Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Giacomo Mastroddi, Jan Poland, Mats Larsson et al.

We study damping of inter-area oscillations in transmission grids using voltage-source-converter-based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) links. Conventional power oscillation damping controllers rely on system models that are difficult to obtain in practice. Data-driven Predictive Control (DPC) addresses this limitation by replacing explicit models with data. We apply AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs (ARX)-based predictive control and its Transient Predictive Control (TPC) variant, and compare them with Data-enabled Predictive Control (DeePC) and two standard model-based controllers. The methods are evaluated in simulation on a system exhibiting both inter-area and local oscillation modes. ARX-based predictive control and DeePC both achieve effective damping, while the ARX-based methods require less online computation. Using warm-started, pre-factorized operator-splitting solvers, ARX/TPC control actions are computed in less than 1ms. These results demonstrate that DPC is a viable approach for power-system oscillation damping for the given test case.

Marta Waliszewska-Prosół, Karol Marschollek, Sławomir Budrewicz et al.

Abstract Background The ‘Migraine in Poland’ study is a large-scale nationwide cross-sectional online survey that assessed symptomatology, consulting, diagnosis, treatment, and burden of migraine in Poland, conducted from August 2021 to June 2022. The purpose of this paper is to define migraine phenotype and patterns of care for Polish men. Methods Participants were recruited through various channels, primarily targeting individuals experiencing headaches. The questionnaire evaluated healthcare system utilization, headache features, history of diagnosis, comorbidities, burden, as well as the use of acute or preventive treatment. The survey included questions that allowed for diagnosis according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3. Results 3225 individuals aged 13 to 80 (mean age 38.9) responded to the survey (87.1% were women). Migraine without aura diagnosis was confirmed in 1679 (52.7%) of subjects, and this group was included in further analysis. The current study group consisted of 244 men (14.6%) and 1431 women (85.4%). Men tended to experience fewer types of headaches compared to women (p < 0.001) and were significantly less likely to report visual and sensory symptoms accompanying the worst headache than women (p < 0.001). Premonitory symptoms preceding the onset of headache were more likely, and the time required to return to normal functioning was longer in men than in women (median 24 and 10 h, respectively; p < 0.001). The use of acute treatment was significantly higher in men, regarding both physician-prescribed medications (80.3% vs. 69.3%; p < 0.001) and over-the-counter medications (77% vs. 52.2%; p < 0.001), as well as natural-based or alternative remedies (43% vs. 15.4%; p < 0.001). Men were more likely to use combination drugs (66% vs. 57.9%; p = 0.017) and often fulfilled the criteria for medication overuse (29.5% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Prophylactic treatment was less frequently used in men (21.7% vs. 38%; p < 0.001). Men reported spending more money on medications monthly than women (p < 0.001). Both on the MIDAS (p < 0.001) and PHQ-9 (p = 0.002) scales, men scored lower than women. Conclusions Our study confirms the existence of significant gender differences in the course of migraine, both in terms of clinical characteristics of the disease and patterns related to health behaviors and access to medical care.

Piotr Kmiecik, Justyna Kleszcz, Jakub Świerzawski et al.

The paper investigates the urban evolution of Londzina Street in Zabrze, Poland, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines how municipal and private heavy-industrial efforts shaped the city’s development, highlighting the tension between traditional compact urban quarters and the emerging garden city concept. The paper conducts research on urbanism, architecture and history through historical analysis, cartographic review and spatial interpretation. It explores Zabrze’s spatial structure, as a miners’ village and then a town; the garden city concept’s influence on worker estates in England and Germany; and the functional and spatial conflicts during urban formation. The study reveals that industrial enterprises, not municipal authorities, were the primary drivers of modern urban planning solutions in Zabrze, challenging conventional views of city formation in Silesia.

R. Przybylak, R. Przybylak, A. Araźny et al.

<p>A comprehensive database of strong winds up until AD 1600 was created based on documentary evidence for the area within the modern-day borders of Poland. Three types of documentary sources were used: handwritten and unpublished, published, and “secondary” literature. The database contains detailed information about occurrences of strong wind (the location/region, time, duration and indexation for intensity, extent and character of damage), along with the exact textual content of the original weather note, the name of the source, and an evaluation of the source's quality. Five categories of strong winds were delimited: 1 – fresh and strong breeze (Beaufort scale 5–7); 2 – gale (8–9); 3 – storm (10–12); 4 – squall (i.e. gusty wind during a thunderstorm); and 5 – tornadoes. The intensity, extent, and character of damage were estimated based on the proposition given by Brázdil et al. (2004), which we slightly modified to include the Baltic Sea and its influence on coastal parts. In the database, 137 thus-defined strong winds were identified. A reliable estimate of some characteristics of the occurrence of strong winds in Poland seems possible from the mid-15th century onwards. The highest number of strong winds occurred in the second half of the 16th century, with a maximum in the 1570s. For each season, the greatest number of strong winds was found for the Baltic Coast and Pomeranian Region, followed by Silesia and Lesser Poland. Storms and gales were most common during the cold half-year (mainly in March, November, and December).</p>

Krzysztof Prokop

Adam Naruszewicz (1733–1796) is considered the father of critical historiography in Poland. His most important work in this respect was the multi-volume History of the Polish Nation, the first volume of which, dealing with the prehistoric era, was published after the author’s death (1824). It is of interest to scholars of the history of archaeology in Poland, who also point to some other works of Naruszewicz where archaeological themes appear. However, until now, no attention has been paid in this respect to the Diary of the journey of king Stanislaus Augustus to Ukraine and other Crown lands in 1787, which contains an extensive passage devoted to barrows preserved in the Ukrainian steppes. It attempts to explain their origins or their connection to specific historical circumstances by referring to the testimony of ancient authors (including those from the Byzantine world). The author of the Diary of the journey of king Stanislaus Augustus… is not unaware that some of the impressive graves scattered across the steppe may be of later origin (from the Middle Ages or even modern times) and may be the result of long-lasting battles in these lands. In his description, Adam Naruszewicz also refers to local tradition, including folk accounts, which provides material of interest not only to the archaeologist or historian but also to the ethnographer. As part of the following article, the 1787 account has been selectively commented on – in the hope that it will not be overlooked when attempting to cover in more detail the origins of archaeological interest in domestic writing in the future.

Alex Alarcon, Andrew P. Hearin, Matthew R. Becker et al.

We present DiffstarPop, a differentiable forward model of cosmological populations of galaxy star formation histories (SFH). In the model, individual galaxy SFH is parametrized by Diffstar, which has parameters $θ_{\rm SFH}$ that have a direct interpretation in terms of galaxy formation physics, such as star formation efficiency and quenching. DiffstarPop is a model for the statistical connection between $θ_{\rm SFH}$ and the mass assembly history (MAH) of dark matter halos. We have formulated DiffstarPop to have the minimal flexibility needed to accurately reproduce the statistical distributions of galaxy SFH predicted by a diverse range of simulations, including the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulation, the Galacticus semi-analytic model, and the UniverseMachine semi-empirical model. Our publicly available code written in JAX includes Monte Carlo generators that supply statistical samples of galaxy assembly histories that mimic the populations seen in each simulation, and can generate SFHs for $10^6$ galaxies in 1.1 CPU-seconds, or 0.03 GPU-seconds. We conclude the paper with a discussion of applications of DiffstarPop, which we are using to generate catalogs of synthetic galaxies populating the merger trees in cosmological N-body simulations.

Qiaorong S. Yu, Stephanie O'Neil, Xuejian Shen et al.

In this study, we define the novel splashback depth $\mathcal{D}$ and width $\mathcal{W}$ to examine how the splashback features of dark matter haloes are affected by the physical properties of haloes themselves. We use the largest simulation run in the hydrodynamic MillenniumTNG project. By stacking haloes in bins of halo mass, redshift, mass-dependent properties such as peak height and concentration, and halo formation history, we measure the shape of the logarithmic slope of the density profile of dark matter haloes. Our results show that the splashback depth has a strong dependence on the halo mass which follows a power law $\mathcal{D}\propto\left(\log_{10}M\right)^{2.8}$. Properties with strong correlation with halo mass demonstrate similar dependence. The splashback width has the strongest dependence on halo peak height and follows a power law $\mathcal{W}\proptoν^{-0.87}$. We provide the fitting functions of the splashback depth and width in terms of halo mass, redshift, peak height, concentrations and halo formation time. The depth and width are therefore considered to be a long term memory tracker of haloes since they depend more on accumulative physical properties, e.g., halo mass, peak height and halo formation time. They are shaped primarily by the halo's assembly history, which exerts a stronger influence on the inner density profile than short-term dynamical processes. In contrast, the splashback features have little dependence on the short term factors such as halo mass accretion rate and most recent major merger time. The splashback depth and width can therefore be used to complement information gained from quantities like the point of steepest slope or truncation radius to characterise the halo's history and inner structure.

Qishuai Zhong, Zongmin Li, Siqi Fan et al.

Effective engagement by large language models (LLMs) requires adapting responses to users' sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, occupation, and education level. While many real-world applications leverage dialogue history for contextualization, existing evaluations of LLMs' behavioral adaptation often focus on single-turn prompts. In this paper, we propose a framework to evaluate LLM adaptation when attributes are introduced either (1) explicitly via user profiles in the prompt or (2) implicitly through multi-turn dialogue history. We assess the consistency of model behavior across these modalities. Using a multi-agent pipeline, we construct a synthetic dataset pairing dialogue histories with distinct user profiles and employ questions from the Value Survey Module (VSM 2013) (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2016) to probe value expression. Our findings indicate that most models adjust their expressed values in response to demographic changes, particularly in age and education level, but consistency varies. Models with stronger reasoning capabilities demonstrate greater alignment, indicating the importance of reasoning in robust sociodemographic adaptation.

Piotr Maciej Dziembowski

W artykule przedstawiono 220 wypisów z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii katolickiej w Koźminku i w Liskowie z XVIII wieku. Wypisy dotyczą chrztów (136), ślubów (29) i zgonów (55) osób pochodzenia szlacheckiego. Podjęto również próbę ustalenia filiacji osób występujących w zapisach. Artykuł oparty o materiał źródłowy, stanowi materiał wyjściowy do genealogii szlachty powiatu kaliskiego.

Andrzej Mirga

Poniższy artykuł Andrzeja Mirgi pochodzi z numeru specjalnego czasopisma „Etnografia Polska” 22(2) 1978 poświęconego Romom (w tym czasie konsekwentnie nazywanymi „Cyganami”) i studiom romoznawczym. Autor ukazuje wizerunek nie-Roma rozpowszechniony wśród Romów Karpackich – mieszkańców romskiej osady na polskim Spiszu. Całość oparta jest o dychotomię „Rom – Gadzio”. Artykuł publikujemy za zgodą Autora i redakcji „Etnografii Polskiej”.

Nanzhe Wang, Louis J. Durlofsky

Geological carbon storage entails the injection of megatonnes of supercritical CO2 into subsurface formations. The properties of these formations are usually highly uncertain, which makes design and optimization of large-scale storage operations challenging. In this paper we introduce a history matching strategy that enables the calibration of formation properties based on early-time observations. Early-time assessments are essential to assure the operation is performing as planned. Our framework involves two fit-for-purpose deep learning surrogate models that provide predictions for in-situ monitoring well data and interpreted time-lapse (4D) seismic saturation data. These two types of data are at very different scales of resolution, so it is appropriate to construct separate, specialized deep learning networks for their prediction. This approach results in a workflow that is more straightforward to design and more efficient to train than a single surrogate that provides global high-fidelity predictions. The deep learning models are integrated into a hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) history matching procedure. History matching is performed on a synthetic case with and without 4D seismic data, which allows us to quantify the impact of 4D seismic on uncertainty reduction. The use of both data types is shown to provide substantial uncertainty reduction in key geomodel parameters and to enable accurate predictions of CO2 plume dynamics. The overall history matching framework developed in this study represents an efficient way to integrate multiple data types and to assess the impact of each on uncertainty reduction and performance predictions.

Michele Moresco

As revealed by Hubble in 1928, our Universe is expanding. This discovery was fundamental to widening our horizons and our conception of space, and since then determining the rate at which our Universe is expanding has become one of the crucial measurements in cosmology. At the beginning of this century, these measurements revealed the unexpected behavior that this expansion is accelerating and allowed us to have a first glimpse of the dark components that constitute $\sim$95\% of our Universe. Cosmic chronometers represent a novel technique to obtain a cosmology-independent determination of the expansion of the Universe, based on the differential age dating of a population of very massive and passively evolving galaxies. Currently, with this new cosmological probe it is possible to constrain the Hubble parameter with an accuracy of around 5\% at $z\sim0.5$ up to 10-20\% at $z\sim2$. In this Chapter, the cosmic chronometers approach is presented, describing the method and how an optimal sample can be selected; it is then discussed how the most recent measurements of the expansion history of the Universe have been obtained with this approach, as well as the cosmological constraints that can be derived. Particular attention will be given to the systematics involved in this approach and the treatment to properly take them into account. We conclude by presenting forecasts that show how future spectroscopic surveys will significantly boost the accuracy of this method and open the possibility to a percent determination of the Hubble constant, making cosmic chronometers a powerful independent tool to derive information on the expansion history of the Universe.

E. Altobelli, L. Rapacchietta, V. Profeta et al.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) represents an important public health problem with a prevalence between 1.3% and 12.5%. Several population-based randomized trials have evaluated ultrasound screening for AAA providing evidence of a reduction in aneurysm-related mortality in the screened population. The aim of our study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk factors for AAA. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies and we performed a meta-analysis that evaluated the following risk factors: gender, smoking habits, hypertension, coronary artery disease and family history of AAA. Respect to a previous a meta-analysis we added the funnel plot to examine the effect sizes estimated from individual studies as measure of their precision; sensitivity analysis to check the stability of study findings and estimate how the overall effect size would be modified by removal of one study; cumulative analysis to evaluate the trend between studies in relation to publication year. Abdominal aortic aneurysm prevalence is higher in smokers and in males. On the other hand, while diabetes is a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, it is not a risk factor for AAA. In addition, it is important to underline that all countries, where AAA screening was set up, had high income level and the majority belong to Western Europe (United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, Poland, Spain and Belgium). Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening is fundamental for public health. It could avoid deaths, ruptures, and emergency surgical interventions if abdominal aortic aneurysm was diagnosed early in the population target for screening.

Karolina Golinowska

Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia polityki kulturalnej ze szczególnym naciskiem położonym na charakterystykę pojęcia kultury. Kultura ograniczona do przestrzeni odświętnej, oferty programowej bądź czynnika napędzającego rozwój traci swój szeroki antropologiczny wymiar i powiązania ze sferą wartości oraz treściami o charakterze światopoglądowym. To zaś może wynikać z celowego działania twórców polityki kulturalnej jako próba zwiększenia inkluzywnego charakteru treści kulturowych i jednocześnie strategia podtrzymująca obowiązujące relacje władzy. Autorka analizuje różne wizje polityki kulturalnej i potencjalne kierunki jej rozwoju, dla których punktem odniesienia staje się ujęcie polityki kultury zaproponowane przez Jima McGuigana. Ono też pozwala wydobyć niewygodny dla rządzących fakt, że pozornie transparentna przestrzeń polityki kultury to de facto przestrzeń konfliktu i ścierających się interesów.

Daniela Moţ, Emil Tîrziu

African swine fever continues to evolve in Europe and in our country, even in the last two years of the pandemic, and is currently the main threat to the global swine industry. It affects more than 50 countries on 5 continents, with several epidemiological scenarios. Even this year, Romania was not bypassed by this serious disease, which causes many economic damages: in the case of domestic pigs, in the EU Member States were registered, between 01.01-16.01.2022, 24 outbreaks, of which 22 in Romania. In the same period, 565 outbreaks of PPA were reported in wild boars. Most evolve in Poland (177), Bulgaria (120), Germany (78) and Romania (59). Europe is waiting for an effective vaccine against African swine fever (PPA) by 2024, the main risk to pig health worldwide, being the only way to eradicate the disease. Veterinary services continue their efforts to prevent the spread of the African swine fever virus (PPA), those for the management of disease outbreaks, with the aim of reducing outbreaks and spreading this disease, which already has a history in our country, evolving since 2017 almost constantly.

Marta Smektała, Magdalena Baborska-Narożny

The role of a balcony is well recognised in the history of urban living. If designed carefully, balconies fit certain spatial and normative contexts and respond to residents’ needs. This study examines how balconies are used and what variables influence the variety and intensity of their usage. A non-participatory observation of 3000 balconies in Wrocław, Poland, was followed by interviews with relevant stakeholders. Key questions were: How do people adapt balconies to their personal needs and for what types of activities do they use balconies? Interviews ('n' = 41) were conducted with developers’ representatives, estates agents, architects and residents. Results indicate what kind of physical features (size, dimensions) or contextual features (orientation, exposure, community pattern) affect balconies’ usage. The residents’ activities performed on balconies and type of furniture are presented: their features, estate characteristics and surrounding context. Interviews with industry stakeholders reveal that developers and designers have a poor understanding of how balconies are actually used: their assumptions are that balconies are used for leisure and not for other functions. This research identifies and confirms the variety of balconies’ functions, and the most crucial features of well-designed balconies are adaptability and responsiveness to context. 'Practice relevance' This research shows that balconies serve a variety of functions for inhabitants and can contribute to housing adaptability if designed well. However, the supply side ('i.e'. developers and designers) has a limited understanding of how the balconies’ adaptability might enhance urban living and respond to inhabitants’ needs. Key physical and contextual features are identified that are important to residents and the extent of adaptability they expect from their balconies. Some findings ('e.g'. most activities observed for a northern orientation) contradict existing industry beliefs. The main barrier within the supply side to create usable balconies is the lack of relevant communication with residents to understand their needs. The present research addresses this gap by providing developers and architects with ready-to-use material for creating evidence-based guidance.

Anna Komarnicka, Michał Komarnicki

The activity and initiatives undertaken by financial institutions to protect the environment are now the goal of the evolution of the entire financial market. However, it is important not to ignore the legal issues and their implications, which to a large extent now permeate many financial decisions and affect the practices and behaviours of banks. The main objective of this paper was to identify the current condition of and ongoing developments in European Union legal regulations concerning Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) and sustainable finance. An important aspect of this study was also to analyse the tools, legal instruments, standards and guidelines of the European Commission and the European Banking Authority (EBA) and those proposed by the international business environment in the area of non-financial reporting ESG disclosures in the EU banking sector as exemplified by Poland. In addition, this paper analyses the status of implementation of ESG-related requirements set by the EU legal framework by banks, banking associations and associations of cooperative banks operating in Poland. To achieve the objectives of this study, and to answer the research questions posed, an analysis of primary and secondary sources was carried out in conjunction with a review of the (national and foreign) literature on the subject. Two non-reactive research methodologies were used in the design of this study: the doctrinal legal method and desk research. The results of the analysis indicate that EU regulations are at the drafting stage and those adopted so far require a number of amendments. Banker associations have voiced extensive criticism of the regulations, which are viewed by banks as inadequate, unclear and inconsistent. Both EU and Polish banker associations primarily point to a high degree of generality in the solutions and legal frameworks adopted. The legal acts enacted to date do not correspond to the needs of the market. The analysis of the positions of the banking associations also revealed that the EU legislation still has gaps preventing a harmonised approach to the comprehensive and consistent integration of ESG factors by banks in their strategy and operations.

João Lourenço, António Rito Silva

Recent research has proposed different approaches on the automated identification of candidate microservices on monolith systems, which vary on the monolith representation, similarity criteria, and quality metrics used. On the other hand, they are generally limited in the number of codebases and decompositions evaluated, and few comparisons between approaches exist. Considering the emerging trend in software engineering in techniques based on the analysis of codebases' evolution, we compare a representation based on the monolith code structure, in particular the sequences of accesses to domain entities, with representations based on the monolith development history (file changes and changes authorship). From the analysis on a total of 468k decompositions of 28 codebases, using five quality metrics that evaluate modularity, minimization of the number of transactions per functionality, and reduction of teams and communication, we conclude that the best decompositions on each metric were made by combining data from the sequences of accesses and the development history representations. We also found that the changes authorship representation of codebases with many authors achieves comparable or better results than the sequence of accesses representation of codebases with few authors with respect to minimization of the number of transactions per functionality and the reduction of teams.

Jiamin Yu

With the popularity of Telematics and Self-driving, more and more rating factors, such as mileage, route, driving behavior, etc., are introduced into actuarial models. There are quite a few doubts and disputes on the rationality and accuracy of the selection of rating variables, but it does not involve the widely accepted historical claim records. Recently, Tesla Insurance released a new generation of Safety Score-based insurance, irrespective of accident history. Forward-looking experts and scholars began to discuss whether claim history will disappear in the future auto insurance rate-making system. Therefore, this paper proposes a new risk variable elimination method as well as a real-time road risk model design framework and concludes that claim history will be regarded as a "noise" factor and deprecated in the Pay-How-You-Drive model.