ABSTRACT Soil salinisation poses a global threat to agricultural sustainability, affecting about one billion hectares of farmland. This review highlights integrated strategies—combining water management, agronomic practices, and biochemical interventions—to mitigate salinity while improving overall productivity. Precision irrigation methods, such as subsurface drip and microsprinklers, raise water‐use efficiency by 25%–40% and reduce surface salt buildup. Agronomic approaches—deep tillage, land levelling, and organic or inorganic amendments—enhance soil structure and increase soil organic carbon by 18%–32%. Biochemical tools, including salt‐tolerant germplasm and rhizosphere microorganisms (e.g., plant growth‐promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), can boost yields by up to 50%. Unlike prior reviews focussing on isolated tactics, this work emphasises interdisciplinary synergies, such as subsurface drip irrigation creating favourable conditions for microbial inoculants and salt‐tolerant crops. It also addresses key socioeconomic barriers, including high initial costs and technical expertise gaps, and proposes future research on landscape‐scale modelling, circular resource use, and climate‐resilient saline agroecosystems.
Abstract Gender and sustainability are crucial in agriculture, which remains a significant source of global employment. However, urbanization, industrialization, and technological advancements have reshaped the sector, impacting labor dynamics and gender roles. Traditional agricultural labor faces challenges due to low wages, physically demanding tasks, and unfavorable working conditions. Addressing gender disparities and promoting inclusive work environments is essential for achieving sustainability. According to the ILO (International Labour Office) decent work encompasses productivity and equal employment opportunities for both genders. This study aims to review the literature on gender, sustainability and agricultural development using a bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed articles. The findings identify five main research domains: gender dynamics and roles, agriculture and climate change, sustainability and development, human and labor dynamics, and environmental and technological aspects. Additionally, four key scientific communities led the research: Gender studies, agricultural economics, environmental management, and rural sociology. Emerging research trends focus on gender roles in sustainable farming, environmental innovation, and labor governance in agriculture. Spain, the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada lead in knowledge production, contributing significantly to these research domains. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to address the complex issues of gender and sustainability in agriculture. It also specifies a target for expectations research, highlighting that the ILO’s definition of appropriate employment can guide efforts to improve gender equity and labor conditions, ultimately supporting sustainable development in the agricultural sector.
Vaccination is a widely adopted measure to prevent diseases, but the process of immunization can induce a substantial stress response. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a combined Mycoplasma bovis-BoHV-1 vaccine on the upper respiratory tract microbiome and BRD-associated pathogens in calves, as well as to evaluate the effects of potential interventions. The results showed that the percentage of Pasteurella species in the upper respiratory tract was elevated in calves after vaccination without intervention, and Pasteurella multocida was activated and proliferated. Interestingly, none of the three interventions (Sodium selenite-vitamin E, Astragalus polysaccharide and Ceftiofur sodium) affected antibody production after immunization. The administration of sodium selenite-vitamin E and astragalus polysaccharide reduced serum levels of cortisol and malondialdehyde, increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and alleviated the proliferation of Pasteurella multocida. Furthermore, the use of ceftiofur sodium almost completely inhibited the proliferation of Pasteurella multocida induced by immune stress. These findings provide a reference for mitigating the negative impacts associated with vaccination and highlight the potential benefits of using targeted nutritional and antimicrobial interventions to optimize immune responses and maintain a stable respiratory microbiome in calves.