Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Angelica Wahyu Kartika Budiarti, Sugeng Adipitoyo, Ahmad Rizky Wahyudi

Presupposition in descriptive utterances functions as an effective linguistic strategy for subtly instilling philosophical and theological assumptions, as manifested in the contemporary song "Ingsun" by Sujiwo Tejo. This study aims to examine the forms and functions of presupposition that construct the concept of Kawula-Gusti (Servant-God relationship) in the song's lyrics, and to analyze its relevance as Javanese language teaching material in Junior High Schools. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques utilizing listening and note-taking, based on the synthesis of presupposition theories by Stalnaker, Karttunen, and Yule, combined with Austin's locutionary acts and Keraf’s descriptive theory. The findings indicate that the lyrics are dominated by lexical and existential presuppositions which implicitly instill a profound understanding of Dununge (Position), Kuwasane (Authority), and Nuju Gambuhe (Union) of the Kawula-Gusti. The descriptive utterances require the listener's cognitive accommodation to accept theological truths as background facts without rigid indoctrination. These findings have strong pedagogical relevance for Javanese Language learning at the JHS Phase D level within the Merdeka Curriculum framework, particularly for training students' interpretive abilities toward implicit meaning and strengthening character based on the Pancasila Student Profile. However, acknowledging that the reliance on a single culturally and theologically dense text limits generalizability across diverse learner backgrounds, this study recommends extending the analytical framework to multiple Javanese texts of varying genres and difficulty levels to ensure broader applicability and instructional flexibility.

Andrea Meyer-Fraatz

In both East and West Germany, Wisława Szymborska was discovered early and published in translations by various translators in numerous journals and anthologies. By 1990, the year of reunification, three volumes of her poems were published in West Germany, translated and edited by Karl Dedecius, whereas in East Germany only one book was published, edited and translated by Jutta Janke. This article offers an analysis of these publications in both German states, focussing on which poems were included in which publications and which poems were not published in either state. Finally, one of the poems, translated and published in both German states, “Dwie małpy Bruegla” [“Brueghel’s two monkeys”], is compared using the so-called Göttingen approach to translation research. This methodological approach assumes that the differences between the source text and the target text can provide indications of the conditions under which the respective translations were written, in order to find out to what extent the translations differ in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Although individual poems might have been chosen for ideological reasons, the assumption that differences in translations of the same poem could be due to ideological factors cannot be confirmed in the case of this particular poem.

Adina SĂCARA-ONIȚA, Andra-Teodora PORUMB

Die Arbeit präsentiert Aspekte der nonverbalen Kommunikation im Geschäftsbereich. Kommunikation, sowohl verbal als auch nonverbal, ist eine Eigenschaft lebender Wesen. Sowohl Menschen als auch Tiere können ohne Kommunikation nicht überleben. Wissenschaftlich gesehen wird Kommunikation als ein Prozess des Informationsaustauschs von einem Individuum zum anderen, von einer Gruppe zur anderen betrachtet. Nonverbale Kommunikation macht 55%-65% des Informationsvolumens aus, das wir übermitteln. Durch nonverbale Kommunikation übermittelt der Gesprächspartner vor allem Gefühle, Meinungen und Einstellungen. Die nonverbale Sprache wird stark von der kulturellen Funktion beeinflusst, die Körperhaltung, Mimik und Gesten des Sprechers unterscheiden sich je nach Umgebung, aus der der Sprecher stammt oder in der er als Individuum geformt wurde.

Isabelle Heyerick

Małgorzata Sokołowicz

The aim of the paper is to analyze Enfants du lichen, a book of poems by Maya Cousineau Mollen, an Innu poet born in 1975, in order to see if the labyrinth can be considered as a figure of the postcolonial Native American experience. Although the word « labyrinth » does not make its explicit emergence in the poems, their lexical field evokes a whole imagination which makes it emerge implicitly and allows us to believe that the figure of the labyrinth corresponds to the situation of the former colonized. Our contribution is divided into three parts. The first characterizes the postcolonial Native American experience, as described in the poems, and explains why it may be seen as a labyrinth. The second shows the exploration of the paths of possible escape and the last focuses on the exit, the « passage from darkness to light », which can be read as a new era in the life of Canadian Native Americans.

Hika Negash Galana, Adinew Tadesse Degago, Alemayehu Getachew Tsegaye et al.

Abstract In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the constraints encountered by student teachers during their practicum experiences at some selected colleges in Oromia, Ethiopia. Adopting a convergent mixed research design, a questionnaire was distributed to student teachers, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with supervisors and mentors. The data found from questionnaire were analyzed using a descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and One-Way ANOVA. Besides, the interview results were analyzed using content analysis method. In the findings, factors such as mentors’ lack of continuous follow up and support, interest to share experience, and friendliness were identified. In addition, follow up and support were not continuously provided by supervisors, and there was no coordination between supervisors and mentors. Further, Colleges engage large numbers of candidates to one school, allot many student teachers for one academic supervisor, opportunity given for practice was inadequate and there was lack of necessary facilities in the cooperating schools. Hence, it can be concluded that there were limitations from the side of mentors, supervisors, colleges and cooperating schools on playing their roles in teaching practice. Therefore, based on the findings of the study and the drawn conclusions; mentors and supervisors of the practicum should make continuous follow up and provide immediate feedback for their student teachers. In addition, they should collaborate while evaluating and equipping their student teachers with all necessary things. Besides, colleges should have good rapport with cooperating schools, try to fulfill necessary facilities, and strengthen to make them effectively produce qualified students. They should work on how to mitigate the number of student teachers with the number of supervisors and schools. Finally, cooperating schools should learn from spontaneous limitations and go further to fulfill their needs.

Dariusz Jan Skotarek

This article is concerned with the significance of the editor in the translation process. The author presents the current status of editors in translation studies and calls for more attention to be paid to them. In the analytical part, the author analyses and presents selected examples of editorial changes of the first version of Yuri Slezkine’s House of Government translation into Polish. The analysis deals with passages where the editors corrected the translators’ mistakes. Particular attention is paid to fragments where the editors implemented difficult, potentially controversial corrections. This serves to show the role editors play in the translation process as well as the multitude and importance of the changes they introduce. The article stresses that the choices in the final translation that the audience, including translation scholars, reads are very often the editors’, not the translator’s, which should be taken into account while giving praise or assigning blame.

Carlo Presotto

L’esperienza della pandemia ha permesso di sperimentare su larga scala intuizioni ed ipotesi su come muta la dimensione performativa del laboratorio teatrale quando si sposta nei contesti digitali. Chiederci quali aspetti rimangono attivi e quali vengono a mancare, ci permette di approfondire la conoscenza di come l’esperienza performativa agisce con le identità delle persone e dei gruppi. E insieme ci indica alcune strade possibili per agire nella realtà contemporanea caratterizzata da una crescente ibridazione tra reale e virtuale della nostra esperienza del mondo.

María Dolores Asensio Ferreiro

Tradicionalmente se ha prestado escasa atención a la adquisición de las unidades fraseológicas (UF) en general, y de las paremias en particular, en las propuestas didácticas y en los manuales de lengua española y de otras lenguas extranjeras (LE). Por ello, el tratamiento que reciben la fraseología y la paremiología en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de (E/A de LE) continúa representando un desafío para investigadores y docentes, principalmente en lo que se refiere a estrategias metodológicas enfocadas a la didáctica de estas disciplinas en el aula de LE. El estudio de las UF en la E/A de LE se ha convertido en un campo propio denominado fraseodidáctica, campo emergente dentro del   ámbito de la fraseología, dada   la importancia de estas unidades en el proceso de adquisición y desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa del usuario de una lengua. No obstante, no sucede lo mismo con las investigaciones centradas en la adquisición de competencia paremiológica (CP) en la E/A de LE, es decir, en lo que denominamos “paremiodidáctica”. Una de las grandes problemáticas en este sentido se encuentra en que la ausencia de conciencia paremiológica en lengua materna (LM) complica el aprendizaje de estas unidades, tanto en LM como en LE, e incluso provoca una fractura en la competencia comunicativa con los hablantes nativos de esa comunidad, lo que impide una adecuada y fluida comprensión en LE y dificulta seriamente la posibilidad de alcanzar un elevado dominio en LE, según indican los niveles del MCER. A esto se añade la competencia multilingüe (CM) del alumnado actual ya que la globalización actual obliga al dominio de varias LE. En este trabajo, analizamos estas cuestiones y presentamos un estudio en torno al multilingüismo inherente al alumnado universitario actual, con el fin de averiguar la relación entre la CP y la CM de estudiantes con LM español. Los resultados suponen una fuente de información privilegiada para profundizar en la investigación en paremiodidáctica de LE.

Leonardo O. Munalim, Gina O. Gonong

Reflective Teaching as a relatively new approach toward teaching and education can be traced back to Dewey’s (1933) assertion of reflective action. To date, methodologies remain almost recursive. Arguably, the modality of written genres may tempt the teachers to produce cursory reflective writings. This exploratory paper presents the sorts of linguistic stance resources such as boosters, hedges and attitude markers culled from one-hour case of spoken, peer reflection with three English practice teachers. Themes were analysed from these linguistic stance resources. Overall, the studentteachers’ reflection is enthused with a seesaw between force and conviction; mitigation, apprehensions, and misgivings of teaching-learning practices. Arguably, this pendulum results in the unstable positive and negative affective attitude about the teaching-learning process. Based on the themes, indicators for reflective practices were added to the reflective inventory designed by Akbari, Behzadpoor, and Dadvand (2010). Limitations, linguistic research trajectories and implications for mentoring are offered accordingly.

Mónica Baretta

From the beginning of the independent period, the leading classes of Argentina faced the need to populate the vast national territory, and the incorporation of foreign inhabitants was from an early date the undisputed solution to that problem. However, despite the broad consensus that existed on the issue, there were divergent points of view about the “type of immigration” that was desired. In this context, during the debates of the Constituent Assembly of 1853, the treatment of the article 14 of the National Constitution gave rise to an argumentation situation (Plantin 2012) that raised the immigration issue when discussing freedom of religion. Supporters and detractors of religious tolerance linked this issue more or less directly with the foreign population that, it was hoped, came to populate the Argentine territory.Thus, in this paper the arguments put into play in this controversy are analyzed, to point out, on the one hand, the polarization and incompatibility of the positions in dispute (Angenot 2008; Amossy 2016) and, on the other, the starting points that are common on both sides of the debate. In this sense, we are interested in investigating the way in which these arguments construct the image of the immigrant, while offering certain representations about the local population and the idea of economic development

Michael Carl, M. Cristina Toledo Baez

The paper describes an experiment in which two groups of translators annotate Spanish and simplified Chinese MT output of the same English source texts (ST) using an MQM-derived annotation schema. Annotators first fragmented the ST and MT output (i.e. the target text TT) into alignment groups (AGs) and then labelled the AGs with an error code. We investigate the inter-annotator agreement of the AGs and their error annotations. Then, we correlate the average error agreement (i.e. the MT error evidence) with translation process data that we collected during the translation production of the same English texts in previous studies. We find that MT accuracy errors with higher error-evidence scores have an effect on the production and reading durations during post-editing. We also find that that from-scratch translation is more difficult for ST words which have more evident MT accuracy errors. Surprisingly, Spanish MT accuracy errors also correlate with total ST reading time for translations (post-editing and from-scratch translation) into very different languages. We conclude that expressions with MT accuracy issues into one language (English-to-Spanish) are likely to be difficult to translate also into other languages for humans and for computers – while this does not hold for MT fluency errors.

Gerd Hentschel

Observations on the Spread of Lexical Germanisms in the Contemporary Silesian Regiolect The article analyses the extent to which Silesians who say that they regularly use the Silesian regiolect still actively use the numerous lexical Germanisms that have been described for Silesian. It is based on a survey of nearly 1,000 respondents about their “subjective frequency” of Germanism usage. Procedures are suggested for distinguishing between Germanisms that tend to be used more frequently and those that tend to be used less frequently. A much-discussed codification of Silesian could dispense with the latter. Factors influencing usage frequency that are discussed in the article include the prevalence of a range of Silesian Germanisms in Polish dialects outside of Silesia as well as knowledge of German. In addition, the extent of Silesian and Polish usage by speakers of Silesian in different communication contexts is also described.

Natalia Yu Nelyubova, Polina S Syomina, Viktor I Ershov

In this article, the concepts “concept” and “value”, which clearly and fully characterize the linguistic world-image of a particular nation, are examined. Some approaches to the study of the term “concept” are discussed, the concept and its structure characteristics are presented, the nominative field of the concept and its attributes are analyzed. A brief description of the term “value” in linguistics is given. A parallel with the concept is given, some similarities and differences in the nature of these two terms are described. The material examined is the French language proverbial fund of France and Belgium. The definition of the proverb is given, examples of French and Belgian proverbs are analyzed, and their analysis is carried out in order to identify the most popular values of both nations. The principal concepts reflected in the proverbs studied: “woman”, “man”, “love”; the conclusions, obtained as a result of the research, are summarized. The purpose of this article is to study French concepts on the basis of French proverbial dictionaries and compare them with the concepts revealed in the proverbs of French-speaking Belgians. This study is relevant because, despite the availability of scientific literature describing the main concepts of the French and a number of works on the comparative analysis of the French language peculiarities of the French and Belgians, the problem of comparing the linguistic world-image of both nations on the material of proverbs has not been previously studied in detail.

Mariarosa Loddo

Alla malattia la letteratura si è sempre interessata, tanto da farne un vero e proprio topos. Tuttavia, mai come nel corso del Novecento l'esperienza del patologico sembra aver creato un connubio così stretto con l'autobiografia. Raccontare la propria vita o riscriverla alla luce della malattia è diventata una pratica letteraria – e non solo – largamente diffusa, tanto da essere identificata con un neologismo creato appositamente per definirla, ovvero «patografia». Cercheremo pertanto di individuare le origini, le influenze e i tratti distintivi di questa categoria testuale, che si ipotizza costituire un nuovo genere. Il confronto tra le opere di Annie Ernaux, Christa Wolf e  Hervé Guibert permetterà infine di rilevare i contributi originali e quelli ampiamente condivisi nella concettualizzazione e nella narrazione di ciò che significa essere malati.  Illness has always been easy to find in literature and indeed it has become a real topos. However, it is only in the XXth century that the illness experience has become an essential part of autobiography. Writing his own life or rewriting it after facing the disease is assumed to be nowadays a – not only -  literary practice which has reached a great popularity; this is also proved by the neologism «pathography», that was coined to identify this kind of texts. Hence, we may be talking about a new genre, whose origins, influences and peculiar features will be tracked down in this paper. Finally, a comparison between the works of Annie Ernaux, Christa Wolf and Hervé Guibert will allow us to discern the original perspectives from those largely shared in the narration and conceptualization of the illness experience.

Paula Andrea Montoya

G I Bykova

The article is devoted to the studies of religious-and-political discourse in the works of J. Ratzinger (Pope Benedictus the XVI). The author considers the religious-and-political concept «faith» in its historical and modern context. There are analyzed such notions as «progress», «science», «freedom» in the comprehension of Benedictus the XVI.

A. D. Mello, Luiz Carlos Lemos Junior, Luciana Foss et al.