Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

Revista Turismo y Sociedad

Antonio S. Almeida Aguiar

Natashe Lemos Dekker, Tanja Ahlin, Judith Schühle

N/A

M. Belén Gómez Martín, Xosé A. Armesto López, Martí Cors Iglesias

La presente contribución pretende examinar el contexto que ha favorecido el desarrollo de las viviendas de alquiler turístico en áreas de montaña del Pirineo occidental catalán vinculadas al sector de la nieve, así como dimensionar su volumen y explorar algunas de las problemáticas asociadas. El estudio de caso pone de manifiesto que la proliferación de este tipo de alojamiento turístico supera el ámbito de las ciudades y los destinos vacacionales de costa, infiltrándose en territorios muy vulnerables, como los rurales de montaña. El desarrollo y crecimiento de estas nuevas formas de alojamiento turístico –como exponente máximo de los modelos híbridos del llamado turismo colaborativo– no han hecho, al menos hasta el momento, más que reforzar y agravar los efectos negativos asociados a los procesos de naturbanización iniciados antaño.

Jean-Paul Lehners

Gabriela Raposo Quintana

No disponible

A. Hadavand, M. Saadatseresht, S. Homayouni

In this paper a new object-based framework is developed for automate scale selection in image segmentation. The quality of image objects have an important impact on further analyses. Due to the strong dependency of segmentation results to the scale parameter, choosing the best value for this parameter, for each class, becomes a main challenge in object-based image analysis. We propose a new framework which employs pixel-based land cover map to estimate the initial scale dedicated to each class. These scales are used to build segmentation scale space (SSS), a hierarchy of image objects. Optimization of SSS, respect to NDVI and DSM values in each super object is used to get the best scale in local regions of image scene. Optimized SSS segmentations are finally classified to produce the final land cover map. Very high resolution aerial image and digital surface model provided by ISPRS 2D semantic labelling dataset is used in our experiments. The result of our proposed method is comparable to those of ESP tool, a well-known method to estimate the scale of segmentation, and marginally improved the overall accuracy of classification from 79% to 80%.

Marcos F Quiñones-Arreola, G. Fabiola Arcos-Ortega, Vicente Gracia-López et al.

Almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana as well as some related species is of great interest in marine fish aquaculture. However, there are few studies about their reproduction in captivity. In this research work, reproductive performance and egg quality in two groups of adult Seriola rivoliana, caught in the wild and domesticated-F1 analyzed and compared, reared under optimal maturation conditions in a commercial private Laboratory. A total of 28 wild adult (>5 kg) were caught at La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and 30 adult domesticated-F1 broodstock (>5 kg), were obtained from an original stock of 1,000 juveniles (3.5 g body weight) produced at Kona Blue (Hawaii, USA) sea farm. Fishes were transported to the Rancheros del Mar commercial private hatchery, where they were grown to adult size. Both groups were evaluated during eight months (May to December 2012) and compared in terms of reproduction performance (total number of spawning events, monthly spawning frequency, total number of eggs, total number of eggs per mL, and fertilization rate), egg biochemical composition (total proteins, total lipids, total carbohydrates, and triacylglycerides) and egg diameter. Results indicated that wild caught broostock showed a better reproductive performance in terms of fertilization rate, total number of spawning, monthly spawning frequency and total number of eggs produced. However, biochemical composition and egg diameter did not show statistical differences (P < 0.05) between two groups. The reproductive performance of broodstock and quality of eggs analyzed in this study are important traits to improve the aquaculture management of this species.

Christophe Déprés, Dominique Vollet

"Independent Organizations" (IO) are an institutional change promoted by the french government to manage in a better the spreading in agriculture of sewage sludge from urban areas. It is shown that the emergence of such an institutional change, throughout a territory depends on both exogenous and endogenous factors. Two complementary approaches have been used: a quantitative first phase at a national scale, a second phase which is based on four case studies (departments: Ain, Haut-Rhin, Haute-Garonne, Aveyron) characterized by a variety of agricultural contexts, rural-urban linkages and water agencies. Exogenous factors including political decisions result in a supra-territorial, national and European levels. National water agencies exert indeed an important role in the setting-up of IO in two different ways: the strategy adopted by the agency or agencies involved in the water department and geographical location department covered by one, two or three water agencies.This phenomenon can be described as an induced institutional change, embodied in the ability of local action within specific territories such as learning effects resulting from past experiences nearby. The territorial coordination built under specification of agricultural and urban-rural relations represents a major endogenous explanatory factor. The activation process specific resources can play on two determinants of coordination between actors: the registers of the organizational and institutional coordination. Departmental case studies have confirmed that the vast diversity of local situations (especially in departments) in terms of the emergence of institutional innovations related to sludge management is explained well in the double pressure of endogenous and exogenous factors.

Mehretie Belay, Woldeamlak Bewket

Rural livelihoods (RLs) in highland Ethiopia is critically threatened by increasing degradation of land and water resources (LWRs) and lack of sufficient livelihood assets. In response, farmers adapted diverse indigenous land and water management (LWM) technologies and livelihood strategies. This paper describes farmers’ methods of soil erosion identification and the practices of managing LWRs to enhance RLs. It presents the results of studies focusing on assessment of soil erosion indicators, farmers’ in-built sustainable land and water management practices (LWMPs) and RLs in Dangila woreda (district) in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Data were gathered from May 2010 to October 2013 through participatory transect walks, field observation, formal and informal discussions with farmers, examination of office documents and from a survey of 201 rural households. Descriptive statistics and the livelihood strategy diversification index (LSDI) were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that farmers employ around 13 indicators to identify soil erosion on their farmlands. Over 79% of the farmers indicated the occurrence of soil erosion on their farm fields and some 59% reported the trend was increasing for twenty years, 1991-2011. More than 174 km soil-bunds and greater than 4 km stone-bunds were constructed on farmlands and on grazing fields through farmer participatory watershed development campaigns. Some 34 gullies were stabilized using check-dams and vegetative measures. Almost 72% of the households applied cattle manure on about of their 75 ha lands to improve soil fertility. A total of 44 diversion canals and 34 water committees were established to facilitate the irrigation practice of 33% rural households. Over 20% farmers obtained results ranging from moderate to excellent by combining manure with chemical fertilizers in the same field. Nevertheless, introduced methods such as improved seeds and fertilizers were commented for unaffordable prices and short-range services. Farmers utilized over eight livelihood strategies but the mixed crop-livestock farming was their main source of income. Sharecropping contracts were the ways of stabilizing the land demands of the studied households. It is concluded that integrated use of technologies (i.e. structural & vegetative plus indigenous & introduced measures) and participatory research & planning should be promoted to improve farmers’ LWMPs and livelihoods. Increased effort should be made by concerned agencies to help farmers own assets (e.g. farm land) and diversify their livelihoods strategies. Special focus should be also given to farmers’ inbuilt LWMPs and livelihood strategies.

Aleksander Łupienko

ACCOMMODATION COSTS IN WARSAW IN THE YEARS 1864–1914 The article explores the issue of living costs in Warsaw in the years 1864–1914, with special focus on accommodation costs. The period is well documented by statistical sources, especially by accommodation censuses from 1868, 1882 and 1891. There are also abundant press reports and memoirs. As most sources regarding dwelling houses were destroyed during WW II, important additional information can be inferred from classified advertisements, which specified the metric area, furnishings and prices of flats for rent. Sources also allow for estimating the earnings of some social groups, especially workers and intelligentsia. The period in question saw huge discrepancies in earnings as well as impoverishment of intelligentsia, suffering from repressions after the fall of the anti-Russian uprising in 1864. At the same time, flat rents grew, sometimes even soared. This was conditioned by the market  situation, economic fluctuations and the purchasing power of the rouble, not directly by the material standing of the city dwellers. Municipal authorities did not launch any projects of improving the situation, since they were not in possession of land that could be developed and the political situation was unstable. All the initiatives in that respect came from private persons. Many of the city dwellers were forced to live in dark, small, poorly aired flats in annexes.Accommodation costs were increased by service, furniture and a necessity to move frequently. The discrepancy between income and accommodation costs made many families adopt peculiar ‘strategies’, such as renting only a small flat in Warsaw for winter, living in the suburbs (despite difficulties in commuting due to the poor state of transport) or changing flats fre-quently. In such circumstances decisions to marry and take responsibility for starting a family were difficult. Unsurprisingly then, Warsaw witnessed a decrease in the number of new marriages and in birth rate at that time.

Gustavo A. Ballesteros Pelegrín

El Parque Regional de las Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar es un territorio multifuncional desde el punto de vista social, económico y ambiental, donde es imposible separar y, por tanto gestionar de forma independiente, las tramas paisajísticas y ecológicas de las tramas socioeconómicas. Para su gestión, la Administración se apoya en el Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales aprobado en 1995, que sin embargo ha sido ejecutado en el 50 % de su articulado. Se desarrollan diversas iniciativas de conservación de fauna y flora silvestre, recogida de residuos sólidos, una adecuada información al visitante y mejora del conocimiento de los diferentes elementos de los espacios protegido. Sin embargo la participación social es escasa, la Junta Rectora se ha reunido en solo cuatro ocasiones, la última en 2001, se han producido desarrollos urbanísticos en la periferia del Parque que producen deterioro paisajístico y se han desarrollado una serie de infraestructuras que han reducido en unas 7 hectáreas la superficie protegida.

Cintia Helenice Loper Aires, Giancarla Salamoni

Este artigo tem como objetivo geral analisar as relações entre a emergência da pluriatividade e as transformações na organização sócio produtiva da agricultura familiar. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma breve contextualização sobre a agricultura familiar brasileira, as mudanças ocorridas nas relações sociais de trabalho no campo e, especificamente tratando do tema da pluriatividade em um estudo de caso na Vila Freire, município de Cerrito/RS. Ressalta-se que a diversidade de formas de alocação da mão de obra converge para a ampliação das possibilidades e estratégias de reprodução social e permanência das famílias no espaço rural.<br>This paper aims at analyzing the relations between the emergence of pluriactivity and the transformations in the socio-productive organization of family agriculture. First, I will present a brief background on Brazilian family agriculture, the changes occurred in social work relations in the field, and then I will more specifically address the topic of pluriactivity in a case study in Vila Freire, in the city of Cerrito/RS. It is worth emphasizing that the diversity of forms used to allocate labor converges to the expansion of possibilities and social reproduction strategies and retention of families in rural areas.

Tiago Wally Hartwig, Félix Antônio Insaurriaga dos Santos, Maria Cristina González et al.

The most alarming cases are known as morbidly obese. An effective method to change the anthropometric characteristics of this population with excess body weight and high fat mass is bariatric surgery. The objective of this study was to analyze the body composition of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In a prospective cohort study, a group of morbidly obese patients was followed up 30 days before and 30 days after surgery. The sample consisted of 123 patients who underwent vertical banded Roux-en-Y gastroplasty between April 2003 and May 2010. Body composition (fat percentage) was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The mean age of the patients was 36.1 ± 8.8 years and mean body weight loss was 14.1 ± 6.0 kg (p<0.001). The mean reduction in body mass index (BMI) was 5.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (p<0.001). Body fat percentage and fat mass were reduced by 2.8% (p<0.001) and 9.7 ± 4.9 kg (p<0.001), respectively. In addition, there was a reduction of 4.4 ± 3.4 kg (p<0.001) in lean mass. We concluded that the surgical procedure significantly reduced body weight, BMI, fat percentage and fat mass and is an alternative when conventional treatments appear ineffective.

W. Castelein, Łukasz Grus, J. Crompvoets et al.

J. Chalmers, K. C. Ho, Hong Kong et al.

N. Moore, M. D. Hooper

K. Fægri, L. Pijl

M. Truelove