Hasil untuk "Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc."

Jinni Chen, Yule Men, Yunhong Li et al.

Fiber content is one of the key indicators for evaluating fabric quality, and cashmere is much more expensive than wool due to its scarcity and excellent characteristics, leading to frequent adulteration. This study proposes a method that utilizes Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and combining the Ivy (IVY) algorithm optimizes the Deep Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (DHKELM) to enable the rapid and accurate prediction of multi-component fiber content in cashmere and wool blends. The study first prepared 21 different mixing ratios of cashmere and wool blend samples using the KBr tableting method and collected spectral data using an NIR spectrometer; the Iteratively Variable Subset Optimization (IVSO) algorithm was applied for band selection; Subsequently, the IVY-DHKELM quantitative model was constructed to independently predict the Cashmere Content (CC) and Wool Content (WC). Experimental results demonstrated that the IVY-DHKELM model prediction coefficients of determination (R2 p) of 0.9743 for CC and 0.9625 for WC on the test set, respectively. It has high prediction accuracy and reliability, and has important application value in quantitative analysis of fiber composition and detection of cashmere adulteration.

Ece Kalayci, Ozan Avinc

Oumayma Hamlaoui, Riadh Elleuch, Hakan Tozan et al.

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the microstructural characteristics and the chemical content of Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) composites that have different contents of Glass Fiber (GF). Blending of VALOX 420 (30 wt% GF/PBT) with unreinforced VALOX 310 allowed the composites to be prepared, with control of the concentration and distribution of the GF. The GF reinforcement and PBT matrix were characterized by an advanced microstructural spectrum and spatial analysis to show the influence of fiber density, dispersion, and chemical composition on performance. Findings indicate that GF content has a profound effect on microstructural properties and damage processes, especially traction effects in various regions of the specimen. These results highlight the significance of accurate control of GF during fabrication to maximize durability and performance, which can be used to inform the design of superior PBT/GF composites in challenging engineering applications. The implications of these results are relevant to a number of high-performance sectors, especially in automotive, electrical, and consumer electronic industries, where PBT/GF composites are found in extensive use because of their outstanding mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and thermal resistance. The main novelty of the current research is both the microstructural and chemical assessment of PBT/GF composites in different fiber contents, and this aspect is rather insufficiently studied in the literature. Although the mechanical performance or macro-level aging effects have been previously assessed, the Literature usually did not combine elemental spectroscopy or spatial microstructural mapping to correlate the fiber distribution with the damage mechanisms. Further, despite the importance of GF reinforcement in achieving the right balance between mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance, not much has been conducted in detail to describe the correlation between the microstructure and the evolution of damage in short-fiber composites. Conversely, this paper will use the superior spatial elemental analysis to bring out the effects of GF content and dispersion on micro-mechanisms like interfacial traction, cracking of the matrix, and fiber fracture. We, to the best of our knowledge, are the first to systematically combine chemical spectrum analysis with spatial mapping of PBT/GF systems with varied fiber contents—this allows us to give actionable information on material design and optimized manufacturing procedures.

Jiachuan Yang, Peijin Guo

Nanocellulose, an emerging nanomaterial with high strength, tunable surface chemistry, and biocompatibility, enables diverse applications in food engineering. Its non-cytotoxic nature supports use in three key areas: food additives, functional ingredient carriers, and biodegradable packaging – the most advanced application leveraging its barrier properties. However, safety concerns persist, particularly regarding nanoparticle penetration through biological barriers (e.g. intestinal epithelium), despite preliminary studies on cytotoxicity and biodynamics. This review synthesizes: (1) extraction methods (mechanical, chemical, enzymatic) for nanocellulose production; (2) chemical modifications (carboxylation, TEMPO-oxidation) to enhance functionality; (3) food-specific applications, including active packaging (antimicrobial/antioxidant films), texture modifiers, and edible coatings. Current challenges center on reconciling scalability, safety validation, and regulatory gaps. Future directions emphasize green synthesis (agricultural waste valorization) and smart delivery systems for bioactive compounds. By addressing these aspects, nanocellulose can drive sustainable innovation in food technology, balancing performance with health and environmental priorities.

Z. Osman, Y. Senhaji, Mohammed Elamin et al.

This study aims to develop high-performance biocomposites for structural applications using kenaf, bagasse, hemp, and softwood fibers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) adhesives, commonly used in particleboard manufacturing. A simple, low-cost fiber treatment was applied by adjusting the fiber pH to 11 and 13 using a 33% NaOH solution, following standard protocols to enhance fiber–adhesive interaction. The effects of alkaline treatment on the chemical structure of bagasse, kenaf, and hemp fibers were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and correlated with composite mechanical performance. PF and PUF were applied at 13% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), while polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) at 5% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) served as a control for untreated fibers. The fabricated panels were evaluated for mechanical properties; modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond strength (IB), and physical properties such as thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) after 24 h of immersion. FTIR analysis revealed that treatment at pH 11 increased the intensity of O–H, C–O–C, and C–O bands and led to the disappearance of the C=O band (~1700 cm⁻¹) in all fibers. Bagasse treated at pH 11 showed the most significant spectral changes and the highest IB values with both PF and PUF adhesives, followed by kenaf at pH 13, exceeding EN 312:6 (2010) standards for heavy-duty load-bearing panels in dry conditions. The highest MOE and MOR values were achieved with kenaf at pH 11, meeting EN 312:4 (2010) requirements, followed by bagasse, while softwood and hemp performed less favorably. In terms of thickness swelling, bagasse consistently outperformed all other fibers across pH levels and adhesives, followed by Kenaf and Hemp, surpassing even pMDI-based composites. These results suggest that high-pH treatment enhances the reactivity of PF and PUF adhesives by increasing the nucleophilic character of phenolic rings during polymerization. The performance differences among fibers are also attributed to variations in the aspect ratio and intrinsic structural properties influencing fiber–adhesive interactions under alkaline conditions. Overall, kenaf and bagasse fibers emerge as promising, sustainable alternatives to industrial softwood particles for structural particleboard production. PF and PUF adhesives offer cost-effective and less toxic options compared to pMDI, supporting their use in eco-friendly panel manufacturing. FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a powerful method for identifying structural changes caused by alkaline treatment and provided valuable insights into the resulting mechanical and physical performance of the biocomposites.

Deepak Sampathkumar, Ashokkumar Mohankumar, Arul Kulandaivel et al.

The objective of this work is to examine the fire resistance of natural composite materials (NCM). The reinforcements used in this work are coir, cotton, Palmyra leaf stream, sisal fiber, and matrix selected for natural rubber resin (latex). The fibers as reinforcement and natural rubber as the matrix phase were considered, and then the composite was manufactured through the hand lay-up open mold method. The chemical compositions of specimens treated with inorganic flame retardant chemicals (Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, zinc borate, ZnO, and zirconium oxide). The selection of flame retardant chemicals is based on their high melting temperature, low toxicity, low smoke emission, low burning rate, easy availability, and low cost. The thermal analysis of the horizontal burn test, TGA, DSC, and cone calorimeter analysis was carried out to understand the material’s thermal stability. The important finding of this experimental work is to analyze the micro structural and thermal stability of various compositions of flame-retardant composite materials. In all aspects, the zinc-borate and zirconium oxide-added composites show more advantages in flame retardant properties compared to other composite materials.

Semiha Eren, Aliye Akarsu Özenç, Nejla Çeven

Due to water limitations and the growing global demand for raw materials, manufacturers and consumers are seeking more environmentally friendly alternatives. Polyester, a non-biodegradable fibre derived from petroleum, can be replaced with recycled polyester (r-PET), a sustainable alternative that reduces environmental impacts through the reuse of materials. The textile finishing industry, known for its high water and energy consumption, is calling for the development of low-water-consumption technologies. One innovative approach involves waterless dyeing procedures using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium that is particularly suitable for dyeing synthetic fibres. To assess its effectiveness, a study compared traditional water dyeing with scCO2 medium dyeing on woven fabrics made from both polyester (PET) and recycled polyester (r-PET) fibres with varying weights. After conducting tests on the dyed fabrics, the data revealed that r-PET fabrics dyed using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium appeared darker than fabrics dyed using traditional water dyeing techniques. Moreover, r-PET fabrics demonstrated better colour fastness. Notably, the K/Ssum values (measurement of colour intensity) of r-PET fabrics were at least as good as those of PET-based fabrics in all cases of dyeing, while the fastness values were similar for both PET and r-PET fabrics.

Ehsan Harati Khalilabad, Alvaro Ruiz Emparanza, Francisco De Caso et al.

Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper testing and characterization of FRP pultruded materials is key for their efficient and safe implementation. However, the existing specifications are not unified, resulting in ambiguity among stakeholders. This paper aims to bridge this gap by thoroughly reviewing current destructive and non-destructive test methods for FRP pultruded materials, specifications, quality control, and health monitoring of FRP structures. Each subsection is further divided into subtopics, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject. By shedding light on these crucial aspects, this article aims to accelerate the adoption and utilization of these innovative materials in practical applications.

Varanasi Lakshmi Narayana, Lokavarapu Bhaskara Rao

Natural fibers are available in low cost, easily renewable and they are rich in cellulose. As the natural fibers possess impurities over the surface, poor wettability and interfacial bonding are the main drawbacks encountered during fabrication process. In the current research work, hemp (H) and palmyra (P) fibers were treated with different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) for 5 hrat room temperature. The influence of stacking sequence (HHPPHH, HPHPHP and PPHHPP) and surface modification and on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of hemp and palmyra fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were investigated with a 30 wt.% of fiber loading. The attributes such as water absorption, density, tensile properties, flexural properties, impact energy, hardness, and thermal conductivity were examined. From the experimental results, the 6% NaOH-treated composites compared with untreated fiber composites disclosed an increase of 19.34% for tensile strength, 16.77% for flexural strength, and 12.35% for hardness with stacking sequence of PPHHPP. The experimental thermal conductivity results show that there is a significant decrease in values after NaOH treatment of hybrid composites. The surface morphology of the untreated, treated reinforcements, and fracture surface of the tensile-tested hybrid composite specimens were examined by scanning electronic microscope.

R. Gopinath, P. Billigraham, T.P. Sathishkumar et al.

Natural fibers play a vital role in reducing the greenhouse gas emission caused due to the use of synthetic fibers for composite making. Many novel natural fibers with promising characteristics required for reinforcing polymer matrices remain unexplored. In the present study, an attempt has been made to bring out the potentials of novel cellulosic fiber obtained from the bark of Ficus retusa. Various tests such as chemical, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were performed on FR fibers. Cellulose (55.19 wt. %), hemicellulose (20.65 wt.%), lignin (20.87 wt.%), pectin (6.44 wt.%) and wax (2.80 wt.%) of FRFs were identified though chemical tests. X-ray diffraction revealed the crystallinity index (37.25%) and crystallite size (2.29 nm) of FRFs. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the ability of FRF to withstand 335.87°C and was found to exhibit activation energy of 64.38 kJ/mol. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of FRF was found to be 189.50–302.50 MPa and10.31–14.37 GPa. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the atomic and weight percentages of various elements present at the fiber surface. Morphology of FR fiber surface examined through FESEM confirmed the existence of rough surface with some serrations and with porous honey combed structure. Higher crystallinity index, superior mechanical properties and higher thermal stability of FRF makes them suitable for eco-friendly composite making.

Cosmas Fednand, Pendo Bigambo, Quintino Mgani

Sisal fibers are reported to have outstanding textile properties including high strength, absorbency, good dye uptake, exceptional durability and abundant availability suggesting their potential in clothing applications. However, sisal fibers have not received the attention they deserve owing to their coarseness and stiffness that limit their application to non-clothing products. This study investigated potential chemical methods to modify the surface structure of sisal fibers, thereby allowing their application in clothing production. The effect of the treatment on sisal fibers was established by their mechanical properties, moisture content (MC) and regain (MR), and structural properties. The treatment produced fibers with 28.6 Tex fineness, an average length of 68.5 cm, a breaking tenacity of 385.6 mN/tex and 3.9% elongation. Furthermore, the investigation revealed that alkali treated sisal fiber had MC and MR of 10.53% and 11.77%, respectively. These parameters were comparable to most cellulosic fibers including cotton, flax and jute. The thermal stability of sisal fibers was observed to increase upon modification as studied by using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), whereas the Infrared spectra of both unmodified and modified fibers revealed the effect of chemical modification. These results suggest a possibility of developing sisal fibers for clothing applications.

Genardo Queiroz de Oliveira, Rafael Alves do Nascimento, Juliana Ferreira Costa et al.

Banana pseudo-stem fiber drying was studied in a vertical fixed-bed convective dryer (60, 75, and 90°C). Nine mathematical models were used to analyze the drying behavior and the effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy, and thermodynamic properties were calculated. The dry fibers were evaluated by thermogravimetric, spectroscopic, and morphological analyses. High drying initial rates (25–30%) were observed indicating rapid evaporation of the free moisture present in the fibers. At the end of the process the moisture content decreased to 2.82, 0.14, and 0.16% (dry basis, db). The diffusion approximation model best fitted the experimental data and the effective diffusion coefficient increased with increasing temperature, reaching the order 10−7 m2 s−1. The activation energy required to initiate moisture removal from the fibers equaled 47.61 kJ mol−1, and contrary to the entropy and Gibbs free energy, the enthalpy decreased with increasing temperature, indicating that drying is an endergonic non-spontaneous process. Lignocellulosic absorption bands were identified and material degradation occurred at temperatures >190°C, according to thermogravimetric analysis. Morphological changes in the dry fibers mainly occurred at 90°C and led to structural damage. These changes were attributed to the tensile strength generated from the temperature and moisture gradients produced during drying.

P Anand, D Rajesh, M ShunmugaSundaram et al.

Composite materials are supposed to be used extensively as an alternate Al structure in aircraft, aerospace, and automobile applications. The main objective of this work is to carry out a finite element analysis (FEA) of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Cellulose Filled Epoxy Composites (HFRCFEC) was analyzed in the ANSYS multiphysics simulation software. In this analysis, the 3D models were designed using Creo, and it is incorporated in the Ansys for predicting the behavior of HFRCFEC and AA 6061. A plate is considered heterogeneous, and also effective moduli and strength properties differentiate the maximum stress and strain. It is found that HFRCFEC reinforced doors have withstood the maximum tensile strength of 53 MPa, the flexural strength of 153 GPa, the impact strength of 0.85 KJ/mm, and the compressive strength of 215 MPa, which were more superior when compared to conventional doors. The buckling load was carried out in Ansys to check the safe area and found that HFRCFEC has high buckling torque of 31153 (Nm) than the standard aluminum door buckling torque of 4403 (Nm). From the FE Simulation carried out in various conditions, it is found out that HFRCFEC composite exhibits superior properties to aluminum doors.

Vasilica Popescu, Luminita Ciobanu

Yasith Sanura Perera, Rajapaksha Mudiyanselage Himal Widooshaka Muwanwella, Philip Roshan Fernando et al.

Abstract 3D fabric preforms are used as reinforcements in composite applications. 3D woven preforms have a huge demand in ballistic applications, aircraft industry, automobiles and structural reinforcements. A variety of 3D woven fabric reinforced composites and two dimensional woven fabric reinforced laminates can be found in the literature. However, the majority of the said products lack in delamination resistance and possess poor out-of-plane mechanical characteristics, due to the absence or insufficiency of through-thickness reinforcement. 3D fully interlaced preform weaving introduces a method of producing fully interlaced 3D woven fabric structures with through-thickness reinforcement, which enhances the delamination resistance as well as out-of-plane mechanical characteristics. 3D woven fabric preforms made from 3D fully interlaced preform weaving, using high-performance fiber yarns such as Dyneema, Carbon, Kevlar and Zylon, have exceptional mechanical properties with light-weight characteristics, which make them suitable candidates for high-end technical composite applications. In this work, a brief introduction is given to the history of weaving followed by an introduction to 3D woven fabrics. In the existing literature, an emphasis is given to the 3D fully interlaced preform weaving process, distinguishing it from other 3D woven fabric manufacturing methods. Subsequently, a comprehensive review is made on the existing literature on 3D fully interlaced preform weaving devices, such as primary and secondary mechanisms as well as modelling of 3D woven fabric structures produced by 3D fully interlaced preform weaving. Finally, the authors attempted to discuss the existing research gaps with potential directions for future research.

Irzmańska Emilia, Jastrzębska Aleksandra, Kaczmarek Łukasz et al.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the surface wettability of commercially available polymeric protective gloves, as well as to determine the effects of their surface topography in conjunction with the glove material on the hydrophobic properties of the final products, together with surface free energy (SFE) and work of adhesion.

Yanlai Wang, Xiuyun Xiao, Shu Wang et al.

To reveal the ultraviolet (UV) blocking mechanism of palm fiber, alkali lignin was extracted from palm and bamboo fiber and its UV absorption spectrum was tested, followed by some structural characterization. Palm fiber lignin was found to have a higher UV absorbance. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the ultraviolet absorbing functional groups in palm fibers including phenol OH, aliphatic OH, aromatic ring and triple bond structure. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and elemental analysis indicated high protein content and highly concentrated aromatic structures also contribute to the superior UV absorption properties of palm fibers.

Asmaa Abdullah Salem, Hanan Abdullah Al Amoudi

We investigate the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) extracts on wool and silk fabrics, the use of eco-friendly materials such as sumac (Rhus coriaria), manjakani (Quercus infectoria), alum, and ferrous sulfate as mordants. The mordanting methods were optimized. The best conditions of dyeing process were discussed in the first part of this study. Dyed fabrics were assessed for color strength (K/S), color fastness, and antimicrobial activity. Non-mordanted dyed wool and silk showed color fastness of grade 4–5. Dyed fabrics showed good antimicrobial activity, which was enhanced by mordanting.