This study aims to analyze the role of the North Sumatra Provincial Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) in controlling street children in the Kampung Lalang area, on the border between Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency, and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. The research method used a qualitative approach with interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The research informants consisted of Satpol PP officials, relevant social agencies, and street children who were the objects of control. The results showed that the role of Satpol PP had been carried out based on Biddle's (1986) role theory, which includes normative, functional, coordinative, social expectation, and rehabilitative roles. Although the normative and coordinative roles were carried out quite well, the implementation of the rehabilitative and social roles was not optimal due to limited resources and weak cross-sector coordination. Internal obstacles included limited personnel, facilities, and budget, while external obstacles included family economic factors, low educational awareness, and a lack of guidance facilities. This study recommends strengthening the institutional capacity of Satpol PP, inter-agency synergy, and a child protection-based approach to enforcement.
Antonio Russo, Pasquale Scaramozzino, Andrea Zaccaria
Economic complexity measures aim to quantify the capability content or endowment of industries and territories; however, capabilities are not observable, and therefore cannot be directly used in the computations. We estimate such endowments by quantifying the quality and diversity of the skills in the occupations required in specific industries. We refer to this job-based assessment as the hidden complexity, in contrast with the usual revealed complexity, which is computed from economic outputs such as exports or production. We show that our job-based measure of complexity is positively associated to wage levels and labor productivity growth, whereas the classic revealed measure is not. Finally, we discuss the application of these methods at the territorial level, showing their connection with economic growth.
In order to highlight the relationship between the relevant valuation, the preparation of financial reports that
reflect reality and the influence on decisions is based on the main objective pursued by the preparation of financial
reports, that reflecting the true picture;the true picture can only be achieved under the conditions in which the elements
of the entity are subjected to a relevant valuation process, respectively revaluation. Based on these reports, different
categories of users make various decisions with impact, both at a microeconomic and macroeconomic level.
The true picture of the financial position and performance achieved with fair value of all patrimonial elements
allows investors to assess risk and decide on investment opportunities, as well as raising capital, the entity's managers
can carry out strategic planning and set realistic and sustainable goals, creditors can determine the entity's ability to
honor its obligations, increases the confidence of employees and business partners. Correct reporting ensures
compliance with financial and tax regulations, preventing penalties or reputational losses.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Purpose: This study aims to understand the role of boycott intention in mediating the effects of consumer ethnocentrism, religious animosity, legitimacy, and brand importance on brand image, loyalty, and product judgment among Starbucks consumers in Indonesia.
Method: This study was conducted using quantitative methods to test the proposed theoretical model. Online questionnaires were distributed to 406 respondents to measure several variables, including consumer ethnocentrism, religious animosity, legitimacy, brand importance, boycott intention, boycott behavior, brand image, loyalty, and product judgment. The data were collected cross-sectionally from Starbucks consumers in Indonesia. The data analysis method used was Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
Result: This study shows that the indirect relationships from consumer ethnocentrism, religious animosity, and legitimacy to boycott behavior, through boycott intention, have a negative effect. In contrast, the indirect relationship from brand importance to boycott behavior, through boycott intention, has a positive effect. Specifically, the higher the levels of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity, and legitimacy, the higher the boycott intention. This suggests that consumers in Indonesia who strongly identify with moral, cultural, and religious solidarity are more likely to have an intention to boycott.
Practical Implications for Economic Growth and Development: This study provides insights for companies on how to develop transparent and responsive communication strategies to address issues that may trigger boycott intentions.
Purpose: The current changes in the fields of technology and issues formed at the level of society and companies have increased the importance of paying attention to the aspect of innovation in organizations. In this regard, the competitive situation of the market and the financial resources saved in the company can increase the conditions for improving the performance related to innovation. In other words, innovation is a primary factor in the organization's performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of competition intensity and organizational reserve on the relationship between innovation and company performance.Methodology: The data required for this research was collected and analyzed using a questionnaire completed by 159 employees and company managers.Findings: The research results show a significant relationship between the intensity of competition and innovation. Also, the results indicate that organizational stock significantly affects innovation. Finally, the results of the third hypothesis of the research show that the intensity of competition and organizational reserve strengthen the relationship between innovation and performance.Originality/Value: Organizational reserve and intensity of competition are essential and influential factors in innovation, which improve the performance of the organization and its progress. Finally, increased innovation will help gain more profit and market share. Therefore, according to the research gap in the previous studies, the current research has investigated the effect of competition intensity and organizational reserve on the relationship between innovation and company performance.
RESUMO Este artigo é uma pesquisa sobre organizações industriais. Pretendemos esclarecer o estado da arte dos estudos empíricos sobre a concorrência industrial. Basicamente, discutimos um ponto de vista que se tornou consenso nesse campo sobre a diminuição da concorrência em indústrias concentradas. Em seguida, examinamos a importância das barreiras à entrada para estabelecer o comportamento empresarial e seu poder de fixar preços. Por fim, com base no renascimento da economia clássica, apresenta-se um panorama sobre a diversificação e o papel da taxa de lucro em uma economia capitalista.
We develop a model for credit rating migration that accounts for the impact of economic state fluctuations on default probabilities. The joint process for the economic state and the rating is modelled as a time-homogeneous Markov chain. While the rating process itself possesses the Markov property only under restrictive conditions, methods from Markov theory can be used to derive the rating process' asymptotic behaviour. We use the mathematical framework to formalise and analyse different rating philosophies, such as point-in-time (PIT) and through-the-cycle (TTC) ratings. Furthermore, we introduce stochastic orders on the bivariate process' transition matrix to establish a consistent notion of "better" and "worse" ratings. Finally, the construction of PIT and TTC ratings is illustrated on a Merton-type firm-value process.
We develop realizability models of intensional type theory, based on groupoids, wherein realizers themselves carry non-trivial (non-discrete) homotopical structure. In the spirit of realizability, this is intended to formalize a homotopical BHK interpretation, whereby evidence for an identification is a path. Specifically, we study partitioned groupoidal assemblies. Categories of such are parameterised by "realizer categories" (instead of the usual partial combinatory algebras) that come equipped with an interval qua internal cogroupoid. The interval furnishes a notion of homotopy as well as a fundamental groupoid construction. Objects in a base groupoid are realized by points in the fundamental groupoid of some object from the realizer category; isomorphisms in the base groupoid are realized by paths in said fundamental groupoid. The main result is that, under mild conditions on the realizer category, the ensuing category of partitioned groupoidal assemblies models intensional (1-truncated) type theory without function extensionality. Moreover, when the underlying realizer category is "untyped", there exists an impredicative universe of 1-types (the modest fibrations). This is a groupoidal analogue of the traditional situation.
Mónica Cantó-Primo, Marta Frasquet, Irene Gil-Saura
et al.
This article presents a segmentation analysis that categorizes industrial design firms based on levels of design orientation. It could serve as a useful framework for designers to tailor their marketing strategies to specific groups or companies. We conducted both qualitative research involving experts, and quantitative research using a sample of 201 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish furniture and lighting industries. The design capacity building approach of design orientation, which was determined by evaluating scores across seven dimensions of the design orientation scale, was adopted based on: 1) awareness of the benefits of design; 2) design sensibility; 3) basic design skills; 4) specialized design skills; 5) involving others; 6) design organization; and, 7) innovation skills. The results identified three clusters with different behaviors: “full design orientation” (Cluster 1), “design orientation from the top down” (Cluster 2), and “operational design orientation” (Cluster 3). This research provides a pragmatic tool for design service providers, linking design skills, design impact, and organizational performance.
Research on residential segregation has been active since the 1950s and originated in a desire to quantify the level of racial/ethnic segregation in the United States. The Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), an operationalization of racialized economic segregation that simultaneously captures spatial, racial, and income polarization, has been a popular topic in public health research, with a particular focus on social epidemiology. However, the construction of the ICE metric usually ignores the spatial autocorrelation that may be present in the data, and it is usually presented without indicating its degree of statistical and spatial uncertainty. To address these issues, we propose reformulating the ICE metric using Bayesian modeling methodologies. We use a simulation study to evaluate the performance of each method by considering various segregation scenarios. The application is based on racialized economic segregation in Georgia, and the proposed modeling approach will help determine whether racialized economic segregation has changed over two non-overlapping time points.
Taxation and government spending are crucial tools for governments to promote economic growth and maintain social equity. However, the difficulty in accurately predicting the dynamic strategies of diverse self-interested households presents a challenge for governments to implement effective tax policies. Given its proficiency in modeling other agents in partially observable environments and adaptively learning to find optimal policies, Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is highly suitable for solving dynamic games between the government and numerous households. Although MARL shows more potential than traditional methods such as the genetic algorithm and dynamic programming, there is a lack of large-scale multi-agent reinforcement learning economic simulators. Therefore, we propose a MARL environment, named \textbf{TaxAI}, for dynamic games involving $N$ households, government, firms, and financial intermediaries based on the Bewley-Aiyagari economic model. Our study benchmarks 2 traditional economic methods with 7 MARL methods on TaxAI, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of MARL algorithms. Moreover, TaxAI's scalability in simulating dynamic interactions between the government and 10,000 households, coupled with real-data calibration, grants it a substantial improvement in scale and reality over existing simulators. Therefore, TaxAI is the most realistic economic simulator for optimal tax policy, which aims to generate feasible recommendations for governments and individuals.
This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic's economic impact has exacerbated nutritional health disparities among women. It sought to understand the effects of economic challenges on women's dietary choices and access to nutritious food across different socioeconomic groups. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combined quantitative data from health and economic records with qualitative insights from interviews with diverse women. The study analyzed trends in nutritional health and economic factors before and after the pandemic and gathered personal accounts regarding nutrition and economic difficulties during this period. Findings showed a clear link between the economic downturn and deteriorating nutritional health, particularly in low-income and marginalized groups. These women reported decreased access to healthy foods and an increased dependence on less nutritious options due to budget constraints, leading to a decline in dietary quality. This trend was less evident in higher-income groups, highlighting stark disparities. The pandemic intensified pre-existing nutritional inequalities, with the most vulnerable groups facing greater adverse effects. However, community support and public health measures provided some relief. In summary, the pandemic's economic repercussions have indirectly impaired women's nutritional health, especially among the socioeconomically disadvantaged. This highlights the necessity for tailored nutritional interventions and economic policies focused on safeguarding women's health.
Sumeet Kalia, Michelle Greiver, Frank Sullivan
et al.
Although machine learning has permeated many disciplines, the convergence of causal methods and machine learning remains sparse in the existing literature. Our aim was to formulate a marginal structural model in which we envisioned hypothetical (i.e. counterfactual) dynamic treatment regimes using a combination of drug therapies to manage diabetes: metformin, sulfonylurea and SGLT-2. We were interested in estimating “diabetes care provision” in next calendar year using a composite measure of chronic disease prevention and screening elements. We demonstrated the application of dynamic treatment regimes using the National Diabetes Action Canada Repository in which we applied a collection of mainstream statistical learning algorithms. We generated an ensemble of statistical learning algorithms using the SuperLearner based on the following base learners: (i) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, (ii) ridge regression, (iii) elastic net, (iv) random forest, (v) gradient boosting machines, (vi) neural network. Each statistical learning algorithm was fitted using the pseudo-population with respect to the marginalization of the time-dependent confounding process. The covariate balance was assessed using the longitudinal (i.e. cumulative-time product) stabilized weights with calibrated restrictions. Our results indicated that the treatment drop-in cohorts (with respect to metformin, sulfonylurea and SGLT-2) may improve diabetes care provision in relation to treatment naïve cohort. As a clinical utility, we hope that this article will facilitate discussions around the prevention of adverse chronic outcomes associated with diabetes through the improvement of diabetes care provisions in primary care.
The article identifies opportunities for improving the quality of solving the tasks of personal development in the system of continuous education, identifies features of socialization and self-realization of the person through a personified, level inclusion of the personality in the system of technologies and products of scientific search and scientific research. Scientific-pedagogical research and scientific research in technical subjects determine the product of a person's activity - the basis for the acme-verification of the quality of socialization and self-realization of a person. The possibilities of socialization and self-realization of the individual in the system of continuous education are clariied through the features of the student's inclusion in the system of scientific search and scientific research; a level model of socialization and self-realization of the individual in the system of continuous education and professional-labor relations is presented. The pedagogical conditions for optimizing the quality of socialization and self-realization of the individual in the constructs of scientiic, pedagogical and scientiic and technical research are determined. The speciicity of socialization and self-realization of the individual is specified in the structure ofusing the technology ofsystem-pedagogical modeling, personified features of the formation of a culture of self-dependent work of the individual.
Cities host diverse people and their mixing is the engine of prosperity. In turn, segregation and inequalities are common features of most cities and locations that enable the meeting of people with different socio-economic status are key for urban inclusion. In this study, we adopt the concept of economic complexity to quantify the sophistication of amenity supply at urban locations. We propose that neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity are connected to the ability of locations to attract diverse visitors from various socio-economic backgrounds across the city. We construct the measures of amenity complexity based on the local portfolio of diverse and non-ubiquitous amenities in Budapest, Hungary. Socio-economic mixing at visited third places is investigated by tracing the daily mobility of individuals and by characterizing their status by the real-estate price of their home locations. Results suggest that measures of ubiquity and diversity of amenities do not, but neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity are correlated with the urban centrality of locations. Urban centrality is a strong predictor of socio-economic mixing, but both neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity add further explanatory power to our models. Our work combines urban mobility data with economic complexity thinking to show that the diversity of non-ubiquitous amenities, central locations, and the potentials for socio-economic mixing are interrelated.
Michael Kampouridis, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Maria Kyropoulou
et al.
In this article we survey the main research topics of our group at the University of Essex. Our research interests lie at the intersection of theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and economic theory. In particular, we focus on the design and analysis of mechanisms for systems involving multiple strategic agents, both from a theoretical and an applied perspective. We present an overview of our group's activities, as well as its members, and then discuss in detail past, present, and future work in multi-agent systems.
Abstract In the article, we propose a comprehensive methodology of value chain analysis in the international input–output framework that introduces a new measure of value chain participation and an extended typology of value chains, with the novel inclusion of domestic value chain to address the extent of fragmentation of purely domestic production. This allows for the simultaneous analysis of both global and domestic production fragmentation, the complex patterns of their evolution and their impact on economic development. The main contribution of the proposed methodology is conceptual: it permits the measurement of all value chain paths that pass through each country-sector from production to final consumption, whether the path includes downstream linkages, upstream linkages or their combination. Empirical application of this methodology shows the importance of including domestic fragmentation in value chain analysis: The fragmentation of both global and domestic levels of production has a significant positive correlation with economic growth. This implies that the effects of global production fragmentation must be analysed together with the changing structure of the fragmentation of domestic production to obtain the whole picture, one that might provide important information for policymaking and industrial policy.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economics as a science