Australia has been a major donor in the development process in Papua New Guinea (PNG) since the beginning of independence. Along with Australia, many other donors including Japan, Europe and China. Multilateral institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, and UNDP have also supported the funding of central projects in PNG. Foreign aid is needed to fulfil public infrastructure facilities, especially for poor and new countries. This research contribute to explain about Australia and the European Union have been donor partners for PNG mainly in primary sector funding, such as clean water provision, health services, prevention of gender-based violence, human rights enforcement, providing bureaucratic reform, forest preservation, and other sectors. This research explains the support provided by foreign aid from Australia and Europe for PNG's development. Uses qualitative research based on literature studies from previous research related to the history of providing foreign aid to PNG. Various forms of aid have been utilized by PNG including technical assistance, projects, and grants. As a country that still relies on the agricultural sector and mining management, PNG relies on support from various donors. This support has a significant impact on human development, public infrastructure and the achievement of global development goals. Therefore, PNG was able to build primary infrastructure from foreign aid while simultaneously increasing the country's institutional capacity through strengthening democracy, enforcing human rights, preventing gender-based violence, and bureaucratic reform.Â
Australia telah menjadi donor utama dalam proses pembangunan di Papua Nugini (PNG) sejak awal kemerdekaan. Selain Australia, banyak pemberi donor lainnya yaitu Jepang, Eropa, dan China. Lembaga multilateral seperti World Bank, IMF, UNDP juga menjadi penyokong begitu banyak pendanaan dari proyek-proyek sentral di PNG. Bantuan luar negeri memang sangat dibutuhkan guna pemenuhan sarana infrastruktur publik, khususnya bagi negara miskin dan baru merdeka. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam pembahasan tentang pentingnya dukungan bantuan luar negeri dari Australia dan Eropa bagi upaya-upaya pembangunan dan kesejahteraan PNG. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan riset kualitatif berbasis studi literatur dari riset pendahulu yang berkaitan dengan topik sejarah pemberian bantuan luar negeri untuk PNG. Berbagai bentuk bantuan telah dimanfaatkan oleh PNG meliputi bantuan teknis, proyek, maupun hibah. Sebagai negara yang masih mengandalkan sektor pertanian dan pengelolaan pertambangan sebagai SDA andalan, PNG masih terus membutuhkan dukungan dari berbagai pihak donor. Dukungan ini sangat signifikan dampaknya bagi pembangunan manusia, infrstruktur publik mapun pencapaian tujuan pembangunan global. Hasilnya, PNG mampu membangun infrastruktur primer dari dana bantuan luar negeri sekaligus meningkatkan kapasitas kelembagaan negara melalui penguatan demokrasi, penegakan HAM, pencegahan kekerasan berbasis gender, reformasi birokrasi dan sebagainya
Political institutions and public administration (General)
The seventeenth century opened up the world to Western Europe like never before. Bold commercial ventures and proselytizing missions pushed to the far reaches of the globe. New technologies brought massive improvements to travel and communication. As a result, greater numbers of ordinary Europeans could hear riveting accounts of encounters with the exotic in far-off locations. European responses to their increased interactions with foreign cultures were varied. As early modern Europeans became more aware of the world's diversity, they continued to believe in the the superiority of Christendom and Western society. However, they also felt a need to reconcile this belief with their desire to interpret the many ancient cultures, religions, and customs they continued to discover.
A figure who perfectly encapsulates the tensions of the early modern intellectual world is northern German scholar Adam Olearius (1599–1671). Between 1633 and 1639, Olearius traveled to the capitals of Russia and Persia as part of a diplomatic mission. In his extremely popular 1647 travel account, Offt begehrte Beschreibung der newen orientalischen Reise (Oft-desired Description of the New Oriental Travels), Olearius chronicled the journey, documented the geography of the lands he traversed, and gave detailed ethnographic accounts of the peoples he encountered. Writing to both learned and unlearned audiences, Olearius enabled European readers to vicariously experience the sights and sounds of exotic locales. The illustrations derived from Olearius's eyewitness drawings, his firsthand narration of events, and his erudite analysis made readers feel they could rely on his version of Russian and Persian society.
Olearius's travel account is an incredibly rich source. Its interplay of text and images reveals a great deal about early modern European attitudes towards foreign peoples, places, and systems of thought. This StoryMaps project will map the journey of the Holstein delegation and analyze the images and text found in Olearius's travel narrative. Olearius provides an invaluable window into a time period when Europeans were forced to reckon with the vastness of the world and reevaluate their status as just one culture among many.
History of Central Europe, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
OUR PEOPLE ПО 40 РОКАХ. СПЕЦИЯЛЬНА СЕКЦИЯ
Кєд перед 40 роками напечатано книжку Павла Роберта Маґочiя Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and Their Descendants in North America (Нашы люде: Карпатскы Русины і іх потомны в Америці), была то перша обшырна істория карпаторусиньскых іміґрантскых спільнот в Зъєднаных Штатах і Канаді. Была она так науковым, як і популярным текстом, што чынило з нєй «біблию» для вельох карпаторусиньскых Американців і Канадийців. Помагала она ім зрозуміти кым сут, одкале походят і чом іх предкы забрали ся з Європы, жебы осісти за Вельком Млаком. Єдночасно тота публикация стала ся початковом базом для вченых, што занимают ся темом Карпатскых Русинів в Америці. Приняли они єй наррацию што до формы і трансформаций карпаторусиньской міґрациі такой як доґму.
В 2023 р. опубликуване было пяте поправлене выданя книжкы Our People з уактуальненым текстом і пошыреном наррацийом, што стало ся нагодом, жебы провести дискусийный панель на шторічным Конґресі Асоцияциі Славяньскых, Східньоєвропскых і Євроазиятскых Студий (ASEEES) в Філядельфіі в Пенсильваніі. Пятеро вченых – Патрішія A. Крафчік (Evergreen State College), Річард Кастер (Carpatho-Rusyns of Pennsylvania), Роберт Зекер (Saint Francis Xavier University), Богдан Горбаль (New York Public Library) і Ніколяс Кайл Купенскій (United States Air Force Academy) – дискутувало над історийом Маґочiя, подля принципу pro et contra. Аналізували його выповіди на тему культуры, економіі, расы, реліґіі і соспільства і критычні пізрили на його текст в сопоставліню з актуальныма досліджынями в обшыри культуровых студий над дияспором, міґрацийных студий, транснародовых студий і досліджынь над робітничом клясом.
Взором подібных, специяльных секций посвяченых творчости Маґочiя, опубликуваных в «Nationalities Papers» (2011, 2019), сеса публикация з симпозиі під наголовком Our People at 40 (Нашы люде по 40 роках) зберат і пошырят одповіди панелистів на пяте поправлене выданя той істориі. В навязаню до темы сесого чысла «Річника Руской Бурсы» авторе омавляют значыня той канонічной студиі карпаторусиньской міґраций і оціняют стан днешніх досліджынь в обшыри карпаторусиньскых студий в Америці.
Lison Laroche, Anne-Laure Bañuls, Rémi Charrel
et al.
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a leading cause of summer viral meningitis in Southern Europe (Central Italy, south of France, Spain and Portugal) and can cause severe neurological cases. Within the Mediterranean basin, it is transmitted by hematophagous sand flies belonging to the Phlebotomus genus. Despite the identification of the primary TOSV vectors, the viral developmental cycle in vector species remains largely unknown. Limited research has been conducted on transmission dynamics and the vector competence and vectorial capacity of the principal TOSV vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. In this context, we investigated the intra-vector TOSV infection dynamics in Ph. perniciosus, as well as its impact on the vector life history traits. Female sand flies were experimentally infected with TOSV through an artificial blood meal. Systemic dissemination of the virus was observed approximately three days post-infection, potentially resulting in a short extrinsic incubation period. Moreover, the study revealed a longer hatching time for eggs laid by infected females. This research brought additional experimental insights regarding the vector competence of Ph. perniciosus but also provided the first insight into TOSV developmental cycle and its impact on the vector. These findings prompt further exploration of TOSV transmission dynamics, raise new hypotheses on the virus transmission and highlight the importance of follow-up studies.
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Public aspects of medicine
As insect decline threatens the fauna of Central Europe, “dark taxa” present an obstacle to understanding biodiversity loss. The superfamily Platygastroidea is a dark taxon, with many superficial descriptions requiring examination of type material to characterize and revise species and genera. The Natural History Museum Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) is arguably the most important historical collection of Platygastroidea in Central Europe. Type specimens from 85 species in 21 genera and three families are here catalogued and photographically illustrated, including previously undocumented types described by Förster, Kieffer, Nees von Esenbeck, and Ratzeburg. Lectotypes are designated for Anteris bicolor Kieffer, Anteris simulans Kieffer, Hadronotus laticeps Kieffer, Leptacis foersteri Kieffer, Plastogryon investis Kieffer, Plastogryon sagax Kieffer, Prophanurus mayri Kieffer, and Telenomus laeviceps Förster. Trissolcus schimitsheki (Szelényi) syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson) and Telenomus nomas Förster syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees). Baeus maculatus (Förster) comb. nov. is transferred from Telenomus. Historical, taxonomic, and curatorial remarks are included, providing an essential foundation for revisionary work on the Platygastroidea of Central Europe and beyond.
Egy földrajzi térség fejlesztésének célja elsősorban az adott terület eredményes működtetése, lakosainak megfelelő lakóhely és jólét biztosítása megfelelő színvonalú gazdasági, kulturális, technológiai és ökológiai feltételek megteremtésével. Ritchie–Crouch (2003) szerint az a turisztikai desztináció versenyképes, amely képes a turisztikai bevételek növelésére, a turisták folyamatos vonzására, a látogatók számára emlékezetes, elvárásaiknak megfelelő élmények nyújtására, valamint ezeken túl profit termelésre. Ám eközben a helyi lakosság jólétének is meg kell maradnia vagy emelkednie úgy, hogy a feltételek a jövő generációi számára is megőrzésre kerüljenek (vagyis a fenntarthatóság elvei érvényesüljenek). A turisztikai kereslet dinamikus növekedése magával vonja a desztinációk közötti verseny fokozódását is. Az erős verseny a célterület turizmusmarketingjéért felelős szervezet számára kihívást jelent az imázsépítés, a termékfejlesztés és a kommunikáció területén is. A turizmus sikeres fejlesztésére azonban csak egy jól működő, jól együttműködő rendszerben van mód. Az együttműködés mind területi, mind pedig turisztikai termékek szintjén szükséges. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok megye turisztikai azonosítását szolgáló szlogen, az „Alföld szíve” kifejezés ugyan mindenben megfelel a jelszavakkal szemben általában támasztott követelménynek, ám sikerességének megítélése piaci felmérésekhez kell, hogy kötődjön. Ennek alátámasztásához célterületi belföldi turizmusban résztvevők körében 2019 nyarán végzett nagymintás (n=1037) felmérés szolgál. A megkérdezettek 71,6%-a az „Alföld szíve” márkanévvel jól beazonosítja a megyét, a rossz válaszok aránya elhanyagolható volt. A turisztikai márka ismertségén túl a kutatás kitért a megye különböző turizmusfajtákhoz kötődő attrakcióira is. A megye turisztikai attrakciói közül 29 kínálati elemet értékeltek a megkérdezettek aszerint, hogy meglátogatták-e más vagy ismerik-e. A felmérés eredményei alapján nagyon jól ismert kínálati elemek a Tisza-tó, Abádszalók, a Jászberényi Állat- és Növénykert, Cserkeszőlő, a felüdülőhely, a Tiszavirág Fesztivál, Szolnok, valamint a RepTár, Interaktív Repülőmúzeum, Szolnok. Habár a turisztikai attrakciók ismertsége a megyei válaszadók körében kedvezőnek ítélhető, 12 kínálati elemet a nem megyei válaszadók kevesebb, mint 10%-a látogatott csak meg a felmérés időpontjáig, s mindegyik attrakció esetében a válaszadók minimum egynegyede elutasító is egy lehetséges látogatással kapcsolatban. A kutatás következtetései rámutatnak arra, hogy a térség meglévő attrakcióinak kihasználásával és fejlesztésével a turizmus minél több szegmensének érintésével komplex élménycsomagokat nyújtó turisztikai innováció szükséges a desztinációban, amely a látogatószám érdemi emeléséhez vezethet.
History of Central Europe, Social sciences (General)
Abstract This article traces the manufacture and consumption of faience ceramics made by Hutterite communities in central Europe from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. The production, use and survival of Anabaptist Haban ware offers insights into the nature of Anabaptist material regimes and communities and into overlapping but distinct communities of consumption and collecting. Hutterite craftsmen were instructed to produce objects ‘in the same way as was always done’, with regulations about uncomplicated designs and colours. Yet faience Haban ware was highly sought after, and decorative items were made for powerful patrons from materials drawn from all over Europe. Such objects have now become associated with specific national ‘folk’ cultures. These distinctive remnants of Hutterite communities in Germany and central Europe problematize the material dimensions of survival, conformity and separatism in Anabaptist communities and give access to the complicated affective properties of the white faience ware that Hutterites produced.
In the last week of August 2023 (27 Augustus – 2 September), the first V4 Summer School in Economic History was held in Prague. It was organized by the Institute of History of the Czech Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, and the University of Warsaw. The event was financially supported by the Visegrad Fund. The long-term target of the Ph.D. Summer School in Economic History was to incorporate the V4 historiographies of economic history into international networks. It intended to encourage the young generation of economic historians to enter the international scene and participate in an open academic discussion.
Ivana Rešetnik, Eliška Záveská, Marin Grgurev
et al.
The Balkan Peninsula played an important role in the evolution of many Mediterranean plants and served as a major source for post-Pleistocene colonisation of central and northern Europe. Its complex geo-climatic history and environmental heterogeneity significantly influenced spatiotemporal diversification and resulted in intricate phylogeographic patterns. To explore the evolutionary dynamics and phylogeographic patterns within the widespread eastern Mediterranean and central European species Aurinia saxatilis, we used a combination of phylogenomic (restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq) and phylogenetic (sequences of the plastid marker ndhF) data as well as species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The inferred phylogenies retrieved three main geographically distinct lineages. The southern lineage is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, where it is distributed throughout the Aegean area, the southern Balkan Peninsula, and the southern Apennine Peninsula, and corresponds to the species main distribution area during the LGM. The eastern lineage extends from the eastern Balkan Peninsula over the Carpathians to central Europe, while the central lineage occupies the central Balkan Peninsula. Molecular dating places the divergence among all the three lineages to the early to middle Pleistocene, indicating their long-term independent evolutionary trajectories. Our data revealed an early divergence and stable in situ persistence of the southernmost, eastern Mediterranean lineage, whereas the mainland, south-east European lineages experienced more complex and turbulent evolutionary dynamics triggered by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Our data also support the existence of multiple glacial refugia in southeast Europe and highlight the central Balkan Peninsula not only as a cradle of lineage diversifications but also as a source of lineage dispersal. Finally, the extant genetic variation within A. saxatilis is congruent with the taxonomic separation of peripatric A. saxatilis subsp. saxatilis and A. saxatilis subsp. orientalis, whereas the taxonomic status of A. saxatilis subsp. megalocarpa remains doubtful.
While Count John ‘the Blind’ is celebrated as a national hero in Luxembourg, in 1939 the Czech historian J. Šusta famously coined his image as the ‘King Foreigner’ (král cizinec). In fact, due to the murder of the last male Přemyslid, Wenceslas III, for the first time in history, the Kingdom of Bohemia was forced to elevate to king a representative of a non-Bohemian dynasty. To what extent was the first Luxembourg on the Bohemian throne considered ‘foreign’ in fourteenth-century Bohemia? What factors did his contemporaries use to define a potential otherness? The paper shows the phases of the rule of John of Luxembourg where the aspect of ‘foreignness’ determined public discourse, and the goals various groups of actors intended to achieve by recourse to it.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
This paper presents the changes in the concept of feudalism from the end of the eighteenth century to the present day in both general and Hungarian medieval research. The author notes that the concept of feudalism has been losing ground for decades in general medieval research. The system which was previously thought to be feudalism never really took root Hungary, but certain phenomena close to the European standard can be recognized: praedium, nobiles praediales, etc. The second part of the study examines the appearance of honour (honor) in Hungary, the heyday of which, according to the renowned Hungarian historian Pál Engel, was during the Angevin period. The final part of the study deals in detail with the possible patterns and antecedents of the honour system in the Árpádian period.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Mariana Mendes Knabben, Renan Reis Caldas, Jéssica Onofre de Brito Lima
et al.
A 12-year-old boy with germline TP53-R337H mutation and family history of early adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) was admitted to hospital with abdominal pain and distention. During the physical examination he presented cushingoid facies, high blood pressure and pulse rate. The endocrine examination showed elevated serum cortisol, suppressed plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and loss of circadian rhythm.
Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) revealed a heterogeneous mass in the right adrenal gland with 13.5 x 10.4 x 9.4 cm sized and calcifications (Fig. 1 and 2). The tumor extended via an intrahepatic segment of inferior vein cava directly into the right atrium (Fig. 2).
Histological examination of the specimen revealed an adrenocortical tumor with high mitotic rate, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis and a diffuse proliferation of large polygonal and eosinophilic neoplastic cells, related to adrenocortical carcinoma (fig. 3). The patient deteriorate despite chemotherapy and died in a few months.
Adrenal lesions are common and seen in 3–10% of the population, frequently an incidental finding and benign prognosis. In contrast, adrenocortical malignancies are very rare, with a maximum incidence between 40 and 50 years of age. It is even rarer in children and it is typically associated with two genetic syndromes: Beckwith-Wiedemann and Li-Fraumeni (LFS). (1)
The incidence of ACC in children in southern Brazil is 2.9 - 4.2 cases/ million/year, while the worldwide is approximately 0.2 - 0.3 cases/million/year. The difference of prevalence in that geographical region is related to a specific germline TP53 mutation (R337H), a low penetrance mutation that shown distinct phenotypes in different families, has been reported to be associated with ACC in children and other forms of cancer in the LFS spectrum. The incidence of this mutation in southern Brazil is 1:300 individuals in the general population, while in Europe and North America it is 1:2000 - 1:5000 people. (2)
The LFS and similar phenotypes are characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern linked to a mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, associated with the diagnosis of various tumor types at a young age, such as ACC, breast cancer, central nervous system tumors, osteosarcomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. (3)
The diagnosis of cancer has a bimodal age distribution, with the highest peak before the age of 10 and a second peak between 30-50 years old.
In a study conducted in Southern Brazil were observed that 25% of pediatric patients with tumors related to LFS spectrum, fulfill clinical criteria for these syndromes.(4)
Genetic tests are now more advanced and available, it becomes more common to diagnose genetic syndromes that increase the predisposition of neoplasms. Imaging tests can be useful in their screening and early diagnosis, with an impact on treatment and prognosis. The screening protocol proposed for patients with the germline TP53 mutation involves abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, and blood test every 3-4 months and whole-body and brain MRIs once a year. (4)
Highlighting that every children with ACC, especially in the endemic area of Brazil, should be investigated for the LFS for proper genetic counseling and management of families.
The article sums up the reflections on the relics of medieval plaster and layers of paint on the walls, columns and pillars of the Norbertine nuns convent in Strzelno completed around the 2nd-3rd quarter of the 13th century. The relics of the polychromies observed by numerous enthusiasts of the Romanesque Strzelno and discovered during archaeological excavations were topped with the results of conservation-restoration works which uncovered the first figural polychromies in the chancel’s apse. Following verification of the dating of the colours of the church’s interior, an indication was made that in the 13th century, the colour red prevailed; in the 15th-16th centuries, the figural scenes of the apse sported many colours while the remaining part of the sacrum was brightened up with three-colour, geometric patterns. To complete the range of colours, floor tiles were added. Examples have been provided of specialist painting analyses. The entire arrangement has been compared with selected colourful medieval structures. References have been made to the symbolism of the colours used in the Middle Ages and the
contemporary, erroneous perception of Romanesque architecture as rustic, devoid of plaster and colours.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
In Czech history the theme of the Battle of White Mountain has repeatedly been used as a tool in political struggles. During the interwar period it was instrumentalized in connection with the extensive land reform and was presented as "redress for post-White Mountain grievances". This applied to the nobility in general and to the Liechtensteins in particular, where the actions of Charles of Liechtenstein were to be the main argument for expropriating their property without compensation. In the end, however, expropriation without compensation only affected the members of the Habsburg-Lothringen dynasty.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
Artykuł dotyczy pochodzenia dwóch kamiennych tablic znajdujących się na Wzgórzu Świętego Wojciecha w Poznaniu, łączonych z tamtejszymi fundacjami mieszczanina Macieja Mydelnika. Obiekty łączyć jednak należy z klasztorem benedyktynek, fundowanym w Poznaniu na początku XVII w.
The paper is concerned with origins of two stone plaques on St. Adalbert Hill in Poznań, traditionally connected with the foundations of the burgher Maciej Mydelnik for the church there. However, the plaques should be linked with the Benedictine convent founded in Poznań at the beginning of the 17th century.