Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Eduardo Santos Neumann

In the history of the Guaraní reductions, one of the themes that has attracted attention is the indigenous opposition to accepting orders to move after the Treaty of Madrid was signed by the Iberian monarchies in 1750. At this time, there was intense use of writing by the Guaraní, prompting a ‘written reaction’. They wrote several texts, using arguments against the implementation of the exchange of eastern missions with the Colônia do Sacramento. The refusal of the indigenous people to abandon their reductions triggered a conflict known in historiography as the Guaranitic War. At the beginning of March 1756, about a month after the Battle of Caiboaté, in the place where the indigenous militia was defeated by the Iberian armies, some leaders of the Reduction of São Miguel erected a large cross with an inscription written in Guaraní (Kurusu Kuatia). It is an epitaph, in the Guaraní language, reporting episodes from that battle. The text, signed by Miguel Mayra, was only located three years after the events. This type of exposed writing is an indigenous memory of past events, episodes assessed by the rebel population as worthy of collective remembrance.

Naama Harel

Judit Pál

The study examines the evolution of the proportions of the aristocrats in a well-defined group within the political elite in Dualist-era Hungary, the lord-lieutenant corps, and the reasons behind it. It explores the territorial distribution of aristocratic lord-lieutenants and the role of land ownership in this context. This involves investigating the extent to which the land structure correlated with the proportion of aristocratic lord-lieutenants. It also analyzes the extent of land ownership among these lord-lieutenants, the size and temporal changes of estates and how their land holdings correlated with the counties they were appointed to lead. The proportion of nobility in the lord-lieutenants’ ranks during the Dual Monarchy era, although showing some fluctuations, significantly decreased. Not only did their distribution differ over time, but there were also significant regional variations. The proportion of aristocrats did not show any significant correlation with the land structure (in terms of overall large estates, aristocratic large estates, or estates over 100 acres), the proportion of different ethnicities, or the spatial distribution of the titled persons. The aristocratic lord-lieutenants’ landholdings underwent however significant changes during the dualist period. While at the beginning of the era, one-third of them had landholdings over 10,000 acres, by the turn of the century, only a few of them retained such extensive estates, and increased the number of smaller landowners. The lord-lieutenants still formed the most conservative group within the political-administrative elite, and they largely preserved their homogeneity.

A. V. Nekhaev

The essay raises questions about the origins of altruistic behaviour. A proper understanding of such behaviours must take into account the evidence of our best biological theories, which indicate that in the animal world (including Homo Sapiens Sapiens) there is no place for genuine altruism. What we often mistakenly call ‘altruism’ is the result of selfish genes.

Fatma Ben Slimane

Ariel Alberto Eiris

Nataliia Vitalievna Ginkut

The appearance of the local centres of glazed ware production in the Palaiologean Period allowed the development of local schools of parade table ware. In the Crimean Peninsula, the local production centres were active in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In the Genoese castle of Cembalo, there were glazed ware workshops from the second half of the fourteenth to the third quarter of the fifteenth century. Along with the manufacture of various forms of original pottery, the artisans of these workshops copied the ornamental compositions which were popular in the Mediterranean area. This article addresses the vessels attributed to the so-called “imitations” or “counterfeits”, which reproduced the samples of the Byzantine glazed pottery of the group of Elaborate Incised Ware, so widespread in the region. Among these vessels, there possibly were the pieces produced in the same workshop or by the same artisan: small handleless cups with small flaring ring-base, bowls, and tureens or dishes with the so-called “aslant” ring-base typical of the Byzantine pottery from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The finds in question testify to the popularity of the Byzantine Elaborate Incised Ware in the Northern Black Sea Area, and the Genoese castle of Cembalo in particular, in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.

José María Gómez Herráez

La guerra de 1936-1939 no significó simplemente una orientación propagandística de la historia. La observación del pasado sirvió para estimular de distintas formas el espíritu de combate, resistencia y colaboración interna, pero también las transformaciones socioeconómicas e institucionales en cada zona influyeron en la selección de temas, en los silencios y en las interpretaciones. Además, existían variaciones en función del medio de expresión. En este examen se contextualizan y comentan las perspectivas seguidas en algunos trabajos agrupados en cuatro categorías. Tres corresponden a la zona republicana: textos de inspiración liberal-democrática, de tipo obrerista y de tipo catalanista. De la zona controlada por los sublevados se observan las intervenciones en un curso para maestros.

Inna Е. Pidbereznykh

Метою статті є висвітлення динаміки і спрямованості американської військової доктрини щодо Філіппін та її вплив на внутрішній розвиток країни на початку XXI ст. Автор характеризує зміст американсько-філіппінських проблем, ступінь конфліктності та протиріч у сфері військової безпеки. Особлива увага приділяється розкриттю динаміки і спрямованості американської військової доктрини щодо Філіппін та її вплив на внутрішній розвиток країни. В основі методології дослідження – вивчення і критичний аналіз історичних джерел та наукової літератури, застосування проблемно-хронологічного і компаративного підходів. Розвиток двосторонніх відносин між США і Філіппінами розглядається на тлі змін у зовнішній політиці цих держав і регіональної ситуації у Східній Азії. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що, використовуючи методи контент- та дискурс-аналізу, автор аналізує тенденції і перспективи розвитку американської стратегії відносно військового впливу Філіппін на динаміку процесів в Азійсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні. Висновки. Військовий союз США і Філіппін має бути надійною гарантією миру та безпеки у регіоні. Співпраця між країнами має далекосяжні військово-стратегічні цілі, розширення географічних меж демократії та нарощування спільної глобальної боротьби з тероризмом і протистояння терористичній діяльності та пропаганді тероризму. Американські політики розглядають Філіппіни як своєрідний найважливіший форпост біля берегів КНР, як ключ до наростаючого панування над Тихим океаном. Ключовими аспектами відносин залишається протидія викликів безпеки, ігноруючи яке, неможливо забезпечити стабільність і процвітання в Азійсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні. Підтримка стійких відносин з Вашингтоном дає Філіппінам можливості для зміцнення позицій на міжнародній арені, що може стати показником успішності реалізації незалежної зовнішньої політики.

Ingo Henneberg, Sören Stapel

In January 2020, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia proposed to form a new regional bloc, occasionally referred to as the Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC). This article assesses which factors have contributed to making this proposal and contemplates potential effects for the complex security challenges, political tensions among the neighbours, and existing institutional environment in the region. Drawing on the scholarship on comparative regionalism and overlapping regionalism, we show that a genuine interest to independently address security challenges in the Horn of Africa, as well as domestic concerns, are core motivations for the leaders in all three states. However, the HoAC proposal bears the risk of further alienating partners in the region and undermning security efforts of other regional organisations, most importantly the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the African Union, and the Eastern Africa Standby Force. Thus, the promises and pitfalls of this new bloc could shape the regional architecture and cause new political challenges in the region.

Kátia Paranhos

Sumário

D. D. Amogolonova

The paper ‘Non-Christians in the Orthodox State: Buddhism in Late-Imperial Russia (Evidence from Buryatia)’ discusses the problem of relations between institutionalized Buddhism and the only state religion of the Empire - Russian Orthodoxy. Drawing evidence from various archival and scientific materials, the author examines the history of the competition between Orthodoxy and Buddhism in the late-imperial times on conditions of full support to the state religion on behalf of the state. The author argues that despite recourse to administrative resources, Orthodox clergy failed to achieve significant success in suppressing Buddhism in Transbaikalia. Moreover, despite wide-scale baptizing policy among Buryats, Buddhism found its way in the Prebaikalia areas inhabited by Buryats-shamanists who were the main object of Christianization. Buddhist leaders saw their task in preserving the Buddhist community and strengthening its positions in Russia. The mechanism for this was in the big adaptive ability of Buddhism that allowed it to get incorporated into the Russian political culture. In addition, according to an ancient tradition, the Buddhist clergy promoted upbringing of Buryats in the spirit of loyalty to the monarchy up to deification of the Tsars and their families.

Z. Mujagic, D. Jonkers, A. Hungin et al.

Dean H. Leavitt, James Starrett, M. Westphal et al.

P. Stern, C. Wennerlind

Carl-Ulrik Schierup, Peo Hansen, S. Castles

K. R. Bri

Piotr Köhler

Charles Wyplosz

O. Jones

This study focusses on the writing of history in medieval Wales. Its starting-point is a series of historical texts in Middle Welsh which, from the second quarter of the fourteenth century, begin to appear together in manuscripts to form a continuous history, termed the Welsh Historical Continuum. The central component of this sequence is a translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s influential history of the Britons. The main questions of the first part of the thesis are when and why these historical texts were first combined, and to what degree this Welsh historiographical phenomenon reflects broader European trends. Codicology, textual typology, a geographically centred case-study and comparison with similar texts in Latin, Anglo-Norman French, Middle English and Icelandic are the main areas of research. The second part of the thesis moves on to consider the chronicle writing which formed the basis for the third part of the Historical Continuum, and then brings the study together with a discussion of the role of the Cistercians in the writing of history in medieval Wales. The fourth chapter’s re-assessment of Brut y Tywysogion offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of one of the most important narrative sources for medieval Wales. The fifth chapter discusses a neglected but significant Welsh chronicle, O Oes Gwrtheyrn, a new edition of which is appended to the thesis. The discussion of the Cistercian order in the sixth chapter serves in some ways as a synopsis and a conclusion, since it fits the diverse matters discussed in previous chapters into a general discussion of the important role these monastic institutions played in the formation and dissemination of what became the standard narrative of Welsh history for several centuries. Overall, the thesis is a wide-ranging and comprehensive investigation of the most influential and enduring historical narrative to emerge from medieval Wales.