 articles examining 75 PREMs and totaling 1932 items were included. Only four PREMs used statistical methods from item response theory (IRT). The 1932 items covered seven key mental health care domains: interpersonal relationships (22.6%), followed by respect and dignity (19.3%), access and care coordination (14.9%), drug therapy (14.1%), information (9.6%), psychological care (6.8%) and care environment (6.1%). Additionally, a few items focused on patient satisfaction (6.7%) rather than patient experience. No instrument covered the latent trait continuum of patient experience, as defined by the inductive qualitative approach, and the psychometric properties of the instruments were heterogeneous.Conclusion: This work is a critical step in the creation of an item library to measure mental health care patient-reported experience that will be used in France to develop, validate, and standardize item banks and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) based on IRT. It will also provide internationally replicable measures that will allow direct comparisons of mental health care systems.Trial Registration: NCT02491866.Keywords: patient-reported experience measures, patient experience, patient satisfaction, health services research, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, systematic review
The objective of photogrammetry is to extract information from imagery. With the increasing interaction of sensing and computing technologies, the fundamentals of photogrammetry have undergone an evolutionary change in the past several decades. Numerous theoretical progresses and practical applications have been reported from traditionally different but related multiple disciplines, including computer vision, photogrammetry, computer graphics, pattern recognition, remote sensing and machine learning. This has gradually extended the boundary of traditional photogrammetry in both theory and practice. This paper introduces a new, holistic theoretical framework to describe various photogrammetric tasks and solutions. Under this framework, photogrammetry is generally regarded as a reversed imaging process formulated as a unified optimization problem. Depending on the variables to be determined through optimization, photogrammetric tasks are mostly divided into image space tasks, image-object space tasks and object space tasks, each being a special case of the general formulation. This paper presents representative solution approaches for each task. With this effort, we intend to advocate an imminent and necessary paradigm change in both research and learning of photogrammetry.