Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

C. Schmitt

J. Habermas, S. Benhabib

Max Sobol Mark, Jacky Liang, Maria Attarian et al.

Many robot tasks require attending to the history of past observations. For example, finding an item in a room requires remembering which places have already been searched. However, the best-performing robot policies typically condition only on the current observation, limiting their applicability to such tasks. Naively conditioning on past observations often fails due to spurious correlations: policies latch onto incidental features of training histories that do not generalize to out-of-distribution trajectories upon deployment. We analyze why policies latch onto these spurious correlations and find that this problem stems from limited coverage over the space of possible histories during training, which grows exponentially with horizon. Existing regularization techniques provide inconsistent benefits across tasks, as they do not fundamentally address this coverage problem. Motivated by these findings, we propose Big Picture Policies (BPP), an approach that conditions on a minimal set of meaningful keyframes detected by a vision-language model. By projecting diverse rollouts onto a compact set of task-relevant events, BPP substantially reduces distribution shift between training and deployment, without sacrificing expressivity. We evaluate BPP on four challenging real-world manipulation tasks and three simulation tasks, all requiring history conditioning. BPP achieves 70% higher success rates than the best comparison on real-world evaluations. Videos are available at https://bigpicturepolicies.github.io/

Ya. V. Zemlianyi, N. A. Zemliana

Aim. To assess serum levels of the proliferation markers Ki-67 and APRIL in women with endometrial hyperplasia (EH) combined with arterial hypertension (AH), and their correlation with clinical, medical history, and morphofunctional parameters of the endometrium. Materials and methods. The study included 75 women with EH and simple or complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia who received treatment at the Gynecology Department of Municipal Non-Commercial Enterprise “City Hospital No. 7” of Zaporizhzhia City Council. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of AH: 44 women with AH (mean age 36.40 ± 1.56 years) and 31 women without AH (mean age 34.20 ± 1.34 years). The groups were comparable by age and morphological characteristics of hyperplasia. The control group included 20 apparently healthy women who had no reproductive of extragenital pathology. All patients underwent ultrasound examination (MyLab50, Esaote, Italy) and video hysteroscopy (Karl Storz, Germany). Serum levels of Ki-67 and APRIL were determined by ELISA (Elabscience, USA). Blood pressure was measured according to ESC (2024) guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica for Windows 13; differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. Among women with EH and concomitant AH, grade I hypertension was found in 47.7 %, grade II – in 40.9 %, and grade III – in 11.4 %. Serum Ki-67 levels were significantly higher in both EH groups, with and without AH, compared to controls (p < 0.05), with the highest levels observed in patients with EH and AH (p < 0.05). Serum APRIL levels were also significantly elevated in both EH groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between hypertensive and normotensive EH patients. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between serum Ki-67 levels and disease duration (+0.41; p < 0.05), endometrial thickness (M-echo) (+0.52; p < 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (+0.56; p < 0.05). Serum APRIL levels correlated positively with patient age (+0.42; p < 0.05) and disease duration (+0.44; p < 0.05). Conclusions. APRIL levels are elevated in endometrial hyperplasia irrespective of the presence of arterial hypertension. The highest Ki-67 levels were observed in patients with endometrial hyperplasia and concomitant arterial hypertension. The Ki-67 levels were significantly correlated with M-mode endometrial thickness, systolic blood pressure, and disease history duration; the APRIL levels were correlated with age and the hyperplastic processes duration.

Nadia Cooper, Carina Norregaard, Romain Meriot et al.

The 21 cm signal contains a wealth of information about the formation of the first stars and the reionization of the intergalactic medium during the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The timing of these important milestones has only roughly been constrained through indirect measurements, such as from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) optical depth, and Lyman-$α$ forest. Therefore, inferring the neutral fraction over cosmic time is a goal of upcoming 21 cm experiments, such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). We contrast two approaches to infer astrophysical parameters and ionization history from 21 cm 2D power spectra (2DPS). We develop an emulator of the 21 cm 2DPS, trained on 21cmFAST simulations, taking into account the expected instrumental noise from the SKA and sample variance. We then perform simulation based inference (SBI) using neural posterior estimation (NPE). We compare training on datasets of noisy 2DPS obtained from 21cmFAST simulations and an emulator, to infer astrophysical parameters of interest. Using an emulator of the ionization history, which has been trained on simulations from the same astrophysical parameters, we then obtain posterior distributions of the ionization history over the redshift range z $\sim$ 5-12. We demonstrate that both methods are capable of accurately recovering the ionization history and astrophysical parameters. However, coverage tests indicate that adding emulated samples does not improve predictions. This work suggests that due to the stochastic nature of the 2DPS, using an emulator of this summary statistic may result in poorer inference.

Francesco Vissani

The concept of antimatter is extremely important, but not always discussed as it deserves, balancing ideas and formalism. In this note, we gather some insights to present it effectively, following certain steps taken in the history of knowledge; although rarely remembered, they can serve to enrich standard teaching materials. In addition to the well-known contributions of Dirac, which we place in their original context, the contributions of Pauli and especially Majorana stand out, the latter being the first to reach the modern formalism of canonical quantization. The importance of the point of view of wave mechanics emerges, which still shows its limitations, requiring some adjustments to constitute an acceptable interpretation.

Filippo Gibelli, Giovanni Maio, Giovanna Ricci

Koun Shirai

Glass has long been considered a nonequilibrium material. The primary reason is its history-dependent properties: the obtained properties are not uniquely determined by two state variables alone, namely, temperature and volume, but are affected by the process parameters, such as cooling rates. However, closer observations show that this history dependence is common in solid; in crystal growth, the properties of an obtained crystal are affected by the preparation conditions through defect structures and metallurgical structures. The problem with the previous reasoning of history dependence lies in the lack of appropriate specification of state variables. Without knowledge of the latter, describing thermodynamic states is impossible. The guiding principle to find state variables is provided by the first law of thermodynamics. The state variables of solids have been searched by requiring that the internal energy $U$ is a state function. Detailed information about the abovementioned microstructures is needed to describe the state function $U$. This can be accomplished by specifying the time-averaged positions R_{j} of all atoms comprising the solids. Therefore, R_{j} is a state variable for solids. Defect states, being metastable states, represent equilibrium states within a finite time (relaxation time). However, eternal equilibrium is nonexistent: the perfect crystal is thermodynamically unstable. Equilibrium states can only be considered at the local level. Glass is thus in equilibrium as long as its structure does not change. The relaxation time is controlled by the energy barriers by which a structure is sustained, and this time restriction is intimately related to the definition of state variables. The most important property of state variables is their invariance to time averaging. The time-averaged quantity R_{j} meets this invariance property.

Amirhosein Ghasemabadi, Muhammad Kamran Janjua, Mohammad Salameh et al.

One key challenge to video restoration is to model the transition dynamics of video frames governed by motion. In this work, we propose TURTLE to learn the truncated causal history model for efficient and high-performing video restoration. Unlike traditional methods that process a range of contextual frames in parallel, TURTLE enhances efficiency by storing and summarizing a truncated history of the input frame latent representation into an evolving historical state. This is achieved through a sophisticated similarity-based retrieval mechanism that implicitly accounts for inter-frame motion and alignment. The causal design in TURTLE enables recurrence in inference through state-memorized historical features while allowing parallel training by sampling truncated video clips. We report new state-of-the-art results on a multitude of video restoration benchmark tasks, including video desnowing, nighttime video deraining, video raindrops and rain streak removal, video super-resolution, real-world and synthetic video deblurring, and blind video denoising while reducing the computational cost compared to existing best contextual methods on all these tasks.

Hans Baumann

Cet article a pour but d’examiner les stratégies argumentatives mises en œuvre dans le conflit autour de la Bretagne entre le Habsbourg Maximilien Ier et Charles VIII de France dans les années 1490 à 1493. Ce conflit éclata à la suite du mariage de Charles avec Anne de Bretagne, qui était déjà mariée avec Maximilien à cette date-là. Il en ressort que Maximilien s’efforçait avant tout de représenter l’action de la France comme une menace pour l’existence de l’Empire afin de gagner les états impériaux et leur soutien financier à sa politique. En revanche, la stratégie argumentative de Charles se basa notamment sur la justification directe de la légitimité ou de l’illégitimité des deux mariages. Pour ce faire, il se servit, contrairement à Maximilien, surtout d’arguments juridiques.

Angelina Eichsteller, Angelina Eichsteller, Alexander Martynov et al.

IntroductionThe Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean holds the largest deposits of polymetallic nodules at abyssal depths. These nodules are rock formations containing valuable metals and minerals targeted for mining. They further provide diverse habitat for a range of deep-sea species. Little is known so far on the taxonomy, natural history and biogeography of these deep-sea animals which is vital for accurate assessment of the risk of species extinctions from large-scale mining. One of the most abundant megafaunal groups in the CCZ is the Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), of which Ophiotholia is one of the more abundant genera found in the area. The genus Ophiotholia has a world-wide distribution and currently holds six species.MethodsMaterial collected from seven scientific cruises to the CCZ was examined, morphologically, together with comparative material from all the known species. The small size and the damage caused during sampling often impeded their identification. The specimens were also genetically analyzed using a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. Scanning Electron Microscope images of the key microstructural characters were made using selected specimens from CCZ as well as from the comparative material. Result and discussionOne morphotype was identified as the known species Ophiotholia supplicans Lyman, 1880, while the second is new to science and is described in this paper. The umbrella spines and the arrangement of their articulations on the lateral arm plate, were selected as the most relevant morphological characters in the taxonomy of the genus Ophiotholia and a revised identification key of all characters from all known Ophiotholia species is provided as a table in the supplement material. The identification and description of such a little-known genus improves the evaluation of the biodiversity not only in the CCZ but also for the deep sea.

Cristina Díez-Vives, Cristina Díez-Vives, Cristina Díez-Vives et al.

Sponges host dense and diverse communities of microbes (known as the microbiome) beneficial for the host nutrition and defense. Symbionts in turn receive shelter and metabolites from the sponge host, making their relationship beneficial for both partners. Given that sponge-microbes associations are fundamental for the survival of both, especially the sponge, such relationship is maintained through their life and even passed on to the future generations. In many organisms, the microbiome has profound effects on the development of the host, but the influence of the microbiome on the reproductive and developmental pathways of the sponges are less understood. In sponges, microbes are passed on to oocytes, sperm, embryos, and larvae (known as vertical transmission), using a variety of methods that include direct uptake from the mesohyl through phagocytosis by oocytes to indirect transmission to the oocyte by nurse cells. Such microbes can remain in the reproductive elements untouched, for transfer to offspring, or can be digested to make the yolky nutrient reserves of oocytes and larvae. When and how those decisions are made are fundamentally unanswered questions in sponge reproduction. Here we review the diversity of vertical transmission modes existent in the entire phylum Porifera through detailed imaging using electron microscopy, available metabarcoding data from reproductive elements, and macroevolutionary patterns associated to phylogenetic constraints. Additionally, we examine the fidelity of this vertical transmission and possible reasons for the observed variability in some developmental stages. Our current understanding in marine sponges, however, is that the adult microbial community is established by a combination of both vertical and horizontal (acquisition from the surrounding environment in each new generation) transmission processes, although the extent in which each mode shapes the adult microbiome still remains to be determined. We also assessed the fundamental role of filtration, the cellular structures for acquiring external microbes, and the role of the host immune system, that ultimately shapes the stable communities of prokaryotes observed in adult sponges.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

A search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson as well as searches for dark matter candidates, produced together with a leptonically decaying Z boson, are presented. The analysis is performed using proton−proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, delivered by the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139fb−1 and recorded by the ATLAS experiment. Assuming Standard Model cross-sections for ZH production, the observed (expected) upper limit on the branching ratio of the Higgs boson to invisible particles is found to be 19% (19%) at the 95% confidence level. Exclusion limits are also set for simplified dark matter models and two-Higgs-doublet models with an additional pseudoscalar mediator.

L. L. Arutyunyan, E. N. Iomdina, Yu. S. Morozova et al.

Purpose:  a comparative study of the elemental composition of scleral biopsy specimens from patients with various clinical forms of glaucoma.   Material and methods.  44 patients aged 79.5 ± 2.5 were divided into three groups depending on the form of glaucoma: 16 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (group 1); 13 patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) (group 2); 15 patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG) (group 3). For elemental analysis, we used scleral biopsies obtained during planned surgical treatment of glaucoma (non-penetrating sinus trabeculectomy). Scleral fragments of 14 donor eyes with no history of glaucoma served as controls. The concentration of macroelements K, Mg, Ca, and Fe was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES, Agilent ICP-AES 720 ES, USA), while microelement concentration (Zn, Cu, Al, Mn) was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Bruker ICP-M S 820, Germany).   Results.  In all forms of glaucoma, scleral samples showed a varying increase in the content of such elements as Zn, Fe, Mg, AL, Ca, K. The highest content of Zn and Fe was found in the scleral tissue of patients with NTG, the difference with the control (p = 0.0001 andp = 0.0003) and with POAG (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0001) being highly significant. The difference between the content of Zn in scleral biopsies of patients with POAG and PEG was also statistically significant (p = 0.0002), whilst no significant difference in Fe content in the sclera (p = 0.69) was found between POAG and PEG Higher Mg concentrations as compared to the control were found in NTG (p = 0.00014) and POAG (p = 0.00002).Patients with POAG (p = 0.0005) and PEG (p = 0.00022) showed the highest accumulation of Ca in the sclera. No differences were found in Mg content of scleral biopsies between patients with NTG and POAG (p = 1.0), while the level of Ca in POAG (p = 0.02) and PEG (p = 0.00001) was significantly higher than in NTG. A significantly lower content of Cu was found in the sclera samples of patients with NTG (p = 0.022), POAG (p = 0.004) and PEG (p = 0.00004) as compared to the control, as well as a reduced content of Mn in POAG (p = 0.00003) and PEG (p = 0.0012). Contrarywise, NTG patients showed an increased content of Mn (p = 0.000003). No differences were found in the Cu content between the sclera of patients with NTG and POAG (p = 0.47), while Cu level in PEG was significantly lower than in POAG (p = 0.034) and NTG (p = 0.013).   Conclusion.  The macro- and microelement imbalance of the sclera of the eyes with different forms of glaucoma indicates differences in their pathogenesis. This can be the reason for the different severity of disorders of collagen biosynthesis and the formation of cross-links in the connective tissue structures of the sclera, as well as the varying degree changes in the hydrodynamics of the intraocular fluid, which on the whole can affect the level of intraocular pressure and the pattern of glaucoma development.

Guoping Rong, Yifan Zhang, Lanxin Yang et al.

Modern code review is a critical and indispensable practice in a pull-request development paradigm that prevails in Open Source Software (OSS) development. Finding a suitable reviewer in projects with massive participants thus becomes an increasingly challenging task. Many reviewer recommendation approaches (recommenders) have been developed to support this task which apply a similar strategy, i.e. modeling the review history first then followed by predicting/recommending a reviewer based on the model. Apparently, the better the model reflects the reality in review history, the higher recommender's performance we may expect. However, one typical scenario in a pull-request development paradigm, i.e. one Pull-Request (PR) (such as a revision or addition submitted by a contributor) may have multiple reviewers and they may impact each other through publicly posted comments, has not been modeled well in existing recommenders. We adopted the hypergraph technique to model this high-order relationship (i.e. one PR with multiple reviewers herein) and developed a new recommender, namely HGRec, which is evaluated by 12 OSS projects with more than 87K PRs, 680K comments in terms of accuracy and recommendation distribution. The results indicate that HGRec outperforms the state-of-the-art recommenders on recommendation accuracy. Besides, among the top three accurate recommenders, HGRec is more likely to recommend a diversity of reviewers, which can help to relieve the core reviewers' workload congestion issue. Moreover, since HGRec is based on hypergraph, which is a natural and interpretable representation to model review history, it is easy to accommodate more types of entities and realistic relationships in modern code review scenarios. As the first attempt, this study reveals the potentials of hypergraph on advancing the pragmatic solutions for code reviewer recommendation.

Peter Bubenik

Garside et al. use event history methods to analyze topological data. We provide additional background on persistent homology to contrast the hazard estimators used by Garside et al. with traditional approaches in topological data analysis. In particular, the former is a local method, which has advantages and disadvantages, while homology is a global. We also provide more background on persistence landscapes and show how a more complete use of this statistic improves its performance.

Károly VERESS

On 17 June 2021, after a long illness born with patience and a persistent work ethic, István M. Fehér, professor emeritus, Széchenyi Prize-winning professor of philosophy, full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, passed away in Budapest. István M. Fehér was born on 24 April 1950 in Budapest. He began his university studies in English and Italian in 1969, and later graduated in philosophy from the Eötvös Loránd University. In 1977 he was appointed assistant professor at the Department of History of Philosophy at the Eötvös Loránd University. He defended his doctoral thesis in 1979, his candidate thesis in 1985 and his academic doctoral thesis in 1990. In 1981 he was promoted to assistant professor, in 1987 to associate professor and in 1992 to professor. Between 1990-97 he was head of department. He has lectured in the fields of modern and contemporary history of philosophy and philosophical hermeneutics, and since 1992 he has been the developer and director of the Doctoral Programme in Hermeneutics at the Eötvös Loránd University. In parallel, between 1992-97 he was also a professor at the University of Miskolc, and from 1993 he was head of the History of Philosophy Department. In 1991 he taught at the József Attila University in Szeged, and between 1995-97 he was professor at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University in Piliscsaba. While retaining his position as a historian of philosophy at the Eötvös Loránd University, he was also professor of the history of ideas at the Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University in Budapest, from its foundation in 2002 until his retirement. Between 1997-2000, he was awarded a Széchenyi Professor Fellowship. He has made extended research trips and held guest lectures at universities in Italy (1983-84), Germany (1987-88), and at the University of Virginia in the United States in 1992-93. He was a Humboldt fellow at the Ruhr University in Bochum and visiting professor at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1999.

Marco Diers, Robert Weigel, Heike Culmsee et al.

Abstract Background Organic carbon stored in forest soils (SOC) represents an important element of the global C cycle. It is thought that the C storage capacity of the stable pool can be enhanced by increasing forest productivity, but empirical evidence in support of this assumption from forests differing in tree species and productivity, while stocking on similar substrate, is scarce. Methods We determined the stocks of SOC and macro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium) in nine paired European beech/Scots pine stands on similar Pleistocene sandy substrates across a precipitation gradient (560–820 mm∙yr− 1) in northern Germany and explored the influence of tree species, forest history, climate, and soil pH on SOC and nutrient pools. Results While the organic layer stored on average about 80% more C under pine than beech, the pools of SOC and total N in the total profile (organic layer plus mineral soil measured to 60 cm and extrapolated to 100 cm) were greater under pine by about 40% and 20%, respectively. This contrasts with a higher annual production of foliar litter and a much higher fine root biomass in beech stands, indicating that soil C sequestration is unrelated to the production of leaf litter and fine roots in these stands on Pleistocene sandy soils. The pools of available P and basic cations tended to be higher under beech. Neither precipitation nor temperature influenced the SOC pool, whereas tree species was a key driver. An extended data set (which included additional pine stands established more recently on former agricultural soil) revealed that, besides tree species identity, forest continuity is an important factor determining the SOC and nutrient pools of these stands. Conclusion We conclude that tree species identity can exert a considerable influence on the stocks of SOC and macronutrients, which may be unrelated to productivity but closely linked to species-specific forest management histories, thus masking weaker climate and soil chemistry effects on pool sizes.

G. M.

Melanie Nemitz-Kliemchen, Claudia Andres, Sylvia Hofmann et al.

Numerous studies showed that habitat fragmentation can affect the constitution of species by impairing living conditions, impeding gene flow and thereby reducing genetic variability. However, populations of the same species may react less sensitive to fragmentation in the core than in the periphery of its distribution range. In the core they are assumed to be more euryoecious compared to the periphery, where they are assumed to be stenoecious with lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the genetic variability of 215 individuals of ten populations of Lacerta viridis from fragmented habitats within its distribution center in Bulgaria using genotype data of 19 microsatellite loci. We could not detect significant alteration of genetic variation, regardless of patch size and isolation by distance, indicating that fragmentation indeed did not have a strong impact on L. viridis in the core area of its historical and recent distribution range. We cannot rule out that the time elapsed since habitat fragmentation occurred was too short to yield a genetic response. However, in a similar study on L. agilis, which is stenoecious in Bulgaria, all genetic diversity indices declined with patch size. This provides indications that fragmentation at present does not have a strong effect on the genetic variation of Bulgarian L. viridis populations.